11-5201-cv
Agility Pub. Warehousing Co. K.S.C. v. Supreme Foodservice GmbH

                                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
                                                 SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY
PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

      At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New
York, on the 6th day of September, two thousand twelve.

PRESENT: RALPH K. WINTER,
         REENA RAGGI,
         DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,
             Circuit Judges.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
AGILITY PUBLIC WAREHOUSING CO. K.S.C.,
PROFESSIONAL CONTRACT ADMINISTRATORS,
INC.,
                         Petitioners-Appellees,

                              v.                                               No. 11-5201-cv

SUPREME FOODSERVICE GMBH,
                         Respondent-Appellant.*
----------------------------------------------------------------------
APPEARING FOR APPELLANT:                          ROBERT L. BEGLEITER, Schlam Stone &
                                                  Dolan LLP, New York, New York (Gary J.
                                                  Malone, Constantine Cannon LLP, New York,
                                                  New York, on the brief).

APPEARING FOR APPELLEES:                                    ALDEN L. ATKINS (Steven R. Paradise,
                                                            Michael R. Charness, Adrianne L. Goins, Bryan


          *
              The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the official caption as shown above.
                                           T. Bunting, Crystal N. Y’Barbo, on the brief),
                                           Vinson & Elkins LLP, Washington, D.C.

       Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District

of New York (Victor Marrero, Judge).

       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment entered on December 30, 2011, is AFFIRMED.

       Respondent Supreme Foodservice GmbH (“Supreme”) appeals from a judgment

confirming a $41 million arbitral award in favor of petitioners Agility Public Warehousing

Co. K.S.C. and Professional Contract Administrators, Inc. (collectively, “Agility”). “In

reviewing a district court’s decision to confirm an arbitral award, we review findings of fact

for clear error and conclusions of law de novo.” Idea Nuova, Inc. v. GM Licensing Grp.,

Inc., 

, 180 (2d Cir. 2010). In applying that standard here, we assume the

parties’ familiarity with the facts and record of prior proceedings, which we reference only

as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.

1.     Waiver

       As a preliminary matter, Agility argues that Supreme waived the right to challenge

enforcement of the arbitral award. The district court correctly rejected this argument as

foreclosed by our precedent, specifically Hoeft v. MVL Group, Inc., 

, 64–65 (2d

Cir. 2003) (holding that parties may not, by private agreement, relieve federal courts of

obligation to review arbitration awards prior to confirmation), overruled on other grounds

by Hall St. Assocs., LLC v. Mattel, Inc., 

(2008), which also binds this court,

                                              2
see United States v. Jass, 

, 58 (2d Cir. 2009) (recognizing that panel is bound by

prior decisions of court unless and until reversed en banc or by Supreme Court); see also

Schwartz v. Merrill Lynch & Co., 

, 451 (2d Cir. 2011) (following Hoeft to

extent not overruled by Hall Street Associates).

2.     New York Convention

       a.     Applicability

       Insofar as Agility questions application to this case of the New York Convention on

the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (“New York Convention” or

“Convention”), June 10, 1958, 21 U.S.T. 2517, 330 U.N.T. S. 38, it appears to have waived

this argument by failing to raise it in the district court, see In re Literary Works in Elec.

Databases Copyright Litig., 

, 255 n.8 (2d Cir. 2011). Indeed, Agility conceded

below that this enforcement proceeding is “governed by the New York Convention and the

enforcement provisions of the Federal Arbitration Act.” Pet’rs’ Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. to

Vacate Arbitration Awards at 7, Agility Pub. Warehousing Co. K.S.C. v. Supreme

Foodservice GmbH, No. 11-cv-7375-VM (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 19, 2011), ECF No. 30 (emphasis

added). In any event, the argument is not persuasive.

       The Convention specifies that it applies to “arbitral awards not considered as domestic

awards in the State where their recognition and enforcement are sought.” New York

Convention art. I(1); see Yusuf Ahmed Alghanim & Sons v. Toys “R” Us, Inc., 

,

18 (2d Cir. 1997). “[A]wards ‘not considered as domestic’ denotes awards which are subject


                                              3
to the Convention not because made abroad, but because [1] made within the legal

framework of another country, e.g., pronounced in accordance with foreign law[,] or [2]

involving parties domiciled or having their principal place of business outside the enforcing

jurisdiction.” Bergesen v. Joseph Muller Corp., 

, 932 (2d Cir. 1983); accord

Yusuf Ahmed Alghanim & Sons v. Toys “R” Us, 

; see also Jain v. de

Méré, 

, 689 (7th Cir. 1995) (“[A]ny commercial arbitral agreement, unless it is

between two United States citizens, involves property located in the United States, and has

no reasonable relationship with one or more foreign states, falls under the Convention.”).

