11-3073-cv
Xu v. FINRA

                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                               SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

       At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held
at the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of
New York, on the 15th day of November, two thousand twelve.

PRESENT: JON O. NEWMAN,
         REENA RAGGI,
         GERARD E. LYNCH,
                   Circuit Judges.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
YOUWEI P. XU, CATHY HUANG, Individually,
PERPETUAL SECURITIES, INCORPORATED,
                   Plaintiffs-Appellants,
              v.                                                                        No. 11-3073-cv

FINANCIAL INDUSTRY REGULATORY
AUTHORITY INCORPORATED, Successor to and
formerly known as “National Association of Securities
Dealers, Incorporated,” also known as “NASD,” also
known as FINRA,
                           Defendant-Appellee.*
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

FOR APPELLANT:                         Kevin K. Tung, Esq., Flushing, New York.

FOR APPELLEES:                         Matthew Farley, Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP, New York, New
                                       York; Betty G. Brooks, Financial Industry Regulatory
                                       Authority, Inc., Washington, D.C.


         *
          The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the official caption as shown above.
       Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District

of New York (Jed S. Rakoff, Judge).

       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment entered on July 14, 2011, is AFFIRMED.

       Plaintiffs Youwei P. Xu, Cathy Huang, and Perpetual Securities, Inc., sued the

Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”), for $8 million in damages and

reinstatement of their FINRA membership based on FINRA’s alleged breach of a stipulation

of settlement, malicious prosecution, and wrongful cover-up of its misdeeds. Plaintiffs here

appeal from the dismissal of their complaint under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), which we review

de novo, see Galiano v. Fid. Nat’l Title Ins. Co., 

, 313 (2d Cir. 2012). To

survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as

true, to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

, 678 (2009). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and record of prior

proceedings, which we reference only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm for

substantially the same reasons as stated on the record by the district court.

       FINRA is a self-regulatory organization (“SRO”) registered with the Securities and

Exchange Commission (“SEC”) as a national securities association, and it is charged with

conducting investigations and commencing disciplinary actions against FINRA member

firms and their associated member representatives relating to compliance with the federal

securities laws and regulations.



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       As an SRO, FINRA and its officers “are entitled to absolute immunity from private

damages suits in connection with the discharge of their regulatory responsibilities.” Standard

Inv. Chartered, Inc. v. Nat’l Ass’n of Sec. Dealers, Inc., 

, 115 (2d Cir. 2011)

(per curiam), cert. denied, 

(2012); see DL Capital Grp., LLC v. Nasdaq Stock

Mkt., Inc., 

, 97 (2d Cir. 2005). The misconduct alleged by plaintiffs falls

squarely within FINRA’s regulatory responsibilities. Plaintiffs do not contend otherwise;

instead, they urge us to recognize a “bad faith” exception to absolute immunity for SROs.

This argument is foreclosed by our decision in DL Capital Group, which held that

“allegations of bad faith, malice, and even fraud—all of which may be relevant to a qualified

immunity analysis—cannot, except in the most unusual of circumstances, overcome absolute

(emphasis in original). Thus, “it behooves the Court not to carve

out a [bad faith] exception to the absolute immunity of an SRO [as] a matter not simply of

logic but of intense practicality since [otherwise] the [SRO’s] exercise of its quasi-

governmental functions would be unduly hampered by disruptive and recriminatory

lawsuits.” 

and fourth alterations in original; internal quotation marks

omitted).2 Plaintiffs’ claims for damages were, therefore, properly dismissed.




       2
         Brawer v. Options Clearing Corp., 

, 302 (2d Cir. 1986), a case whose
broader applicability we have questioned, see Feins v. Am. Stock. Exch., Inc., 

,
1224 (2d Cir. 1996), is not to the contrary. In that case, the recognition of bad faith as
essential to certain actions against an exchange was discussed in a context that did not
involve an assertion of absolute immunity. The court therefore had no occasion to address
whether a bad faith exception to absolute immunity exists.

                                              3
       Insofar as absolute immunity does not shield FINRA from actions for non-monetary

relief, plaintiffs’ claims are precluded by adverse decisions already rendered against them

by the SEC, see 15 U.S.C. § 78s(h). Plaintiffs had a right to appeal these decisions to a

United States Court of Appeals, see 

failed to do so.

       We have considered plaintiffs’ remaining arguments and conclude that they are

without merit. The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

                                   FOR THE COURT:
                                   CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court




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