REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

JONATHAN D. GREENBERG, Magistrate Judge.

Plaintiff, Gerald Yosowitz ("Plaintiff" or "Yosowitz"), challenges the final decision of Defendant, Carolyn W. Colvin, Acting Commissioner of Social Security ("Commissioner"), denying his applications for Period of Disability ("POD") and Disability Insurance Benefits ("DIB") under Title II of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 416(i) & 423. This Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). This case is before the undersigned United States Magistrate Judge pursuant to an automatic referral under Local Rule 72.2(b) for a Report and Recommendation. For the reasons set forth below, the Magistrate Judge recommends that the Commissioner's final decision be AFFIRMED.

I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

In September 2012, Yosowitz filed applications for POD and DIB, alleging a disability onset date of April 15, 1998 and claiming he was disabled due to "strokes, back surgeries, hole in brain, heart disease, angioplasty, colitis, depression, anxiety, nerve damage in hands, difficulty hearing."1 (Transcript ("Tr.") 19, 80-81.) The applications were denied initially and upon reconsideration, and Yosowitz requested a hearing before an administrative law judge ("ALJ"). (Tr. 19, 80-99, 123-134.)

On March 19, 2014, an ALJ held a hearing, during which Yosowitz, represented by counsel, and an impartial vocational expert ("VE") testified. (Tr. 36-77.) On October 24, 2014, the ALJ issued a written decision finding Yosowitz was not disabled. (Tr. 19-31.) The ALJ's decision became final on September 21, 2015, when the Appeals Council declined further review. (Tr. 1-3.)

On November 20, 2015, Yosowitz filed his complaint to challenge the Commissioner's final decision. (Doc. No. 1.) The parties have completed briefing in this case. (Doc. Nos. 12, 15.) Yosowitz asserts the following assignment of error:

(Doc. No. 12.)

II. EVIDENCE

A. Personal and Vocational Evidence

Yosowitz was born in October 1949 and was 48 years old at the time of his alleged onset date of April 1998, making him a "younger" person under social security regulations. (Tr. 80.) See 20 C.F.R. § 416.963(c). Yosowitz was 51 years old on his date last insured ("DLI") of December 31, 2000, however, causing him to change age categories to a "person closely approaching advanced age." See 20 CFR § 416.963(d). He has a college education and past relevant work as a president of a furniture store. (Tr. 24, 29, 47, 68.)

B. Relevant Medical Evidence2

The record reflects Yosowitz underwent two back surgeries prior to his alleged onset date, the first in February 1994 and the second in July 1997. (Tr. 332, 771, 823.) Treatment records indicate Yosowitz continued to complain of chronic back pain after his 1997 surgery.

In August 1998, Yosowitz presented to Isador Lieberman, M.D., complaining of ongoing back pain and new onset neck and right arm pain. (Tr. 780.) Yosowitz stated he was "trying to exercise on a regular basis but despite that he still has significant pain." (Id.) Examination revealed limited active range of motion of his cervical spine. (Id.) Sensory examination and reflexes were normal, however, and motor examination of Yosowitz's upper extremities did not reveal any asymmetrical weakness. (Id.) Dr. Lieberman concluded Yosowitz "does have radicular type symptoms but no obvious radicular signs into the upper extremities." (Id.) He did not recommend any further intervention and suggested instead that Yosowitz continue with his exercise program. (Id.)

Yosowitz returned to Dr. Lieberman on December 9, 1998, "still complaining of a nonspecific chronic pain pattern." (Tr. 779.) Dr. Lieberman stated "there is no doubt he has structural abnormalities of the cervical and lumbar spine, but I do not feel that I can improve the situation to any significant extent." (Id.) He was "very reluctant to recommend any form of surgical intervention," and referred Yosowitz for treatment with the Chronic Pain Clinic and Failed Back Clinic. (Id.)

Shortly thereafter, on December 15, 1998, Yosowitz presented to P. Sinks, M.D., for evaluation of his back and right leg pain. (Tr. 771-778.) He reported experiencing constant chronic back pain despite his 1994 and 1997 back surgeries. (Tr. 771.) Yosowitz also complained of stiffness and numbness in his neck, and radiating pain traveling down his right leg with cramping in his foot. (Tr. 773.) His medications at that time included Clonidine, Klonopin, Soma, and Vicodin. (Tr. 772.)

Examination revealed antalgic gait, bilateral positive straight leg raising, and limited range of motion in Yosowitz's cervical and lumbar spines. (Tr. 775-776.) Dr. Sinks noted, however, several positive Waddell's signs,3 including overreaction and an inappropriate response to seated straight leg raising while distracted. (Tr. 776.) Yosowitz's reflexes were normal, and his strength was either 4/5 or 5/5. (Id.) Dr. Sinks assessed failed back surgery syndrome, and recommended imaging studies as well as physical therapy and psychological pain evaluation. (Tr. 778.)

On January 10, 1999, Yosowitz presented to the emergency room ("ER") for treatment of an acute exacerbation of his chronic low back pain. (Tr. 328-330.) He also complained of parasthesia and pain radiating to his right leg. (Tr. 329.) Examination revealed adequate but painful range of motion, as well as tenderness to the lower back spine, paraspinal area. (Id.) Yosowitz was given oral pain medication, followed by intravenous Demerol "because of lack of complete relief." (Id.) The attending physician diagnosed low back pain syndrome, exacerbation; and hypertension. (Id.) Yosowitz was discharged the same day in stable condition. (Id.)

