OPINION

JEROME B. SIMANDLE, District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

This is an action by Plaintiffs Michael Moreno and Medpro Inc. against a business competitor, Defendant Rory Tringali, for violating a non-disparagement and non-defamation provision of a settlement agreement arising out of prior litigation between the parties, and otherwise defaming, disparaging, and harassing Plaintiffs. A default [Docket Item 7] and a preliminary injunction [Docket Items 9 & 10] were previously entered in favor of Plaintiffs; the Court subsequently declined to set aside that default judgment. [Docket Items 26 & 27.]

Pending before the Court is Plaintiffs' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. [Docket Item 49.] For the reasons set forth below, the Court will grant Plaintiffs' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on Plaintiffs' breach of contract claim and for a permanent injunction.

II. BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs Michael Moreno and Medpro Inc. ("Medpro") buy and sell pre-owned cosmetic lasers. They filed a complaint against Defendant Rory E. Tringali, a business competitor, alleging, among other things, that Defendant was disparaging, defaming, and harassing Plaintiffs, and had breached the "Non Disparagement and Defamation" provision of an existing settlement agreement between them, which the parties entered into on September 20, 2012 after litigation ("Agreement" or "Settlement Agreement"). (Ex. A to Compl. [Docket Item 1-1] at 7-8; Docket Item 54-7 at ¶ 8.) In addition to a breach of contract claim, the Complaint contains the following causes of action: (1) defamation; (2) defamation per se; (3) tortious interference with prospective business relations; (4) intentional infliction of emotional distress; (5) civil assault; (6) intrusion of privacy/seclusion; (7) intrusion of privacy/false light; (8) common law unfair competition; and (9) injunctive relief. [Docket Item 1-1.] Plaintiff moves for partial summary judgment only on the breach of contract claim (Count VI of the Complaint) and for a permanent injunction (Count X). [Docket Item 49-3 at 6.]

The Settlement Agreement executed by Plaintiffs and Defendant in 2012 states at paragraph thirteen:

13. Non Disparagement and Defamation

[Docket Item 49-2 at 2.] The Agreement also provides that

[Id. at 3.] Defendant admits that both of these provisions were in the Agreement he signed. [Docket Item 54-7 at ¶¶ 10, 11.]

On April 4, 2014, Defendant emailed Plaintiffs and Justin Williams (a person also in the cosmetic laser business) with the subject line "Gloves are off," saying "I had ENOUGH with you, this is just the BEGINNING!" [Docket Item 50 at 41.] This email also included a link to a website apparently titled "JUSTIN-WILLIAMS-BROOKE-HORAN-WILLIAMS-LASER-FRAUD-CROOKS.COM." [Id.] When a user clicked the link Defendant sent, the user would be connected to a website that included, inter alia, the following allegations, statements, documents, and images:

The website also contained graphics stating: "MORE PICTURES AND DOCUMENTS COMING SOON! STAY TUNED!" [Id. at 79-80.]

Plaintiffs contend that the statements on the website were false "to the extent [the website] states and implies that Mike Moreno and/or Medpro are partners and/or involved with Justin Williams on the frauds and scams alleged on the Defendant's website." [Docket Item 49 at ¶ 14.] Defendant contests this, stating that the statements were true. [Docket Item 54-7 at ¶ 14.]

Plaintiffs also allege that "[t]he website casts the Plaintiffs in a negative light as it attempts to portray them as being involved in the alleged fraud and scams which are alleged on the website." [Docket Item 49 at ¶ 15.] Defendant likewise contests this allegation: "The statements were true, and any bad light in which plaintiffs were framed was caused by their own conduct[.]" [Docket Item 54-7 at ¶ 15.]