Because Supreme is a Swiss company, the Convention plainly applies here.

       b.     Application

       Given “the strong public policy in favor of international arbitration, review of arbitral

awards under the New York Convention is very limited in order to avoid undermining the

twin goals of arbitration, namely, settling disputes efficiently and avoiding long and

expensive litigation.” Encyclopaedia Universalis S.A. v. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 

, 90 (2d Cir. 2005) (internal citation, quotation marks, and ellipsis omitted). Thus,

we have held that “a district court, upon petition by a party to a qualifying arbitral award,

‘shall confirm the award unless it finds one of the grounds for refusal or deferral of

recognition or enforcement of the award specified in the . . . Convention.’” Telenor Mobile

Commc’ns AS v. Storm LLC, 

, 405 (2d Cir. 2009) (quoting 9 U.S.C. § 207).

This means that a party opposing enforcement of an arbitral award bears the heavy burden


                                               4
of proving that one of the specified grounds for refusal to recognize or enforce the award

applies. See Encyclopaedia Universalis S.A. v. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 

.

       Here, Supreme relies on just one of the grounds for refusal specified in the

Convention: that “recognition or enforcement of the award would be contrary to the public

policy of [the] country” in which relief is sought. New York Convention art. V(2)(b)

(emphasis added). We have repeatedly held that “Article V(2)(b) must be construed very

narrowly to encompass only those circumstances where enforcement would violate our most

basic notions of morality and justice.” Telenor Mobile Commc’ns AS v. Storm 

(emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, the defense

is frequently invoked but rarely successful, particularly in view of the strong United States

policy favoring arbitration. See 

also Ministry of Def. & Support for the

Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran v. Cubic Def. Sys., Inc., 

, 1097

(9th Cir. 2011) (noting that invocation of Article V(2)(b) has rarely been successful).

       Supreme’s arguments in this respect stem from the fact that certain Agility witnesses

refused to testify, citing the indictment, then recently unsealed, of Agility Public

Warehousing Co. KSC. Supreme contends that confirmation of the award under these

circumstances contravenes New York public policy mandating that a plaintiff may not “claim

affirmative relief and at the same time refuse to disclose information bearing upon his right

to maintain his action.” Prink v. Rockefeller Ctr., Inc., 

, 316, 

911, 915 (1979) (involving plaintiff’s invocation of spousal privilege). This argument

misunderstands the Convention’s Article V(2)(b) ground for refusal, which is concerned with

violations of basic, fundamental national policies, see Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler

Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 

, 638 (1985); Baker Marine (Nig.) Ltd. v. Chevron

(Nig.) Ltd., 

, 197 n.3 (2d Cir. 1999); Europcar Italia, S.p.A. v. Maiellano Tours,

Inc., 

, 315–16 (2d Cir. 1998); Parsons & Whittemore Overseas Co., v. Societe

Generale de L’Industrie du Papier (RAKTA), 

, 973–74 (2d Cir. 1974), rather

than with the policies of particular states within this country.          In Telenor Mobile

Communications AS v. Storm LLC, 

, we considered and rejected with little

comment an argument that an arbitral award should be vacated as “contrary to New York

public policy . . . [against] forc[ing] a party to comply with an arbitral award that will cause

it to violate a foreign judgment.” 

very brief treatment of this issue in Telenor

cannot fairly be read to imply that Article V(2)(b) permits vacatur of an arbitration award

because it contravenes a particular state’s public policy. Thus, even if Supreme could

demonstrate that the district court (and the arbitrators) failed properly to apply New York

procedural law mandating dismissal of claims whenever a plaintiff (or a principal of a

plaintiff corporation) invokes a privilege and refuses to testify, this would not be sufficient

to carry Supreme’s heavy burden of proving that recognition or enforcement of the arbitral

award would violate this nation’s basic notions of morality and justice. See 

       Further, we need not decide whether any basic, fundamental United States public

policy mandates dismissal of claims when a plaintiff refuses to testify, because here, the

situation that Supreme complains of was largely, if not entirely, “of [Supreme’s] own

making.” 

not only opposed Agility’s request to postpone arbitral

proceedings until the completion of criminal proceedings, but also expressly invited the

arbitrators to draw adverse inferences from Agility executives’ refusal to testify as an

alternative to outright dismissal. Under such circumstances, the arbitrators’ decision to draw

adverse inferences from the executives’ absence rather than to dismiss Supreme’s claims did

not violate “basic notions of morality and justice.” 

generally In re Sims, 

, 132 (2d Cir. 2008) (discussing waiver of testimonial privileges and stating that,

while “waiver may be implied in circumstances where it is called for in the interests of

fairness,” the question “whether fairness requires disclosure is best decided on a case by case

basis, and depends primarily on the specific context in which the privilege is asserted”

(brackets, internal quotation marks, and ellipsis omitted)).

        Insofar as Supreme invokes due process, the argument sounds not in the FAA or

Article V(1)(a) of the New York Convention, but rather in Article V(1)(b) of the Convention,

which permits recognition or enforcement of an award to be avoided where “[t]he party

against whom the award is invoked was not given proper notice of the appointment of the

arbitrator or of the arbitration proceedings or was otherwise unable to present his case”

(emphasis added). See also Iran Aircraft Indus. v. Avco Corp., 

, 145 (2d Cir.