Two days later, on January 12, 1999, Yosowitz returned to the ER complaining of "extreme exacerbation" of his low back pain with radiation to his right leg and foot. (Tr. 331-332.) Yosowitz explained he had attempted to undergo an MRI that day but was unable to lay on the MRI table secondary to his chronic back pain.4 He stated that, when he was removed from the MRI machine, "he attempted to stand on his right leg, felt an electric shock sensation and severe pain traveling from his right leg ascending his right lower leg, right upper leg and being felt in his lumbar back region, resulting in severe back pain to the point that he was unable to bear weight on his right leg at that time." (Tr. 331.) He was then transferred to the ER for evaluation and treatment. (Id.) On examination, attending physician Daniel Kranitz, D.O., noted Yosowitz was able to straight leg raise to 45 degrees with his left leg, and able to straight leg raise to 45 degrees with his right leg with difficulty. (Tr. 332.)

Dr. Kranitz consulted with Dr. Lieberman, who recommended Yosowitz be admitted "for intractable back pain and [to] allow for MRI images to be obtained, Psychiatry involvement and Chronic Pain Management to become involved." (Id.) Dr. Kranitz noted that Yosowitz "became extremely unreasonable when admission to the hospital . . . was discussed." (Id.) Yosowitz apparently stated "he came to the ER only for pain control and wished therapy as an outpatient to be provided by the Emergency Department." (Id.) When Dr. Kranitz explained this was not possible, Yosowitz "remained angry, dissatisfied and was verbally aggressive with his wife when attempts were made to explain to the patient his need for admission." (Tr. 333.) In an addendum, Dr. Kranitz noted that, "[d]uring this time, [Yosowitz's] speech was slurred, his thoughts seemed to be somewhat disorganized and [his] interpretation of events happening around him appeared to be somewhat skewed." (Tr. 782.) Yosowitz was discharged home in the care of his wife, with instructions to follow up with Dr. Lieberman, psychiatry, and pain management. (Tr. 782-783.) Dr. Kranitz concluded by remarking that "[i]ncidentally, he is able to ambulate through the department upon discharge." (Tr. 783.)

In February 1999, Yosowitz underwent an MRI of his lumbar spine, which revealed the following:

(Tr. 583.)

In April 2000, Yosowitz presented to the ER complaining of chest pain. (Tr. 823-824.) He underwent an EKG, which showed normal sinus rhythm with non-specific intra-venticular conducting defect. (Id.) Attending physician Zuhayr T. Madhun, M.D., determined "the EKG changes are concerning" and admitted Yosowitz for diagnosis, management, and observation. (Id.) In addition, Dr. Madhun ordered Yosowitz be started on a fixed dose of nitroglycerin and undergo a echo stress test "ASAP today." (Id.) The following month, Yosowitz underwent a cardiac catheterization, a coronary arteriogram, and an angiocardiogram. (Tr. 814.)

In September 2000, Yosowitz presented to the Cleveland Clinic Alcohol and Drug Recovery Center due to his "inability to discontinue unnecessary medication." (Tr. 792-798.) In an Outpatient Intake Interview, Yosowitz explained he "was given and taking a lot of pain meds" and was "still on Klonopin." (Tr. 792.) He reported attending a one month treatment program in 1999, during which he was detoxed from benzodiazepine and opiate pain medications (with the exception of Klonopin). (Id.) Yosowitz also stated he had been seen in the ER in October 1999 and diagnosed with "combination drug dependence, psychogenic pat, and panic disorder." (Tr. 793.) He admitted to a lengthy chemical use history, including past use of alcohol, marijuana, heroin, methadone, opiates, and benzodiazepines. (Tr. 795-796.) In particular, Yosowitz stated he abused Klonopin and that his current use was "11 to 12 mg," everyday. (Tr. 796.)

Upon examination, intake counselor Bridget Dwyer, B.S., C.T., noted blunted affect, "somewhat depressed" mood, and slow and dysarthic speech. (Id.) However, Yosowitz was alert and oriented in all spheres; his thoughts were logical and relevant; and there was no evidence of psychosis or cognitive dysfunction. (Id.) Ms. Dwyer found Yosowitz's weaknesses included poor coping strategies and poor personal judgment. (Id.) Yosowitz was diagnosed with Klonopin dependence, status post alcohol abuse; history of opiate abuse; remote polydrug abuse; and mixed personality disorder with passive dependent features. (Tr. 797.) It was recommended that he undergo detoxification and pain evaluation. (Id.)

On March 12, 2001, Yosowitz was brought to the ER by his wife for psychiatric evaluation. (Tr. 805-808.) He reported treatment with Melvin Chavinson, M.D., since October 2000, including therapy twice per week and prescriptions for Paxil, Neurontin, Ativan, and Chlorpromazine. (Tr. 805.) Yosowitz complained of increased depression, negative thoughts, and poor sleep. (Id.) He felt scared, angry, anxious, helpless, and hopeless with decreased energy, poor concentration, and lack of interest in outside activities. (Id.) Examination upon admission revealed normal speech and coherent thought processes, but depressed mood and dysphoric and anxious affect. (Tr. 806.)

Yosowitz was admitted for a possible workup for electroconvulsive therapy ("ECT"). (Id.) After admission, "it appeared that [Yosowitz] was abusing his Ativan prescription;" i.e., taking twice the prescribed dosage and using Ativan that had been prescribed for his daughter. (Id.) Psychiatric testing was ordered. (Tr. 807.) On March 14, 2001, Yosowitz indicated he wished to be discharged. (Id.) As he was not suicidal or homicidal, he was allowed to go home on that date. (Id.) He was given final diagnoses of mood disorder not otherwise specified; rule out bipolar II disorder; and benzodiazepine dependence. (Id.) He was assessed a Global Assessment of Functioning ("GAF") of 40, indicating major impairment.5 (Id.)