Defendant admits that the link to the website was mailed to Brooke Horan and Justin Williams as well as to Plaintiffs. [Id. at ¶ 16.] The website was created on March 28, 2014. [Id. at ¶ 32.] Defendant states that he removed some items from the website in April of 2014 and took down the website on June 13, 2014 [Docket Item 54-7 at ¶ 37]; however, Plaintiffs state that Defendant did not "remove any of the disparaging content against the Plaintiffs until on or after June 28, 2014." [Docket Item 49 at ¶ 37.]

In addition to the website, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant "has contacted" at least four of Plaintiffs' customers, allegedly "to dissuade [them] from doing business with the Plaintiffs by claiming the Plaintiffs rip off their customers, commit frauds, [and] that there are many other victims of the Plaintiffs' alleged frauds out there." [Docket Item 49 at ¶¶ 17-24.] Defendant admits that he has been in contact with the four named parties (Leanne Velona, Jen Chura, Pamela Bellow-Olatunji, and Chafic Medawar) but denies that he did so for the purpose alleged by Plaintiffs; rather, "those people reached out to Tringali for help dealing with plaintiffs[.]" [Docket Item 54-7 at ¶ 17.]

In late 2013 to early 2014, Defendant corresponded with Velona and admits to stating that "Plaintiffs were ripping people off, and . . . included several Internet links called Ripoffreport.com, Complaintsboard.com, and Scamclub.com"; however, he states, "the statements were true." [Id. at ¶ 20.] On March 25, 2014, Defendant emailed Velona regarding "other `victims' of Plaintiffs and a potential way to `recover'[,]" which Defendant states was "in response to Velona's request to Tringali for help dealing with plaintiffs." [Docket Item 49 at ¶ 21; Docket Item 54-7 at ¶ 21.] On April 5, 2014, Defendant emailed Velona again, wherein he stated that he had already helped two of Plaintiffs' "victims." [Docket Item 54-7 at ¶ 22.] Finally, on April 9, Defendant sent Velona "a parcel report of the assessed value of Plaintiff's home." [Id. at ¶ 23.] Plaintiff alleges that this was "an attempt to communicate that Plaintiffs were becoming rich from the alleged scams" [Docket Item 49 at ¶ 24]; Defendant denies this, stating that he "sent the emails to Velona to help a victim of plaintiffs' scams," but does not explain how sending Velona a parcel report of the value of Plaintiff's home would do so. [Docket Item 54-7 at ¶ 24.]

On March 6, 2014, Defendant admits, he sent an email with "Medpro" in the subject line, wherein he described himself as a victim of fraud. [Docket Item 54-7 at ¶¶ 25-27.] Plaintiffs allege that Defendant sent this email to twelve customers and/or industry professionals, including Chura, Medawar, Bellow-Olatunji, and Mike Goodrich. [Docket Item 49 at ¶ 25.] Defendant admits to sending the email to Chura, Medawar, and Bellow-Olatunji, but denies that the Complaint refers to Mike Goodrich. [Docket Item 54-7 at ¶ 25.] However, a review of the Amended Complaint shows that Plaintiffs did allege that Defendant disparaged Plaintiffs to Mike Goodrich. [Docket Item 1-1 at ¶ 61.]

Finally, Plaintiff alleges that "Defendant further disparaged Plaintiffs in communications with at least five (5) industry professionals: Tony Kokjohn, Jean Marc Porier, Mike Goodrich, Doug Grief, and Rebecca Bell." [Docket Item 49 at ¶ 28.] Defendant denies this allegation, stating: "Any and all statements by defendant about plaintiffs were true."1 [Docket Item 54-7 at ¶ 28.]

The Court previously entered a preliminary injunction in this matter. [Docket Items 9 & 10.] Among other things, the Court ordered Defendant Tringali to (1) remove all references to Plaintiffs on Defendant's website and any other website under his control; (2) delete any posts he created about Plaintiffs on any websites, blogs, chat rooms, and reviews which cast Plaintiffs in a negative light; (3) cease and desist from disparaging and/or defaming Plaintiffs and/or casting them in a negative light. (Preliminary Injunction Order [Docket Item 10].)2 Defendant has not, to date, attempted to contest, oppose, vacate or modify the preliminary injunction. [Docket Item 54-7 at ¶ 45.]

