11-1204-cv
Stephenson v. PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP.

                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                       SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY
PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

    At a stated Term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, at 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New York,
on the 18th day of May, two thousand twelve.

Present: ROBERT A. KATZMANN,
         BARRINGTON D. PARKER,
         RICHARD C. WESLEY,
                     Circuit Judges.
____________________________________________________________

G. PHILIP STEPHENSON, as Trustee of the Philip Stephenson Revocable Living Trust,

                            Plaintiff-Appellant,

                            -v-                           No. 11-1204-cv

PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS, LLP, an Ontario Limited Liability Partnership,

                            Defendant-Appellee.*

____________________________________________________________

For Plaintiff-Appellant:           ALFRED N. METZ (Herbert Irwin Deutsch, Jeremy E. Deutsch,
                                   Christian V. Cangiano, on the brief), Deutsch, Metz &
                                   Deutsch, LLP, New York, N.Y.

For Defendant-Appellee:            CHRISTOPHER LANDAU, P.C. (Emily P. Hughes, on the brief),
                                   Kirkland & Ellis LLP, Washington, D.C. (Emily Nicklin, P.C.,
                                   Timothy A. Duffy, P.C., Amy E. Crawford, Kirkland & Ellis
                                   LLP, Chicago, Ill., on the brief).


       *
           The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption as noted.
      Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
(Holwell, J.).

       ON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,

AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

       Plaintiff-Appellant G. Philip Stephenson, as Trustee of the Philip Stephenson Revocable

Living Trust (“Stephenson”), appeals from March 31, 2010 and March 18, 2011 judgments of

the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Holwell, J.), granting

PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP’s (“PWC”) motions to dismiss plaintiff’s corrected amended

complaint and his second amended complaint (the “SAC”) for failure to state a claim pursuant to

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). In April 2008, Stephenson invested $60 million in

Greenwich Sentry, LP (“Greenwich Sentry”), a Delaware limited partnership operating as a

“feeder fund” into Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities, LLC, which was later revealed to

be a Ponzi scheme. Between 2006 and 2008, PWC, a limited liability partnership organized

pursuant to the laws of Ontario, Canada, was Greenwich Sentry’s auditor and issued Greenwich

Sentry unqualified audit reports attesting to the accuracy of Greenwich Sentry’s financial

statements. In December 2008, after learning of the Madoff Ponzi scheme, Stephenson

attempted to withdraw the entirety of his Greenwich Sentry investment, but it was gone. On

January 26, 2009, Stephenson commenced a lawsuit against PWC, among others.

       Stephenson’s corrected amended complaint, filed on July 2, 2009, alleged claims against

PWC under New York law for professional malpractice2 and fraud. In a memorandum opinion



       2
         “Under New York law, professional malpractice is a species of negligence.” Hydro
Investors, Inc. v. Trafalgar Power Inc., 

, 15 (2d Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks
and alteration omitted).

                                                2
and order dated March 31, 2010, the district court dismissed Stephenson’s malpractice claim

principally on the grounds that it was preempted by New York’s Martin Act, N.Y. Gen. Bus. L. §

352-c (the “Martin Act”). Stephenson v. Citco Grp. Ltd., 

, 612-16 (S.D.N.Y.

2010) (“Stephenson I”). The district court also dismissed Stephenson’s fraud claim, but without

prejudice, finding that the corrected amended complaint failed adequately to plead that PWC

acted with scienter. 

June 18, 2010, Stephenson filed the SAC, alleging only

fraud. By a memorandum opinion and order entered on March 6, 2011, the district court

dismissed the SAC for largely the same reason it dismissed Stephenson’s fraud claim in the

corrected amended complaint, i.e. failure adequately to plead scienter. Stephenson v.

PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP, 

, 581 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (“Stephenson II”).

We assume the parties’ familiarity with the remaining facts and procedural history of the case.

       We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint for failure to state a claim.

Slayton v. Am. Express Co., 

, 766 (2d Cir. 2010). “In conducting this review, we

assume all ‘well-pleaded factual allegations’ to be true, and ‘determine whether they plausibly

give rise to an entitlement to relief.’” Selevan v. N.Y. Thruway Auth., 

, 88 (2d Cir.

2009) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

, 679 (2009)).

       We first consider Stephenson’s argument that the district court erred in dismissing his

malpractice claim as preempted by the Martin Act. After the briefs in this appeal were filed, the

New York Court of Appeals held that the Martin Act does not preempt common law claims not

premised on violations of the Act. Assured Guar. (UK) Ltd. v. J.P. Morgan Inv. Mgmt. Inc., 

, 353 (2011). Accordingly, the district court’s dismissal of Stephenson’s common

law malpractice claim on this ground was error.