C. State Agency Reports

1. Physical Impairments

In December 2012, state agency physician Bradley Lewis, M.D., reviewed Yosowitz's medical records and completed a Physical Residual Functional Capacity ("RFC") Assessment for the period between the April 1998 alleged onset date and the December 2000 DLI. (Tr. 92-94.) Dr. Lewis concluded Yosowitz could lift 20 pounds occasionally and 10 pounds frequently; stand and/or walk for a total of about 6 hours in an 8 hour workday; and sit for about 6 hours in an 8 hour workday. (Id.) He further opined Yosowitz could frequently climb ramps and stairs; frequently crawl; and occasionally stoop, crouch, and climb ladders, ropes and scaffolds. (Id.) Dr. Lewis found Yosowitz had no manipulative limitations; unlimited push/pull capacity; and no limitations in his ability to balance and kneel. (Id.) Finally, Dr. Lewis found Yosowitz should avoid concentrated exposure to extreme cold and heat. (Id.)

Subsequently, in February 2013, state agency physician Leslie Green, M.D., reviewed Yosowitz's medical records and completed a Physical RFC Assessment, also for the period between the April 1998 onset date and the December 2000 DLI. (Tr. 129-131.) Dr. Green reached the same conclusions regarding Yosowitz's physical functional limitations as Dr. Lewis. (Id.)

2. Mental Impairments

In December 2012, state agency psychologist Bruce Goldsmith, Ph.D., reviewed Yosowitz's medical records and completed a Psychiatric Review Technique ("PRT"). (Tr. 90-91.) With respect to the time period at issue herein,6 Dr. Goldsmith concluded as follows:

(Tr. 91.) State agency psychologist Caroline Lewin, Ph.D., reviewed Yosowitz's medical records in February 2013 and completed a PRT technique for the period prior to the December 2000 DLI. (Tr. 128.) Dr. Lewin reached the same conclusions as Dr. Goldsmith. (Id.)

D. Hearing Testimony

During the March 19, 2014 hearing, Yosowitz testified to the following:7

The VE testified Yosowitz had past work as a president of a furniture store (sedentary, skilled, SVP 8). (Tr. 68.) The ALJ then posed the following hypothetical question:

(Tr. 70.)

The VE testified the hypothetical individual would not be able to perform Yosowitz's past work as a president of a furniture store. (Tr. 71.) The VE testified the hypothetical individual would, however, be able to perform other representative jobs in the economy, such as mailroom clerk, order caller, and housekeeping cleaner. (Tr. 71-72.)

The ALJ then posed a second hypothetical that limited the individual to work at the sedentary level, along with the mental limitation to routine tasks with no fast-paced work or strict production quotas. (Tr. 72-73.) The VE testified the hypothetical individual would not be able to perform Yosowitz's past work as a president of a furniture store. (Tr. 73.)

III. STANDARD FOR DISABILITY

In order to establish entitlement to DIB under the Act, a claimant must be insured at the time of disability and must prove an inability to engage "in substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment," or combination of impairments, that can be expected to "result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months." 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.130, 404.315 and 404.1505(a).

A claimant is entitled to a POD only if: (1) he had a disability; (2) he was insured when he became disabled; and (3) he filed while he was disabled or within twelve months of the date the disability ended. 42 U.S.C. § 416(i)(2)(E); 20 C.F.R. § 404.320.

The Commissioner reaches a determination as to whether a claimant is disabled by way of a five-stage process. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4) and 416.920(a)(4). See also Ealy v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 594 F.3d 504, 512 (6th Cir. 2010); Abbott v. Sullivan, 905 F.2d 918, 923 (6th Cir. 1990). First, the claimant must demonstrate that he is not currently engaged in "substantial gainful activity" at the time of the disability application. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(b) and 416.920(b). Second, the claimant must show that he suffers from a "severe impairment" in order to warrant a finding of disability. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(c) and 416.920(c). A "severe impairment" is one that "significantly limits . . . physical or mental ability to do basic work activities." Abbot, 905 F.2d at 923. Third, if the claimant is not performing substantial gainful activity, has a severe impairment that is expected to last for at least twelve months, and the impairment, or combination of impairments, meets or medically equals a required listing under 20 CFR Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1, the claimant is presumed to be disabled regardless of age, education or work experience. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(d) and 416.920(d). Fourth, if the claimant's impairment or combination of impairments does not prevent him from doing his past relevant work, the claimant is not disabled. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(e)-(f) and 416.920(e)-(f). For the fifth and final step, even if the claimant's impairment does prevent him from doing his past relevant work, if other work exists in the national economy that the claimant can perform, the claimant is not disabled. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(g), 404.1560(c), and 416.920(g).

Here, Yosowitz was insured on his alleged disability onset date, April 15, 1998, and remained insured through December 31, 2000, his DLI. (Tr. 19.) Therefore, in order to be entitled to POD and DIB, Yosowitz must establish a continuous twelve month period of disability commencing between these dates. Any discontinuity in the twelve month period precludes an entitlement to benefits. See Mullis v. Bowen, 861 F.2d 991, 994 (6th Cir. 1988); Henry v. Gardner, 381 F.2d 191, 195 (6th Cir. 1967).

IV. SUMMARY OF COMMISSIONER'S DECISION

The ALJ made the following findings of fact and conclusions of law:

(Tr. 19-31.)

V. STANDARD OF REVIEW

"The Social Security Act authorizes narrow judicial review of the final decision of the Social Security Administration (SSA)." Reynolds v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 2011 WL 1228165 at * 2 (6th Cir. April 1, 2011). Specifically, this Court's review is limited to determining whether the Commissioner's decision is supported by substantial evidence and was made pursuant to proper legal standards. See Ealy, 594 F.3d at 512; White v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 572 F.3d 272, 281 (6th Cir. 2009). Substantial evidence has been defined as "`more than a scintilla of evidence but less than a preponderance; it is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.'" Rogers v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 486 F.3d 234, 241 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Cutlip v. Sec'y of Health and Human Servs., 25 F.3d 284, 286 (6th Cir. 1994)). In determining whether an ALJ's findings are supported by substantial evidence, the Court does not review the evidence de novo, make credibility determinations, or weigh the evidence. Brainard v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 889 F.2d 679, 681 (6th Cir. 1989).