III. DISCUSSION

A. Breach of Contract

1. Enforcing Settlement Agreement

Plaintiffs contend that there is no genuine dispute of material fact that Defendant breached ¶ 13 the Settlement Agreement by making "disparaging remarks" about Plaintiffs to others and by casting Plaintiffs "in a negative light," and for that reason, summary judgment should be granted as to their breach of contract claim. The Court agrees.

At summary judgment, the moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); accord Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). Once a properly supported motion for summary judgment is made, the burden shifts to the non-moving party, who must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 (1986). In reviewing a motion for summary judgment, the court is required to examine the evidence in light most favorable to the non-moving party, and resolve all reasonable inferences in that party's favor. Hunt v. Cromartie, 526 U.S. 541, 552 (1999); Wishkin v. Potter, 476 F.3d 180, 184 (3d Cir. 2007). Credibility determinations are not appropriate for the court to make at the summary judgment stage. Davis v. Portlines Transportes Maritime Internacional, 16 F.3d 532, 536 n.3 (3d Cir. 1994).

A factual dispute is material when it "might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law," and genuine when "the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. The non-moving party "`need not match, item for item, each piece of evidence proffered by the movant,'" but must simply present more than a "mere scintilla" of evidence on which a jury could reasonably find for the non-moving party. Boyle v. Cnty. of Allegheny Pennsylvania, 139 F.3d 386, 393 (3d Cir. 1998) (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252).

Furthermore, because Defendant failed to file an Answer to the Amended Complaint, the well-pleaded allegations therein (except as they relate to damages) are deemed admitted. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(b)(6); accord United States v. Merritt-Chapman & Scott Corp., 305 F.2d 121, 123 (3d Cir. 1962). Thus, the detailed factual allegations of the Verified Complaint, which Defendant removed to this Court and then defaulted in answering, are deemed true, and the documents attached to the Verified Complaint containing the "disparaging" and "negative light" statements of Defendant, are deemed authentic expressions of Defendant's statements.

Under New Jersey law, to establish a claim for breach of contract, a plaintiff must "prove that a valid contract existed, [the d]efendant materially breached the contract and [the p]laintiff suffered damages as a result of the breach." Fletcher-Harlee Corp. v. Pote Concrete Contractors, Inc., 421 F.Supp.2d 831, 833 (D.N.J. 2006) (citing Coyle v. Englander's, 199 N.J.Super. 212, 223 (App. Div. 1985)).

Here, Plaintiff has proved that the Agreement executed by Plaintiffs and Defendant on September 20, 2012 is a valid contract. It is well-settled law that a "settlement agreement between parties to a lawsuit is a contract." Nolan by Nolan v. Lee Ho, 120 N.J. 465, 472 (1990). Defendant does not contend that he was tricked, misled, or in any way did not understand the contract at the time he signed it; indeed, he was represented by counsel during the pendency of the litigation which led to the Settlement Agreement and counsel advised him in the preparation and execution of the Agreement. Because the Agreement is a valid contract to which Defendant and Plaintiffs were both bound, it is "governed by principles of contract law." Sipler v. Trans Am Trucking, Inc., 881 F.Supp.2d 635, 637 (D.N.J. 2012). When such a settlement agreement is in effect, it "is an enforceable contract to which a court must give legal effect according to the parties' intent as expressed in the document." Blunt v. Lower Merion School Dist., 767 F.3d 247, 282 (3d Cir. 2014) (citing Davis v. Huskipower Outdoor Equip. Corp., 936 F.2d 193, 196 (5th Cir. 1991)). When "parties express their intent in language in [a] settlement agreement and were represented by skilled attorneys, [the] court should not look beyond that language to understand [the] agreement." Sipler, 767 F.3d at 282 (citing Lubrizol v. Exxon Corp., 871 F.2d 1279, 1283 (5th Cir. 1989)).