                                              7
1992) (recognizing that “Article V(1)(b) essentially sanctions the application of the forum

state’s standards of due process” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Supreme cannot

complain that the arbitrators’ decision to draw negative inferences in favor of Supreme from

the executives’ refusal to testify rather than to dismiss Agility’s claims, an approach invited

by Supreme, violated American standards of due process.1

2.     FAA

       Article V(1)(e) of the New York Convention “allow[s] a court in the country under

whose law the arbitration was conducted to apply domestic arbitral law, in this case the

[Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), 9 U.S.C. §§ 1–16], to a motion to set aside or vacate that

arbitral award.” Yusuf Ahmed Alghanim & Sons v. Toys “R” Us, 

.

Supreme here invokes two of four grounds for vacatur set forth in the FAA: (1) “where the

arbitrators were guilty of misconduct in refusing to postpone the hearing, upon sufficient

cause shown, or in refusing to hear evidence pertinent and material to the controversy; or of

any other misbehavior by which the rights of any party have been prejudiced,” 9 U.S.C.

§ 10(a)(3) (emphasis added); and (2) “where the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or so

imperfectly executed them that a mutual, final, and definite award upon the subject matter

submitted was not made,” 

further relies on our precedents

recognizing that a “court may set aside an arbitration award if it was rendered in manifest


       1
        We are aware of no cases holding that, as a matter of due process, dismissal is the
only permissible remedy whenever a plaintiff refuses to testify in a civil case. Supreme relies
exclusively on cases applying New York procedural law.

                                              8
disregard of the law.” Schwartz v. Merrill Lynch & 

Supreme

maintains that the arbitrators’ decision to draw negative inferences from Agility executives’

refusal to testify rather than to dismiss Agility’s claims violated each of these grounds.

       Insofar as this claim is pursued under § 10(a)(3), it fails because we have construed

“misconduct” under that section to reference only violations of “fundamental fairness.”

Tempo Shain Corp. v. Bertek, Inc., 

, 20 (2d Cir. 1997). For the same reasons we

conclude that the arbitrators’ challenged conduct, invited by Supreme, did not violate basic

notions of morality and justice or due process, we likewise conclude that it did not violate

fundamental fairness.

       We have also consistently accorded the narrowest reading to the FAA’s authorization

to vacate awards pursuant to § 10(a)(4) for arbitrators’ exceeding their authority. This is

particularly so when that provision is “invoked in the context of the arbitrators’ alleged

failure to correctly decide a question which all concede to have been properly submitted in

the first instance.” DiRussa v. Dean Witter Reynolds Inc., 

, 824 (2d Cir. 1997)

(internal quotation marks omitted). Here, Supreme does not question the arbitrators’

authority to decide whether Agility was owed post-termination airlift services fees. It

disputes only the legal rulings that informed the arbitrators’ decision to award such fees to


       2
         In Stolt-Nielsen S.A. v. AnimalFeeds International Corp., 

, 1768 n.3
(2010), the Supreme Court expressly declined to decide whether an arbitral award may be
vacated under this standard. As such, we are bound to follow our precedents that recognize
manifest disregard of the law as a permissible ground for vacatur of an arbitral award. See,
e.g., Telenor Mobile Commc’ns AS v. Storm 

.

                                              9
Agility. This contention is not cognizable under § 10(a)(4), see 

need not

discuss it further.

       Supreme argues further that in declining to dismiss Agility’s claims due to its

executives’ refusal to testify, the arbitrators acted with manifest disregard of New York law.

The manifest disregard standard is a “judicial gloss on the specific grounds for vacatur of

arbitration awards” set forth in the FAA. T.Co Metals, LLC v. Dempsey Pipe & Supply,

Inc., 

, 340 (2d Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). Although the

concept’s boundaries “are not precisely defined . . . the term clearly means more than error

or misunderstanding with respect to the law.”      Telenor Mobile Commc’ns AS v. Storm

(internal quotation marks omitted). In short, “[a] mere demonstration

that an arbitration panel made the wrong call on the law,” which is the essence of Supreme’s

argument, “does not show manifest disregard; the award should be enforced if there is a

barely colorable justification for the outcome reached.” 

and

ellipsis omitted; emphasis in original).

       In following this rule here, we are mindful of “three components to . . . application of

the manifest disregard standard”: (1) whether the law allegedly disregarded was clear and

explicitly applicable to the matter in dispute; (2) whether the law was in fact improperly

applied and led to an erroneous outcome; and (3) whether the arbitrators had actual,

subjective knowledge of the law’s existence and applicability. 

assuming

that the identified New York procedural law’s import was clear and applicable to this


                                              10
arbitration, but see Parsons & Whittemore Overseas Co. v. Societe Generale de L’Industrie

du Papier 

(noting that, by agreeing to arbitration, parties

ordinarily relinquish courtroom procedural rights); J.A. 123 (agreeing to arbitration “under

the Rules of the American Arbitration Association”), and even assuming that this law was

in fact improperly applied, Supreme has shown, at most, a mere error in the application of

state law, rather than knowing disregard of applicable law. Indeed, no other conclusion is

possible where Supreme invited the drawing of adverse inferences as an alternative to

dismissal.

3.     Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED.

                                          FOR THE COURT:
                                          CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court




                                            11