Review of the Commissioner's decision must be based on the record as a whole. Heston v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 245 F.3d 528, 535 (6th Cir. 2001). The findings of the Commissioner are not subject to reversal, however, merely because there exists in the record substantial evidence to support a different conclusion. Buxton v. Halter, 246 F.3d 762, 772-3 (6th Cir. 2001) (citing Mullen v. Bowen, 800 F.2d 535, 545 (6th Cir. 1986)); see also Her v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 203 F.3d 388, 389-90 (6th Cir. 1999)("Even if the evidence could also support another conclusion, the decision of the Administrative Law Judge must stand if the evidence could reasonably support the conclusion reached.") This is so because there is a "zone of choice" within which the Commissioner can act, without the fear of court interference. Mullen, 800 F.2d at 545 (citing Baker v. Heckler, 730 F.2d 1147, 1150 (8th Cir. 1984)).

In addition to considering whether the Commissioner's decision was supported by substantial evidence, the Court must determine whether proper legal standards were applied. Failure of the Commissioner to apply the correct legal standards as promulgated by the regulations is grounds for reversal. See, e.g., White, 572 F.3d at 281; Bowen v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 478 F.3d 742, 746 (6th Cir. 2006) ("Even if supported by substantial evidence, however, a decision of the Commissioner will not be upheld where the SSA fails to follow its own regulations and where that error prejudices a claimant on the merits or deprives the claimant of a substantial right.")

Finally, a district court cannot uphold an ALJ's decision, even if there "is enough evidence in the record to support the decision, [where] the reasons given by the trier of fact do not build an accurate and logical bridge between the evidence and the result." Fleischer v. Astrue, 774 F.Supp.2d 875, 877 (N.D. Ohio 2011) (quoting Sarchet v. Chater, 78 F.3d 305, 307 (7th Cir.1996); accord Shrader v. Astrue, 2012 WL 5383120 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 1, 2012) ("If relevant evidence is not mentioned, the Court cannot determine if it was discounted or merely overlooked."); McHugh v. Astrue, 2011 WL 6130824 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 15, 2011); Gilliam v. Astrue, 2010 WL 2837260 (E.D. Tenn. July 19, 2010); Hook v. Astrue, 2010 WL 2929562 (N.D. Ohio July 9, 2010).

VI. ANALYSIS

A. First Assignment of Error

Yosowitz's brief appears to raise several interrelated (but separate) arguments. First, Yosowitz claims the ALJ's RFC assessment is "flawed" because it is "clearly not based upon all relevant evidence." (Doc. No. 12 at 5.) Specifically, Yosowitz asserts the RFC fails to adequately account for his back pain, which he claims rendered him "unable to tolerate the physical demands of light work." (Id. at 6.) He argues the ALJ improperly failed to list "failed back syndrome as a severe impairment and thus it is unclear whether the ALJ factored the effects of this condition on Plaintiff's ability to perform the demands of light work." (Id.)

Next, Yosowitz appears to challenge the ALJ's credibility assessment, arguing "the reasons that the ALJ used to discredit Plaintiff's testimony and his complaints are flawed." (Id. at 7.) In particular, Yosowitz maintains the ALJ should not have found him lacking in credibility due to his refusal to follow through with a more aggressive treatment protocol because "the evidence suggests his psychiatric condition played a role in Plaintiff's decision not to be admitted or treated for his pain." (Id.)

Finally, Yosowitz argues that "[g]iven that this case was complicated because of the remote DLI, the unavailability of certain evidence given the time that had elapsed and the obvious overlap in physical and mental impairments, the ALJ erred by not calling a medical expert for clarification on these issues." (Id. at 8.) Citing HALLEX I-2-6-70 and Social Security Ruling 83-20, Yosowitz asserts the ALJ should have consulted with a medical expert ("ME") "when claimant alleges disability that began before his DLI and the facts may conceivably support the claim." (Id.) In particular, he argues an ME was necessary to address the following issues:

(Id. at 9.)

The Court will address each of these arguments in turn, below.

A. RFC

Yosowitz first claims the RFC is not supported by substantial evidence because it fails to adequately account for his back pain. The Commissioner argues the ALJ fully considered the medical evidence regarding Yosowitz's two back surgeries and chronic back pain. (Doc. No. 15 at 9-10.) She maintains the ALJ's RFC assessment is supported by substantial evidence, including the opinions of both state agency physicians and evidence of Yosowitz's ability to exercise during the relevant time period. (Id.)

The RFC determination sets out an individual's work-related abilities despite his or her limitations. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.945(a). A claimant's RFC is not a medical opinion, but an administrative determination reserved to the Commissioner. See 20 C.F.R.§ 416.927(d)(2). An ALJ "will not give any special significance to the source of an opinion on issues reserved to the Commissioner." See 20 C.F.R.§ 416.927(d)(3). As such, the ALJ bears the responsibility for assessing a claimant's RFC based on all of the relevant evidence, 20 C.F.R. § 416.946(C), and must consider all of a claimant's medically determinable impairments, both individually and in combination, S.S.R. 96-8p.

"In rendering his RFC decision, the ALJ must give some indication of the evidence upon which he is relying, and he may not ignore evidence that does not support his decision, especially when that evidence, if accepted, would change his analysis." Fleischer, 774 F.Supp.2d at 880 (citing Bryan v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 383 Fed. Appx. 140, 148 (3d Cir. 2010) ("The ALJ has an obligation to `consider all evidence before him' when he `mak[es] a residual functional capacity determination,' and must also `mention or refute [...] contradictory, objective medical evidence' presented to him.")). See also SSR 96-8p, at *7, 1996 SSR LEXIS 5, *20 ("The RFC assessment must always consider and address medical source opinions. If the RFC assessment conflicts with an opinion from a medical source, the adjudicator must explain why the opinion was not adopted.")). While the RFC is for the ALJ to determine, however, it is well established that the claimant bears the burden of establishing the impairments that determine his RFC. See Her, 203 F.3d at 391.