2. "Disparaging remarks," "defamatory remarks," and remarks casting Plaintiffs "in a negative light"

Plaintiffs also allege that they have proved, with no remaining genuine dispute of material fact, that Defendant breached Paragraph 13 of the Agreement, in that Defendant made "disparaging remark[s]" and/or "defamatory remark[s]" about Plaintiffs, and that Defendant "cast" Plaintiffs "in a negative light."

The crux of Defendant's argument against the grant of summary judgment is that, "[a]lthough [paragraph 13 of the Agreement] is written in terms of disparagement and defamation, it must be construed more strictly. . . . Plaintiffs' complaint is nominally an action for breach of contract . . . . It must be analyzed, however, under the law of product disparagement or trade libel, Patel v. Soriano, 369 N.J.Super. 192[, 246-48 (App. Div. 2004)]. . . ." [Docket Item 54 at 7.] Defendant contends that there must be malice proven, and that Moreno has not sufficiently rebutted Defendant's evidence that "Tringali was motivated by ill will as opposed to legitimate business competition or that Tringali knew that his statements were false." [Docket Item 54 at 10.] The Court disagrees that this approach is correct.

This is a simple breach of contract (i.e., the Settlement Agreement) case. In Patel, the reviewing court reversed the trial court's finding that a plaintiff's case was properly construed as a defamation case (subject to a one year statute of limitations) and instead found that the "cause of action should have been reviewed as one of trade libel" with a six year statute of limitations. Id. at 246. As the court in Patel noted, "[t]rade libel identifies the tort addressing aspersions cast upon one's business operation." Id. However, this Court does not now consider a tort claim, but rather only Plaintiffs' claim for breach of contract. There was neither contract nor settlement agreement at issue in Patel. Furthermore, the actual doctrine of trade libel is only applicable when the statements at issue concern the plaintiff's "product or property," rather than "charging `personal misconduct' or `reprehensible personal characteristics.'" New Jersey Auto. Ins. Plan v. Sciarra, 103 F.Supp.2d 388, 409 (D.N.J. 1998) (internal citations omitted). The Court does not, in the allegations submitted by Plaintiffs and admitted to by Defendant, discern statements made by Tringali against Plaintiffs' product or property. Nor does Defendant explain how his statements, though he alleges they were made without what he asserts to be the requisite malice, were directed at Plaintiffs' "product or property" such that trade libel would be the appropriate doctrine from which to draw applicable principles of law.

In contrast, other courts have had occasion to assess the correct approach to construing non-disparagement clauses, specifically in settlement agreements. The Court finds these cases instructive.

In Eichelkraut v. Camp, the Court of Appeals of Georgia examined this issue in detail. 236 Ga.App. 721 (1999). There, the parties had previously entered into a settlement agreement wherein they agreed that they would "`cease and refrain from making any disparaging or defamatory remarks or comments regarding one another, expressly or by implication, including but not limited to any parties' personal or business dealings and reputations.'" Id. at 722. Subsequently, the appellant mailed a letter to a district court judge stating that the appellee was being investigated for fraud, embezzlement, and racketeering and asked the judge to reconsider "`your choice of Trustee'"; she also mailed a letter to the Georgia Society of Certified Public Accountants "`to alert you to the blatant disregard of professional ethics'" exhibited by the appellee, accused him of ethical violations, and stated that he was being criminally investigated. Id. at 722-23.

The court ruled that the letters "on their faces[] were disparaging[,]" notwithstanding that the statutory definition of "disparagement" in Georgia identifies it as a form of slander or defamation:

Id.