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       PWC argues that this Court should nevertheless affirm the district court’s dismissal on

the grounds that: (1) Stephenson lacks standing to bring a malpractice claim directly (rather than

derivatively); (2) the corrected amended complaint failed to plead facts demonstrating that PWC

owed Stephenson any legal duty; and (3) Stephenson cannot plead facts to demonstrate that

PWC caused his injury.

       Under settled Delaware law,3 to determine whether a claim is direct or derivative courts

must consider: “(1) who suffered the alleged harm (the corporation or the suing stockholders,

individually); and (2) who would receive the benefit of any recovery or other remedy (the

corporation or the stockholders individually)[.]” Tooley v. Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, Inc.,

, 1033 (Del. 2004). “The main dividing line between direct and derivative claims

styled as ‘fraudulent inducement,’ therefore, [is] whether the plaintiff has alleged some injury

other than that to the corporation.” Big Lots Stores, Inc. v. Bain Capital Fund VII, LLC, 

, 1177 (Del. Ch. 2006). While the Tooley test was developed in the context of a

corporation, under Delaware law “[t]he determination of whether a claim is derivative or direct

in nature is substantially the same for corporate cases as it is for limited partnership cases.”

Albert v. Alex. Brown Mgmt. Servs., Inc., No. Civ.A. 762-N, 

, at *12 (Del. Ch.

Aug. 26, 2005).

       The district court correctly found that Stephenson has standing to bring a claim that

PWC’s negligence induced him to invest in Greenwich Sentry (the “inducement” claim), but that



       3
         Neither party contests the district court’s determination that whether Stephenson has
standing as a limited partner to bring claims against PWC in his own right is a question governed
by Delaware law, the state in which Greenwich Sentry was organized. Stephenson I, 700 F.
Supp. 2d at 608.

                                                  4
he lacks standing to assert a claim based on his decision to remain invested in Greenwich Sentry

through December 2008 (the “holding” claim). Stephenson’s inducement claim arose from his

alleged reliance, as an individual investor, on PWC’s unqualified audits of Greenwich Sentry.

By contrast, Stephenson cannot “prevail [on his holding claim] without showing injury to the

[partnership as a whole]”: his holding claim involves no “harm” to an individual partner and

seeks no “recovery” for any individual partner, distinct from other partners. See 

. Therefore, it is a derivative claim that Stephenson lacks standing to assert directly.

       Although Stephenson has standing to assert his inducement claim directly, the complaint

fails to demonstrate that PWC owed him a duty as a potential investor in the fund.4 To prevail

on a negligence claim under New York law against an accountant with which the plaintiff has no

contractual relationship, the plaintiff must show that (1) the accountant was aware “that the

financial reports were to be used for a particular purpose”; (2) “in the furtherance of which a

known party . . . was intended to rely”; and (3) some conduct on the part of the accountant

linking it to the party which “evinces the accountant[’s] understanding of the party[’s] . . .

reliance” (the “Credit Alliance test”). Credit Alliance Corp. v. Arthur Andersen & Co., 

, 551 (1985). “The New York Court of Appeals has described these three factors as

establishing a relationship approaching that of privity between the accountant and the third party

claiming negligence.” Securities Investor Prot. Corp. v. BDO Seidman, LLP, 

, 73

(2d Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted).



       4
           Because the issue of whether PWC owed Stephenson a legal duty as a potential investor
is purely legal and necessitates no additional fact-finding, we exercise our discretion to consider
it in the first instance. See Readco, Inc. v. Marine Midland Bank, 

, 302 (2d Cir.
2006).

                                                  5
        Here, Stephenson cannot satisfy the “known party” prong of the Credit Alliance test. As

the New York Court of Appeals recently reiterated, “[t]he words ‘known party . . . in the Credit

Alliance test mean what they say,” and where the complaint does not allege that the defendant

knew “the identity of the specific non-privity party who would be relying,” a negligence claim

fails. See Sykes v. RFD Third Ave. 1 Assocs., LLC, 

, 373-74 (2010) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Because Stephenson was nothing more than a “prospective limited

partner[], unknown at the time and who might be induced to join [the partnership],” see White v.

Guarente, 

, 361 (1977), he was not a known party to PWC prior to his investment

in Greenwich Sentry and thus cannot maintain a claim for malpractice against PWC under an

inducement-to-invest theory.

        We turn next to Stephenson’s argument that the district court erred in dismissing his

fraud claim as pleaded in the SAC. We are not persuaded. Under New York law, the elements

of fraud are:

        (1) defendant made a representation as to a material fact; (2) such representation
        was false; (3) defendant[] intended to deceive plaintiff; (4) plaintiff believed and
        justifiably relied upon the statement and was induced by it to engage in a certain
        course of conduct; and (5) as a result of such reliance plaintiff sustained
        pecuniary loss[.]