Here, at step two, the ALJ determined Yosowitz suffered from the severe impairments of coronary artery disease, status post angioplasty with stent placement; lumbar degenerative disc disease, status post L4-5 laminectomy surgeries; depressive disorder; anxiety disorder; and substance dependence. (Tr. 21.) The ALJ recounted Yosowitz's hearing testimony and the medical evidence regarding his chronic back pain, noting in particular that Yosowitz required back surgeries in both 1994 and 1997 but still continued to experience constant back pain after his 1997 surgery. (Tr. 25-26.) The decision discussed treatment notes from the relevant time period documenting Yosowitz's back pain and stiffness, and specifically noted his diagnosis with failed back syndrome. (Id.) In addition, the ALJ acknowledged Yosowitz's February 1999 MRI, which showed some epidural fibrosis, narrowing of the intervertebral disc spaces from L4 through S1, and osteroarthrosis at the facet joints at L5-S1 with at least moderate foraminal narrowing. (Tr. 26.)

The ALJ found that Yosowitz's medically determinable impairments could reasonably be expected to cause his alleged symptoms; however, his statements concerning the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of these symptoms were "not entirely credible" for a variety of reasons. (Tr. 25.) In particular, the ALJ noted that "despite his alleged back pain, the claimant admitted to working out during the relevant time period with continued walking." (Tr. 28.) The ALJ also found Yosowitz "only received minimal conservative treatment for his physical impairments," including his back pain. (Id.) In this regard, the ALJ noted that "while a lumbar MRI showed adverse findings, surgery was not recommended, the claimant's physical examinations were mostly normal, and he rejected the treatment recommendation of his orthopedic surgeon; i.e., physical therapy and psychiatric consultation." (Id.) The ALJ concluded that "the fact that the claimant refused to follow through with a more aggressive treatment protocol is evidence that his physical impairments were not as severe as alleged and, thus, he would have been capable of performing light exertional work with the above postural and environmental limitations." (Id.)

The ALJ then discussed the opinion evidence, according significant weight to the opinions of state agency physicians Drs. Lewis and Green that Yosowitz was capable of performing a reduced range of light work. (Tr. 27.) The ALJ, however, found that "additional postural limitations were warranted due to the claimant's lumbar degenerative disc disease, status post discectomy surgeries." (Id.)

Finally, the ALJ formulated the following RFC:

(Tr. 24.)

Yosowitz argues the RFC is not supported by substantial evidence because the ALJ did not list "failed back syndrome" as a severe impairment and it is therefore "unclear" whether he considered the effects of this condition in fashioning the RFC. The Court rejects this argument. The ALJ expressly found Yosowitz's "lumbar degenerative disease, status post L4-5 laminectomy surgeries" to be a severe impairment at step two. (Tr. 21) (emphasis added). Moreover, the decision specifically notes that Yosowitz (1) had two previous back surgeries; (2) continued to suffer from chronic back pain after the 1997 surgery; and (3) was diagnosed with failed back syndrome. (Tr. 25-26.) In light of the above, the Court finds the ALJ's failure to use the specific words "failed back syndrome" at step two does not indicate that he failed to consider this condition in fashioning the RFC at step four. Rather, it is clear from the ALJ's discussion of the medical evidence that he was fully aware of Yosowitz's failed back syndrome and took it into account in determining Yosowitz's physical functional limitations.9

The Court further finds the ALJ properly considered Yosowitz's back impairment in formulating the RFC. Despite Yosowitz's assertions to the contrary, the ALJ fully discussed Yosowitz's complaints of chronic back pain and stiffness at step four. The ALJ acknowledged Yosowitz's hearing testimony regarding his two back surgeries and continued back pain, and thoroughly discussed the medical evidence from the relevant time period regarding this condition. (Tr. 25-26.) The ALJ found, however, that greater physical functional limitations were not warranted in light of Yosowitz's "relatively normal" physical examinations, rejection of treatment recommendations from his orthopedic surgeon, and ability to exercise "with continued walking." (Tr. 28.) In addition, the ALJ found further support for the RFC in the fact that "no treating or examining physician found that the claimant was disabled or even limited to an extent greater than that outlined in his [RFC] prior to his date last insured." (Id.)

The ALJ's finding is supported by substantial evidence in the record. As noted previously, while clinical examinations often noted pain, tenderness and limited range of motion, they also revealed normal sensory function and reflexes; no asymmetrical weakness or radicular signs in his upper extremities; normal Babinski signs; and 4/5 to 5/5 strength in his bilateral lower extremities. (Tr. 776, 780, 824.) Moreover, Yosowitz does not challenge the ALJ's finding that he was able to exercise "with continued walking" during the relevant time period, nor does he argue it was improper for the ALJ to rely on this evidence in formulating the RFC. Notably, Yosowitz also fails to contest the ALJ's determination that no treating or examining physician opinion found him to be more restricted than indicated in the RFC.

Yosowitz does argue, however, that the ALJ improperly relied on his failure to follow through with treatment recommendations to pursue physical therapy and pain management consultation. In this regard, Yosowitz notes he received mental health treatment for substance abuse, depression, and anxiety in September 2000 and March 2001, at which time he received diagnoses of mixed personality disorder and mood disorder and was assessed a GAF of 40. (Tr. 792-798, 805-808.) Yosowitz then summarily maintains that "his psychiatric condition played a role in Plaintiff's decision not to be admitted or treated for his pain" and "the ALJ should not [have] discredited Plaintiff for his failure to have additional treatment for his physical conditions given the severity of his underlying mental health impairments." (Doc. No. 12 at 7-8.)