Similarly, in Halco v. Davey, the Supreme Judicial Court of Maine found that a plaintiff stated a valid claim for breach of a settlement agreement that prohibited the parties from "disparage[ing] or discredit[ing]" one another where the plaintiff alleged that the defendant called the settlement a "`payoff' that `only promotes more lawsuits' and that the defendants `had beaten this guy the whole way through,' . . . could establish injury to [the plaintiff's] reputation because the statements can be understood as suggesting that his claim was frivolous." 919 A.2d 626, 630 (2007). The court there looked to Webster's II New Riverside University Dictionary to establish the plain or ordinary meanings of the words "disparage" and "discredit" to reach its conclusion. Id.

In Fisher v. Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the Northern District of California ruled that a plaintiff had violated a settlement agreement that prohibited him from "mak[ing] any derogatory, disparaging or critical negative statements . . . against any Defendant" when the plaintiff emailed a journalist and stated that the defendants regularly breached their agreements and other regulations and that he had filed an SEC whistleblower complaint and several lawsuits against them:

No. 12-cv-03716-LB, 2017 WL 1097198, at *7 (N.D. Cal. March 23, 2017). The implication that even normal competitive business practices may be foreclosed by the non-disparagement clause of a settlement agreement is suggested in Moran v. Davita, Inc., where the court discussed a finding that a non-disparagement clause was a non-essential term in a settlement agreement: "Plaintiff had never previously been advised of Defendants' request for a non-disparagement clause and that Plaintiff, as an employee of Davita's competitor, could never agree to sign such a clause." No. 06-5620, 2013 WL 3811664, at *7 (D.N.J. July 22, 2013).

The Oxford English Dictionary defines the adjective "disparaging" as "that disparages; that speaks of or treats slightingly, that brings reproach or discredit." It defines the verb "disparage" as "to bring discredit or reproach upon; to dishonor, discredit; to lower in credit or esteem," or as "to speak of or treat slightingly; to treat as something lower than it is; to undervalue; to vilify." Disparaging, Oxford English Dictionary (online ed.), http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/54910 (last visited June 27, 2017); disparage, Oxford English Dictionary (online ed.), http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/54905 (last visited June 27, 2017). Under those definitions, there is no genuine dispute of material fact that Defendant's allegations against Moreno and Medpro on the website and in communications to others were disparaging, in that they "sp[oke] slightingly of" Plaintiffs and "vilif[ied]" and "br[ought] discredit or reproach upon" Plaintiffs' reputations.

As Plaintiffs state:

[Docket Item 55 at 5.] The Court agrees that the "defenses offered by [D]efendant only apply to the defamation restriction in the second paragraph." Id. In accordance with normal principles of contract interpretation, it would be unreasonable to subsume the first paragraph into the second and rule that only defamatory statements could violate the clear and unambiguous language prohibiting disparaging statements and other statements casting a negative light, when defamatory statements are prohibited just a few sentences later. Moreover, each subparagraph of ¶ 13 has its own liquidated damages provision, further indicating that the defamatory remarks provision is independent of the disparaging remarks and negative light provision. Defendant does not explain or attempt to explain how his statements on the website and his communications with others were not violative of the restrictions on disparaging remarks and casting Plaintiffs in a negative light.

Accordingly, for purposes of this motion to enforce the Settlement Agreement, the Court will focus on determining whether Defendant has violated the "disparaging remarks" and/or "casting Plaintiffs in a negative light" clauses, the breach of which does not require Plaintiff to prove malice or falsity. The Court will not consider whether Plaintiff has also proved breach of the "defamatory remarks" clause because that takes us on an excursion into whether the negative remarks were also knowingly false or made with malice,3 against which Defendant argues truthfulness as a defense to defamation. Rather than testing whether there is a genuine dispute of material fact regarding their truthfulness, the Court will instead determine whether there is any genuine dispute about their "disparaging" and "negative light" character, neither of which requires Plaintiffs to prove that the remarks were false.

Under their Settlement Agreement, the parties exchanged material promises and received assurances not just to be free from what the law already protects them from—i.e., defamation— but for significantly broader relief from "any disparaging remarks" and even "any" remarks that "cast any such Party in a negative light." Whether any factual dispute exists whether Defendant Tringali has breached these promises is thus the issue.

