GREG WHITE, Magistrate Judge.
On April 25, 2014. Plaintiff Larry Norris (hereinafter "Plaintiff") filed a pro se Complaint purporting to raise "`Bivens' and Federal Tort Claims." (ECF No. 1.) The Complaint names the following parties as Defendants: (1) Mr. Eargle; (2) Mr. Chrissman; (3) Mr. Stewart; (4) Ms. Rannalli; (4) Ms. Giannone; (5) "other BOP employees, unknown;" and, (4) the Federal Bureau of Prisons ("BOP"). Id. Plaintiff alleges five separate counts against Defendants: (1) "cruel and unusual punishment, 8
A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) "should not be granted unless it appears beyond a doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim that would entitle him to relief." Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 (1957). Well-pleaded allegations must be taken as true and construed most favorably toward the non-moving party. See, e.g., Mayer v. Mylod, 988 F.2d 635, 637 (6
When ruling on motions to dismiss, a Court should normally look no further than the complaint, but "[d]ocuments that a defendant attaches to a motion to dismiss are considered part of the pleadings if they are referred to in the plaintiff's complaint and are central to [plaintiff's] claim." Weiner v. Klais and Co., Inc., 108 F.3d 86, 89 (6
The Complaint makes the following factual allegations.
Defendant Chrissman, another counselor at FCI Elkton, witnessed a portion of the third assault. (ECF No. 1 at ¶4, 122.) Plaintiff heard Defendant Chrissman tell Defendant Eargle to stop. Id. at ¶122. After Defendant Eargle continued to strike Plaintiff, Plaintiff heard rapid foot steps and saw that Defendant Chrissman had put Defendant Eargle in a "bear hug" and said to Eargle "I'm doing this for your own good." Id. at ¶¶123-124.
Defendant Stewart, whom Plaintiff identifies as a correctional officer, saw and heard the first assault and inquired "What's going on here?" (ECF No. 1 at ¶¶9-10.) Nonetheless, Plaintiff maintains that Defendant Stewart failed to intervene and permitted a second assault to ensue. Id. at ¶¶11-12. Plaintiff is unsure whether Defendant Stewart watched the second assault or left the scene. Id. at ¶¶13, 15, 20. Finally, it is alleged Defendant Stewart never reported the assaults. Id. at ¶47.
Plaintiff avers that it is "highly probable" Defendant Rannalli, who is identified as a correctional officer but referred to as a secretary, witnessed one of the assaults. (ECF No. 1 at ¶¶6, 19, 57, 60.) After the initial assault, Defendant Eargle ordered Plaintiff into a secluded office, and Plaintiff looked at Defendant Rannalli and stated he was afraid to go in. Id. at ¶¶22-25. According to Plaintiff, Defendant Rannalli looked shocked but did not respond and did not intervene. Id. at ¶¶23, 57. Later, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Rannalli actually saw the assault, but never told Defendant Eargle to stop and did not otherwise intervene. Id. at ¶¶61-64, 71, 77-78.
Defendant Giannone is identified as a nurse who provides medical care at FCI Elkton. (ECF No. 1 at ¶7.) The Complaint is devoid of any other specific references to Defendant Giannone. However, Plaintiff did allege that he was seen by the attending nurse, known as "Ms. G" prior to being placed in the Special Housing Unit. Id. at ¶¶146, 148. Plaintiff avers that the medical record falsely states that he was given a "rough pat down," as he denies making such a statement to the attending nurse. Id.
Notably, the Complaint does not allege any physical injuries aside from pain during the alleged assaults and resulting "severe distress." (ECF No. 1 at ¶¶117, 161.) Plaintiff avers that the assaults "could well have exacerbated into a paralizing [sic] stroke or possibly a fatal heart attack." (ECF No. 1 at ¶55.)
Defendants advance a number of arguments in support of their motions to dismiss. They contend that (1) Plaintiff's FTCA claims are untimely, (2) Plaintiff's Bivens claims are untimely, (3) Defendants Chrissman and Giannone are entitled to qualified immunity, (4) all Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity with respect to Count Three, (5) no private cause of action exists for obstruction of justice under Count Four, and (6) Plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies under the Prison Litigation Reform Act ("PLRA"). (ECF Nos. 21 & 23.) As resolution of the statute of limitations issue is dispositive, this report and recommendation focuses on Defendants' first two arguments. In the interests of judicial economy, the Court declines to address Defendants' other arguments.
Plaintiff has asserted five causes of action against the Defendants, all stemming from the alleged assault against him by Defendant Eargle. (ECF No. 1.) In this Court's view, all five causes of action, to the extent they are viable, raise either Bivens
The Sixth Circuit has observed that "an action against a federal officer for violation of a plaintiff's constitutional rights is analogous to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1983 actions commenced against a state officer." McSurely v. Hutchison, 823 F.2d 1002, 1005 (6
Here, Plaintiff's Bivens claim accrued on the date of the alleged assault, April 11, 2012. "Under the discovery rule, Bivens claims accrue when the plaintiff `knew or should have known of the injury which is the basis of his Bivens claim.' Friedman v. Estate of Presser, 929 F.2d 1151, 1159 (6
"It is axiomatic that the United States may not be sued without its consent and that the existence of consent is a prerequisite for jurisdiction." United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 212 (1983); accord F.D.I.C. v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 475 (1994). "`The United States, as sovereign, is immune from suit save as it consents to be sued. . . .' United States v. Sherwood, 312 U.S. 584, 586, 61 S.Ct. 767, 85 L. Ed. 1058 (1941). The [FTCA] provides a limited waiver of the national government's immunity from suit for torts committed by federal employees and places several conditions on the waiver." Ellison v. United States, 531 F.3d 359, 361 (6
(Emphasis added).