The Court rejects this argument. While the record indicates Yosowitz suffered from various substance abuse and mental health impairments, Yosowitz cites no evidence indicating these impairments prevented him from seeking medical treatment for his back pain or other physical impairments during the relevant time period. Indeed, the record reflects that, during this time period, Yosowitz presented to Dr. Lieberman and Dr. Sinks on at least three occasions and visited the ER multiple times for treatment of his back pain and cardiac condition. (Tr. 328-332, 771-780, 823-824.) Yosowitz presents no explanation as to why he was able to seek this treatment for his physical conditions despite his mental health impairments, but unable to pursue physical therapy and pain management consultation as recommended by his physicians. Moreover, Yosowitz does not direct this Court's attention to any treating or examining physician opinion suggesting Yosowitz's mental impairments impacted his ability to pursue further treatment for his back pain.

Finally, the Court also finds that Yosowitz has not adequately explained in what respect the RFC fails to accommodate his back pain. The RFC expressly limits Yosowitz to light work with additional postural restrictions, including limiting him to occasional stooping, crouching, balancing and crawling; occasional climbing of ramps and stairs; and never climbing ladders, ropes and scaffolds. (Tr. 24.) Yosowitz does not articulate any specific, additional restrictions that he believes should have been included in the RFC due to his back pain. Moreover, he does not direct this Court's attention to any medical opinion in the record that identifies specific functional limitations relating to his back pain that are more restrictive than that set forth in the RFC.

Accordingly, and for all the reasons set forth above, the Court rejects Yosowitz's argument that the ALJ failed to properly consider his back impairment in formulating the RFC. This assignment of error is without merit.

B. Credibility

It is unclear but, construing Yosowitz's brief liberally, it appears he is also challenging the ALJ's credibility assessment. Specifically, Yosowitz argues "the reasons that the ALJ used to discredit Plaintiff's testimony and his complaints are flawed." (Doc. No. 12 at 7.) In particular, he maintains the ALJ should not have questioned his credibility because of his refusal to follow through with a more aggressive treatment protocol in light of his severe mental impairments. (Id.)

It is well settled that pain alone, if caused by a medical impairment, may be severe enough to constitute a disability. See Kirk v. Sec' of Health and Human Servs., 667 F.2d 524, 538 (6th Cir. 1981), cert. denied, 461 U.S. 957, 103 S.Ct. 2428, 77 L.Ed.2d 1315 (1983). When a claimant alleges symptoms of disabling severity, the ALJ must follow a two-step process for evaluating these symptoms. First, the ALJ must determine if there is an underlying medically determinable physical or mental impairment. Second, the ALJ "must evaluate the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of the symptoms." SSR 96-7p, 1996 WL 374186 (July 2, 1996). Essentially, the same test applies where the alleged symptom is pain, as the Commissioner must (1) examine whether the objective medical evidence supports a finding of an underlying medical condition; and, if so, (2) whether the objective medical evidence confirms the alleged severity of pain arising from the condition or whether the objectively established medical condition is of such a severity that it can reasonably be expected to produce the alleged disabling pain. Duncan v. Secretary of Health & Human Services, 801 F.2d 847, 853 (6th Cir. 1986). See also Felisky v. Bowen, 35 F.3d 1027, 1038-39 (6th Cir. 1994); Pasco v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 137 Fed. Appx. 828, 834 (6th Cir. June 23, 2005).

If these claims are not substantiated by the medical record, the ALJ must make a credibility determination of the individual's statements based on the entire case record. Credibility determinations regarding a claimant's subjective complaints rest with the ALJ. See Siterlet v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 823 F.2d 918, 920 (6th Cir. 1987). The ALJ's credibility findings are entitled to considerable deference and should not be discarded lightly. See Villareal v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 818 F.2d 461, 463 (6th Cir. 1987). Nonetheless, "[t]he determination or decision must contain specific reasons for the finding on credibility, supported by evidence in the case record, and must be sufficiently specific to make clear to the individual and to any subsequent reviewers the weight the adjudicator gave to the individuals statements and the reason for the weight." SSR 96-7p, Purpose section, 1996 WL 374186 (July 2, 1996); see also Felisky, 35 F.2d at 1036 ("If an ALJ rejects a claimant's testimony as incredible, he must clearly state his reason for doing so"). To determine credibility, the ALJ must look to medical evidence, statements by the claimant, other information provided by medical sources, and any other relevant evidence on the record. See SSR 96-7p, Purpose, 1996 WL 374186 (July 2, 1996). Beyond medical evidence, there are seven factors that the ALJ should consider.10 The ALJ need not analyze all seven factors, but should show that he considered the relevant evidence. See Cross, 373 F.Supp.2d at 733; Masch v. Barnhart, 406 F.Supp.2d 1038, 1046 (E.D. Wis. 2005).

As noted above, the ALJ found that Yosowitz's medically determinable impairments could reasonably be expected to cause his alleged symptoms; however, his statements concerning the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of these symptoms were "not entirely credible." (Tr. 25.) The ALJ provided several reasons for this credibility determination. First, the ALJ noted that "despite his alleged back pain, the claimant admitted to working out during the relevant time period with continued walking." (Tr. 28.) The decision then emphasized that Yosowitz "only received minimal conservative treatment for his physical impairments," noting that "surgery was not recommended, the claimant's physical examinations were mostly normal, and [Yosowitz] rejected the treatment recommendation of his orthopedic surgeon; i.e., physical therapy and psychiatric consultation." (Id.)

The ALJ also remarked that "most of the claimant's mental health treatment surrounded his substance dependence." (Tr. 28.) The ALJ found that "despite being addicted to prescription pain medications and drug seeking behavior," Yosowitz's thoughts were logical and relevant, he appeared oriented in all spheres, there was no evidence of psychosis or cognitive dysfunction, and he appeared motivated for treatment. (Id.) The ALJ determined that "although the claimant has a history of substance abuse, a full review of the record shows that the condition was episodic and that the claimant was able to function quite well when he was taking his medications appropriately and otherwise complying with his prescribed medical treatment." (Tr. 29.)