Defendant Tringali's statements on the website detracted from Moreno's and Medpro's reputations where it stated that Moreno expressed his willingness to take financial responsibility for what Justin Williams stole. It also suggested the existence of numerous dissatisfied customers, some of whom described Moreno, Medpro, and Williams "scamming" them, and one of whom described needing to begin "legal proceedings," implying a certain heightened level of wrongdoing or, at the very least, something very far from a lawful and fair commercial transaction. It also stated that "more," presumably more documents or similarly damning information, would be forthcoming.

Defendant also disparaged Moreno and/or Medpro where he corresponded with customers like Velona and described Moreno as having had "victims," and where he sent an email about Medpro and described himself as having been a "victim" of fraud. To call someone a victim of a third person implies that the third person has harmed the alleged "victim"; this self-evidently castigates or detracts from the reputation of the person who is alleged to have harmed the "victim." Each of these statements was not only disparaging but also cast Plaintiffs in a negative light.

Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have met their burden of establishing that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether Defendant breached Paragraph 13 of the Settlement Agreement; the breach is clear and no reasonable finder of fact could find otherwise than that Defendant committed it by disparaging Plaintiffs and by casting Plaintiffs in a negative light.

3. Number of breaches

The Court further finds that Plaintiffs have established eleven breaches of the non-disparagement clause and the "negative light" clause.

Plaintiffs suggest that the undisputed evidentiary record establishes twenty-three (23) breaches by Defendant of the non-disparagement clause and/or "negative light" clause of the Settlement Agreement. They are, specifically, as follows:

The Court will address these in turn.

The Court grants summary judgment on the claim that the January 9, 2014 email to Velona constituted a breach of the non-disparagement clause. The content of the email suggests that a "scam" or "ripoff" has occurred, the recipient is a customer of Medpro, and the context is vouching for a person who claims he or she has been ripped off by Moreno and Medpro. See Verified Complaint & Ex. D thereto, the contents of which are deemed admitted by Defendant, as acknowledged in Def. Opp. Br. at 2 ("The entry of default means that Tringali is deemed to have admitted the well pleaded allegations of the complaint, Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(b)(6)" [footnotes and citations omitted]).

The Court declines to grant summary judgment as to the January 14 email. While Plaintiffs' argument that this email constituted an attempt by Defendant to imply that Moreno became rich from his behavior may be correct, the Court finds that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether this email disparages Moreno or casts him in a negative light simply for owning an expensive home.

The Court will grant summary judgment as to the March 25 email to Velona: Defendant described himself and others as "victims" in an email that was, by its subject line, about both Justin Williams and Medpro. Defendant is also deemed to have admitted these facts by default as noted above and as prescribed by Rule 8(b)(6). This disparages Medpro in violation of the Settlement Agreement, as well as casting Medpro into a "negative light," and the Court will grant summary judgment for this breach.

The Court will also grant summary judgment as to the April 5 email, wherein Defendant told Velona not to answer emails from Moreno, Williams, or Horan and again described helping "two victims." This disparages Moreno, as well as casts him in a negative light, in that it suggests that Moreno has at least two victims whom he has played a role in harming; the Court will therefore grant summary judgment as to this breach.

The Court grants summary judgment as to the March 6 email. This email has a subject line that mentions "Medpro" as the March 25 email did, within the body of the email linking Medpro to Defendant's allegedly being a victim of fraud "from Justin & Brooke Williams." The mention of Medpro, coupled with the clear statement of victimization of fraud, as part of a stream of even more precise emails disparaging Medpro, renders this another disparaging email violating the Settlement Agreement, as well as casting Medpro in a negative light. Furthermore, as explained above, Defendant has by default admitted these facts pled in the Verified Complaint and attachments thereto. Although there are twelve recipients listed on Tringali's March 6 email, apparently only one—customer Velona—forwarded it to Moreno, recognizing that it involved Tringali's campaign of disparagement against Moreno and Medpro. Velona, of course, had provided Moreno with this and other copies of Tringali's disparaging emails. Where it is the caption of Tringali's March 6 email, and not the body of the text, that includes Medpro, the Court will not automatically assume that the other eleven recipients made the connection. This will count as one breach, without prejudice to Plaintiffs' right to seek to prove multiple breaches in due course. Accordingly, the Court will grant summary judgment.