Ross v. Louise Wise Servs., Inc., 

, 488 (2007) (internal quotation marks omitted).

        Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), the scienter element of a fraud claim must be

pled with particularity. Although under this rule “scienter need not be alleged with great

specificity, plaintiffs are still required to plead the factual basis which gives rise to a ‘strong

inference’ of fraudulent intent.” Wexner v. First Manhattan Co., 

, 172 (2d Cir.

1990) (emphasis added) (applying Rule 9(b) prior to the passage of the Private Securities



                                                   6
Litigation Reform Act of 1995).5

       Intent to deceive can be demonstrated by recklessness of a sufficient degree to create an

inference of intent. See Chill v. Gen. Elec. Co., 

, 269 (2d Cir. 1996) (“An egregious

refusal to see the obvious, or to investigate the doubtful [can support] an inference of . . .

recklessness.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); accord Caprer v. Nussbaum, 

,

195 (N.Y. App. Div. 2006). However, the reckless conduct must be “at the least, conduct which

is highly unreasonable and which represents an extreme departure from the standards of ordinary

care . . . to the extent that the danger was either known to the defendant or so obvious that the

defendant must have been aware of it.” Novak v. Kasaks, 

, 308 (2d Cir. 2000)

(internal quotation marks omitted). Applying this standard, this Court has “found allegations of

recklessness to be sufficient where plaintiffs alleged facts demonstrating that defendants failed to

review or check information that they had a duty to monitor, or ignored obvious signs of fraud.”

time, however, [this Court] ha[s] identified several important limitations on the

scope of . . . fraud [claims] based on reckless conduct.” 

also South Cherry St.,

LLC v. Hennessee Grp., LLC, 

, 110 (2d Cir. 2009). In particular, “there are limits to

the scope of liability for failure adequately . . . [to] monitor the allegedly fraudulent behavior of



       5
         As the district court observed, the relationship between pleading federal securities fraud
and common law fraud in federal court is complex. Stephenson 

n.1;
Stephenson 

n.19. In particular, following the Supreme Court’s decision
in Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 

, 314 (2007), it is unclear whether
the standard for pleading scienter under federal securities law is the same as the standard for
pleading scienter under common law fraud. Stephenson 

n.1. Here,
however, the district court found that “the parties appear to have no problem” with applying the
Tellabs rule in the common law fraud context. 

neither party contests this
aspect of the district court’s decision. Accordingly, we assume, without deciding, that post-
Tellabs cases concerning scienter under federal securities law are relevant to determining
whether Stephenson pled common law fraud with sufficient particularity under Rule 9(b).

                                                  7
others.” 

. “[T]he failure of a non-fiduciary accounting firm to identify

problems with [a company’s] internal controls and accounting practices does not constitute

reckless[ness].” 

[generally accepted accounting principles]

violations or accounting irregularities, standing alone, are insufficient to state a . . . fraud claim”

absent “evidence of corresponding fraudulent intent.” 

omitted).

Finally, apart from pleading that an audit was so shoddy as to constitute “no audit at all,” a

complaint may sufficiently plead that an auditor acted recklessly by alleging that the “auditor

disregarded specific ‘red flags’ that would place a reasonable auditor on notice that the audited

company was engaged in wrongdoing to the detriment of its investors.” In re Tremont Sec. Law,

State Law and Ins. Litig., 

, 370 (S.D.N.Y. 2010). But pleading the existence

of red flags does not establish that a defendant was aware of those warning signals. See South

Cherry 

(holding that a complaint failed to allege scienter where it was

“replete with allegations that [the defendant] ‘would’ have learned the truth” regarding a

company’s fraudulent conduct “if [it] had performed” the “‘due diligence’” that it “promised” to

the plaintiff) (emphasis added).

        Applying these principles, we conclude that the district court properly dismissed the SAC

for failure to allege that PWC’s conduct was so reckless as to raise a “strong inference” that it

intended to deceive Stephenson. The district court properly found that: (1) despite the fact that

PWC’s audit did not comply with generally accepted accounting standards, it was not so poor as

to raise an inference of an intent to defraud; (2) PWC lacked awareness of almost all of the red

flags alleged by Stephenson; and (3) an intent to defraud could not be inferred from those flags

of which PWC was necessarily aware. See, e.g., 

(“[T]he failure . . . to


                                                   8
interpret extraordinarily positive performance . . . as a sign of problems and thus to investigate

further does not amount to recklessness.”); 

(“The fact that [the defendant]

did not automatically equate record profits with misconduct cannot be said to be reckless.”).

Thus, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of the SAC for failure adequately to plead scienter.

       We have considered the parties’ remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.

Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

                                                  FOR THE COURT:
                                                  CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, CLERK




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