Finally, the ALJ observed that "no treating or examining physician found that the claimant was disabled or even limited to an extent greater than that outlined in his [RFC] prior to his date last insured." (Tr. 28.) He concluded that "given the claimant's allegations of totally disabling symptoms, one might expect to see some indication in the treatment records of greater restrictions placed on the claimant by a treating doctor, yet a review of the record reveals no such restrictions." (Tr. 28-29.)

The Court finds the ALJ did not improperly assess Yosowitz's credibility. As noted previously, the decision thoroughly considered both the medical and opinion evidence regarding Yosowitz's impairments. The ALJ provided a number of specific reasons for finding Yosowitz to be less than fully credible, including his ability to exercise, conservative treatment history, and decision to reject the treatment recommendations of his orthopedic surgeon, as well as the lack of a treating or examining physician opinion supporting more restrictive limitations.

Yosowitz's only specific challenge is to the ALJ's decision to discount Yosowitz's credibility because he failed to pursue treatment recommendations for his physical impairments. For the reasons discussed above, however, the Court finds it was not improper for the ALJ to rely on Yosowitz's failure to obtain recommended treatment, such as physical therapy and/or pain management consultation. Moreover, even if the ALJ did err in this regard (which the Court finds he did not), the ALJ cited numerous other specific reasons for discounting Yosowitz's credibility. Notably, Yosowitz does not argue that any of these other reasons are not supported by substantial evidence.

It is not this Court's role to "reconsider facts, re-weigh the evidence, resolve conflicts in evidence, decide questions of credibility, or substitute its judgment for that of the ALJ." Reynolds, 2011 WL 1228165 at * 2 (citing Youghiogheny & Ohio Coal Co. v. Webb, 49 F.3d 244, 246 (6th Cir. 1995)). See also Vance v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 2008 WL 162942 at * 6 (6th Cir. Jan. 15, 2008) (stating that "it squarely is not the duty of the district court, nor this court, to re-weigh the evidence, resolve material conflicts in testimony, or assess credibility.") The ALJ provided sufficiently specific reasons for his credibility determination and supported those reasons with reference to specific evidence in the record. Yosowitz's argument to the contrary is without merit.

C. Failure to Consult an ME

Finally, Yosowitz argues the ALJ erred in failing to call a medical expert. He maintains ME testimony was necessary "because of the remote DLI, the unavailability of certain evidence given the time that had elapsed and the obvious overlap in physical and mental impairments." (Doc. No. 12 at 8.) Relying on HALLEX I-2-6-7011 and Social Security Ruling ("SSR") 83-20,12 Yosowitz asserts the ALJ should have consulted with a medical expert ("ME") "when claimant alleges disability that began before his DLI and the facts may conceivably support the claim." (Id.) He argues an ME "could have clarified Plaintiff's maximum RFC to a reasonable medical certainty," and shed light on the reasons for Yosowitz's refusal to obtain treatment recommended for his physical impairments. (Id. at 9.)

The Commissioner asserts the ALJ did not abuse his discretion in failing to call an ME. (Doc. No. 15 at 15.) She first argues that neither HALLEX I-2-6-70 nor SSR 83-20 require the ALJ to consult an ME regarding Yosowitz's onset date. She maintains "this HALLEX provision (like SSR 83-20) should be understood as referring to cases in which an ALJ concludes that a claimant became disabled at some point during the time period under consideration and must make a finding about when disability onset occurred." (Id. at 14.) Because the ALJ herein did not make a finding of disability, the Commissioner argues that neither the HALLEX provision or SSR 83-20 required him to consult an ME to make an inference about the onset date. Lastly, the Commissioner argues an ME was not necessary because "nothing in [Yosowitz's medical] records require the ALJ to conclude that reliance on the State agency opinions was inappropriate or that obtaining another medical opinion concerning whether Plaintiff was disabled from April 1998 through December 1999 was necessary." (Id. at 17.)

Social Security regulations place the burden on a claimant to prove the existence of a disability. Foster v. Haller, 279 F.3d 348, 353 (6th Cir. 2001). However, "[o]nce a finding of disability is made, the ALJ must determine the date of onset." McClanahan v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 474 F.3d 830, 833 (6th Cir. 2006). Social Security Ruling 83-20 governs the determination of disability onset date. See SSR 83-20, 1983 WL 31249 (1983). With regard to disabilities of a "non-traumatic" origin, this Ruling provides that the ALJ should consider "the applicant's allegations, work history and the medical and other evidence concerning impairment severity." Id. at *2. The Ruling further provides, in relevant part, as follows:

Id. at * 2-3 (emphasis added). HALLEX I-2-6-70 (regarding ME testimony) similarly provides that "[a]n ALJ is encouraged to consult with an ME when he or she must make an inference about the onset of disability." See HALLEX I-2-6-70 at Note 3 (citing SSR 83-20).

The Sixth Circuit has found that an ALJ is not required to refer with specificity to SSR 83-20 when making disability onset date determinations, so long as the ALJ conducts the analysis required by the Ruling. See McClanahan, 474 F.3d at 834 ("Because the ALJ conducted the analysis required by [SSR 83-20], his failure to mention it by name is not fatal to the decision"). Moreover, with regard to the need for an ME, courts in this Circuit have found that SSR 83-20 does not require that an ME be called in every case but only when "there is no development of the medical record on which the ALJ can rely to ascertain onset." Id. at 837. See also Slack v. Astrue, 2010 WL 420022 at * 3 (N.D. Ohio Jan. 29, 2010) (same); Martin v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 2014 WL 1048150 at * 18 (E.D. Mich. March 18, 2014) (stating that SSR 83-20 requires an ALJ to call an ME only "when the record is ambiguous regarding onset date").