The Court will also grant summary judgment as to the claims that Defendant disparaged Plaintiffs to Tony Kokjohn, Jean Marc Porier, Mike Goodrich, Doug Grief, and Rebecca Bell. [Compl. ¶ 61.] By virtue of the default judgment, Defendant has admitted these factual allegations. See Comdyne I, Inc. v. Corbin, 908 F.2d 1142, 1149 (3d Cir. 1990) ("A consequence of the entry of a default judgment is that the factual allegations of the complaint, except those relating to the amount of damages, will be taken as true.") (internal citations omitted). For that reason, the Court will grant summary judgment as to these five breaches.

The Court will also grant summary judgment as to the claim that Defendant disparaged Moreno and/or Medpro by emailing the link to the disparaging website to Williams and Horan. Defendant argues that summary judgment on this claim should not be granted because "Horan and Williams are partners with [P]laintiffs and, as a result, e-mails to them do not constitute publication." [Docket Item 54 at 12.] Defendant is correct that the "tort of defamation requires publication to a third party[.]" [Id., citing Gnapinsky v. Goldyn, 23 N.J. 243, 252 (1957).] However, as discussed at length, supra, Plaintiffs seek summary judgment on their claim for breach of the Settlement Agreement's non-disparagement clause and "negative light" clause, not for the tort of defamation. The only exception in the Settlement Agreement about to whom Defendant was permitted to make disparaging remarks or remarks that cast Plaintiffs in a negative light was that such remarks were permitted if made "to the Prosecutor or Judge in the pending criminal litigation." [Docket Item 49-2 at 2.] Because Williams and Horan were not excepted parties to the non-disparagement clause, Defendant is liable for two breaches of that clause with his emails to Williams and to Horan. The Court therefore grants summary judgment as to those two breaches.

Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant summary judgment to Plaintiffs for breach of ¶ 13 of the Settlement Agreement as to eleven claimed breaches of the Settlement Agreement's non-disparagement clause.

4. Liquidated damages

The issue that remains as to the breach of contract claim is whether Plaintiffs are entitled to summary judgment as to their claim for liquidated damages for the breaches of the non-disparagement and negative light clauses.

The general rule is that the amount of unliquidated damages is not established by a default judgment. Comdyne I, 908 F.2d at 1149. However, if "damages are `liquidated or computable,'" they may be "awarded simply on the basis of the pleadings." Joe Hand Promotions, Inc. v. Yakubets, 3 F.Supp.3d 261, 270 (E.D.Pa. 2014) (citing Comdyne I, 908 F.2d at 1152). See also Flaks v. Koegel, 504 F.2d 702, 707 (2d Cir. 1974).

The breached Settlement Agreement, however, contains a liquidated damages provision. This provision, which the parties to the Agreement negotiated, through counsel, states that "five thousand dollars ($5,000.00) is to paid by the breaching party for each breach." [Docket Item 49-3 at 8.] Paragraph 13 of the non-disparagement clause continues that this "amount is not intended as a penalty, but is agreed upon in the event actual damages are too difficult to prove." [Docket Item 49-2 at 2.]

New Jersey law follows the approach of the Second Restatement of Contracts and generally enforces reasonable liquidated damages clauses, noting that "such clauses should be deemed presumptively reasonable and . . . the party challenging such a clause should bear the burden of proving its unreasonableness." Wasserman's Inc. v. Twp. of Middletown, 137 N.J. 238, 252 (1994).