The Court finds the ALJ did not commit legal error in failing to consult an ME because Yosowitz has not demonstrated the record was ambiguous as to his onset date. As noted above, the record before the ALJ contained medical evidence (including treatment notes, ER records, and objective test results) regarding Yosowitz's severe physical and mental impairments during the relevant time period; i.e., from April 1998 through December 2000. Moreover, as the Commissioner correctly notes, the record included several state agency physician opinions regarding Yosowitz's impairments during that same time period. The ALJ performed a thorough and considered review of both the medical and opinion evidence, and found it did not support a finding of disability. Indeed, as set forth supra, this Court has found that the ALJ's RFC limiting Yosowitz to a reduced range of light work during this period is supported by substantial evidence.

Given the above, the Court finds the ALJ was not required by either SSR 83-20 or HALLEX I-2-6-70 to consult an ME regarding Yosowitz's onset date. Both of those sources advocate the use of an ME when an ALJ must make an inference about the onset of disability. Here, however, Yosowitz has not shown that the medical record was ambiguous or underdeveloped as to his disability onset, nor has he otherwise demonstrated that the ALJ was required to make an inference about the onset of disability.13 In the absence of such a showing, the Court finds the ALJ was not required to consult an ME regarding the issue of onset. See McClanahan, 474 F.3d at 837 (SSR 83-20 only requires an ME when "there is no development of the medical record on which the ALJ can rely to ascertain onset"); Slack, 2010 WL 420022 at * 3 (same); Martin, 2014 WL 1048150 at * 18 (SSR 83-20 requires an ALJ to call an ME "when the record is ambiguous regarding onset date").

The Sixth Circuit's decision in McClanahan is instructive. In that case, McClanahan first applied for disability benefits and SSI in December 1997, claiming he was unable to work beginning in February 1997 due to degenerative disc disease. McClanahan, 474 F.3d at 832. This application was denied and, after a hearing, an ALJ issued a written decision denying his disability claim. Id. McClanahan appealed and, upon cross-motions of the parties, the district court remanded for neuropsychological evaluation and a supplemental hearing. Id. Upon remand, a different ALJ found McClanahan was disabled as of July 27, 2001, due to organic brain dysfunction, but not disabled prior to that date. Id. On appeal, the district court upheld the ALJ's denial.

McClanahan then appealed to the Sixth Circuit, arguing remand was required because the ALJ failed to either explicitly reference SSR 83-20 or call an ME to infer the date of onset. The Sixth Circuit disagreed. First, the court determined the ALJ was not required to refer with specificity to SSR 83-20, finding that "[b]ecause the ALJ conducted the analysis required by the Ruling, his failure to mention it by name is not fatal to the decision." Id. at 834. The court explained that the ALJ conducted a thorough and considered review of the record, recounting in some detail the ALJ's discussion of the medical evidence and his conclusions. Id. at 834-836.

The court then addressed McClanahan's argument that the ALJ erred in failing to call an ME and rejected it, explaining as follows:

Id. at 836-837. Accordingly, the court found the ALJ did not err in this regard and, further, that substantial evidence supported his decision that McClanahan was not disabled prior to July 27, 2001.

As in McClanahan, the ALJ in the instant case was not faced with a situation where "there is no development of the medical record on which . . . to ascertain onset." Id. To the contrary, here, the medical record contained treatment notes, ER records, and objective test results regarding Yosowitz's severe impairments during the relevant time period, which were thoroughly reviewed the ALJ in rendering his disability determination. Given this record, Yosowitz has simply not established the ALJ was required to make an inference regarding onset such as to necessitate the assistance of an ME.14 Accordingly, his argument to the contrary is without merit.

Yosowitz also asserts more generally that the ALJ should have called an ME in order to "clarif[y] Plaintiff's maximum RFC to a reasonable medical certainty," and shed light on the reasons for Yosowitz's refusal to obtain treatment recommended for his physical impairments. (Doc. No. 12 at 9.) The Court rejects this argument. "An administrative law judge's determination of whether a medical expert is necessary is inherently a discretionary decision." Ruby v. Colvin, 2014 WL 5782930 at *13 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 6, 2014). See also Nebra A. Simpson v. Comm'r of Social Security, 2009 WL 2628355 (6th Cir. Aug. 27, 2009) (unreported) at *8; Foster, 279 F.3d at 355 (finding an ALJ has the "discretion to determine whether further evidence, such as additional testing or expert testimony, is necessary."); O'Neill v. Colvin, 2014 WL 3510982 at * 18 (N.D. Ohio July 9, 2014) ("ALJs retain discretion as to whether to call a medical expert"); Slack, 2010 WL 420022 at * 3 (stating that "the decision use a medical expert is discretionary"). Indeed, SSA regulations expressly give an ALJ discretion to determine whether to consult a medical expert. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(e)(2) (iii), 416.927(e)(2)(iii) (An ALJ "may ... ask for and consider opinions from medical experts on the nature and severity of [a claimant's] impairment" (emphasis added)). An ALJ abuses his discretion only when the testimony of a medical expert is "`required for the discharge of the ALJ's duty to conduct a full inquiry into the claimant's allegations. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.1444.'" Ruby, 2014 WL 5782930 at *13 (citing Haywood v. Sullivan, 888 F.2d 1463, 1467-68 (5th Cir. 1989)).

Here, Yosowitz has not demonstrated the ALJ abused his discretion in failing to call an ME. As discussed at length above, the record contains both medical and opinion evidence regarding Yosowitz's severe impairments during the relevant time period. Yosowitz has not sufficiently explained why an ME was necessary to evaluate this evidence or to otherwise conduct a full inquiry into his allegations of disability.

Accordingly, and for all the reasons set forth above, Yosowitz's argument that the ALJ erred in failing to consult an ME is without merit.

VII. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Magistrate Judge recommends that the Commissioner's final decision be AFFIRMED.

OBJECTIONS

Any objections to this Report and Recommendation must be filed with the Clerk of Court within fourteen (14) days after the party objecting has been served with a copy of this Report and Recommendation. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court's order. See United States v. Walters, 638 F.2d 947 (6th Cir. 1981); Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140 (1985), reh'g denied, 474 U.S. 1111 (1986).