Defendant has not alleged that the liquidated damages provision in Paragraph 13 of the Settlement Agreement is unreasonable or otherwise "unenforceable on grounds of public policy," Restatement (Second) of Contracts, Sec. 356(1) (1981), and the Court does not discern any unreasonableness on the fact of the Agreement. Accordingly, because the liquidated damages provision contracted for by Plaintiffs and Defendant is presumptively reasonable, the Court will enforce that provision.

Because Defendant breached the non-disparagement clause of the Settlement Agreement eleven times, and because the Agreement provides for damages of the greater of $5,000 or actual damages, Defendant shall be liable for damages in the amount of fifty-five thousand dollars ($55,000).

B. Permanent Injunction

Plaintiffs move for an order converting the preliminary injunction ordered in this case on July 24, 2014, to a permanent injunction. [Docket Item 49-3 at 13.] Defendant has not opposed this request.

E.A. Sween Co., Inc. v. Deli Exp. of Tenafly, LLC, 19 F.Supp.3d 560, 576 (D.N.J. 2014), citing eBay, Inc. v. MercExchange, LLC, 547 U.S. 388, 391 (2006) (further internal citations omitted).

The Court has previously determined that Plaintiffs have satisfied the four factors listed in eBay. [Docket Item 9 at 13-15.] Plaintiffs have demonstrated an irreparable injury and that money damages would be inadequate to compensate Plaintiffs fully for the injury. [Id. at 14.] The Court also found that Defendant would not be harmed if he is enjoined from disparaging Plaintiffs, "publishing personal information about Plaintiffs, or visiting Moreno's home." [Id. at 15.] Finally, the Court found that the public interest would be served by the entry of the injunction in this matter. [Id.]

Because the eBay factors have been met, and because Defendant does not oppose the motion to make the preliminary injunction permanent, the Court will grant Plaintiffs' motion as to the permanent injunction. The terms of the permanent injunction adopt those of the preliminary injunction [Docket Item 10] and are set forth in the accompanying Order and Permanent Injunction.

C. Legal fees and costs

Plaintiffs assert that Defendant is also liable for "the legal fees and costs incurred as a result of Defendant's breach" of the Settlement Agreement, pursuant to Paragraph 7, which states that "if any party is found to be in breach of this Agreement, it shall pay the reasonable legal fees and costs incurred by the non-breaching party to enforce its rights in this Agreement." [Docket Items 49-3 at 14-15; 49-2 at 3.] Plaintiffs "seek[] an order" entitling them "to submit a Certification of Legal Fees and Costs incurred in this action, on notice to Defendant[,] for the Court's determination to set the amount of fees and costs to be awarded." [Docket Item 49-3 at 15.] Because the Court has determined that summary judgment is appropriate on Plaintiffs' claim that Defendant breached the Settlement Agreement, the Court will grant Plaintiffs' motion. Plaintiffs may submit a Certification of Counsel of Legal Fees and Costs incurred by Plaintiffs to enforce the non-disparagement clause and negative light clause of the Settlement Agreement; such Certification shall be submitted in the format required by Local Civil Rules 54.1 & 54.2 with appropriate notice to Defendant, whose counsel will have an opportunity to respond, and the Court shall determine the appropriate amount of fees and costs to be awarded pursuant to Paragraph 7 of the Settlement Agreement.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant in part and deny in part Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment as to the breach of contract claim and grant summary judgment to Plaintiffs for eleven claims of breach of contract; grant Plaintiffs' Motion to enforce the liquidated damages provision and hold Defendant liable for $55,000.00 for the nine breaches of contract; grant Plaintiffs' Motion to convert the preliminary injunction to a permanent injunction; and grant Plaintiffs' Motion for attorney's fees and costs, and allowing counsel for Plaintiffs to submit a Certification of Counsel of Legal Fees and Costs. The accompanying Order and Permanent Injunction will be entered.