Here, it is undisputed that Plaintiff presented a tort claim to the appropriate federal agency within two years by submitting an administrative claim to the BOP on February 19, 2013. (ECF No. 1-1, Exh. 7, Page ID #52.) That alone, however, does not render the present action timely. In Ellison, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals explained that the statute is not satisfied by fulfilling only the first requirement:
Ellison, 531 F.3d at 361.
Plaintiff received a letter from the BOP dated August 16, 2013 denying his claim. (ECF No. 1-1, Exh. 7, Page ID #52.) The letter expressly informed him that if he was dissatisfied with the decision, he "may bring an action against the United States in an appropriate United States District Court within six (6) months of the date of this letter." Id. Plaintiff cannot plausibly argue that he did not receive the letter, as he attached it to the Complaint as Exhibit 7. Id. Therefore, in order to avoid the statutory bar of § 2401(b), Plaintiff had to initiate this action no later than February 16, 2014. He failed to do so.
Finally, Defendants had filed a motion to substitute the United States in the place and stead of the individually named Defendants with respect to the tort actions alleged against them. (ECF No. 20.) In a separate order, the Court found the motion well taken and it was granted. (ECF No. 35.) As such, Plaintiff's tort claims can only be maintained against the United States under the FTCA and those claims are time-barred.
Plaintiff seeks to save his suit by arguing equitable tolling. (ECF No. 28.) As explained by the Supreme Court in Wong, its earlier decision in Irwin v. Department of Veterans Affairs, 498 U.S. 89 (1990) set out the framework for deciding "the applicability of equitable tolling in suits against the Government." 135 S. Ct. at 1630. The Irwin decision observed that, in suits between private parties, time limits are presumptively subject to equitable tolling. 498 U.S. at 95-96. The Wong court cited a prior decision from a habeas case, Lozano v. Montoya Alvarez, for the proposition that equitable tolling pauses the statute of limitations when a litigant (1) has pursued his rights diligently, and (2) some extraordinary circumstance prevented him from bringing a timely action." Lozano, 134 S. Ct. at 1232 (citing Pace v. DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408, 418 (2005)); see also Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 649 (2010). "[T]he doctrine of equitable tolling is used sparingly by federal courts." Robertson v. Simpson, 624 F.3d 781, 784 (6
Plaintiff asks this Court to equitably toll the statute of limitation for the following reasons: (1) while he was at FCI Elkton, he was placed in the Special Housing Unit ("SHU") and had limited access to the law library; (2) the law library contained only one computer and he is computer illiterate; (3) he was denied access to his personal legal materials; (4) he was denied access to legal help from other inmates; (5) he was verbally intimidated by staff which exacerbated his mental disorders; (6) he was denied writing materials; (7) he was denied proper forms to pursue legal activities; (8) he was denied access to the telephone; (9) he was in ill health and placed on a low calorie diet causing him to become anemic; (10) he was in great stress due to being placed in the SHU; (11) requests for unspecified information and help were denied; (12) after his transfer from FCI Elton to FCI Ashland, he was allegedly intimidated and even beaten on two occasions; (13) he had difficulty writing with his dominant hand after he tore his rotator cuff; (14) he was denied access to family and legal organizations; (15) he was placed in the SHU at FCI Ashland and his legal materials were stolen or destroyed; and, (16) on one occasion he was allegedly told that he could not communicate with a family member who was his attorney. (ECF No. 28.)
Several of Plaintiff's allegations revolve around being confined to the SHU, limited access to the law library and forms, lack of access to writing materials, and lost legal materials. Plaintiff's allegedly limited access to the law library and other legal materials, even if more restrictive than general population inmates, does not entitle him to equitable tolling. See, e.g., Hall v. Warden, Lebanon Corr. Inst., 662 F.3d 745, 750 (6
The reasons set forth by Plaintiff for not filing in a timely manner also fail to set forth any causation between his alleged reasons justifying equitable tolling and the inability to timely file. Moreover, the allegations are completely unsubstantiated. While a plaintiff's allegations in a Complaint must be taken as true and construed in his favor when considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, a plaintiff's self-serving assertions as to why he failed to file in a timely manner are not entitled to the same presumption of veracity. In Williams v. Kerkfoot, 2015 WL 2370841 at *2 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 22, 2015) report and recommendation adopted, 2015 WL 2378963 (C.D. Cal. May 15, 2015), a court found that Plaintiff, who alleged an assault against corrections officers, failed to establish he was entitled to equitable tolling based on "vague and unsubstantiated" claims that in the years following the alleged assault, his paperwork was destroyed, he had poor access to legal materials, he was intermittently homeless after his release from prison, and he was wrongfully arrested multiple times. See also Jackson v. Sec'y, Dep't of Corr., 2014 WL 7408345, at *2 (M.D. Fla. Dec. 31, 2014) (petitioner's failure to provide specific dates for the transfer during which his legal papers were allegedly lost or evidence to support such a vague and unsubstantiated contention renders his claims insufficient to justify equitable tolling); Williams v. Cain, 2013 WL 6282627 at *3 (W.D. La. Dec. 4, 2013) (finding that a self-serving and otherwise unsubstantiated allegation that the trial transcript was altered did not entitle petitioner to equitable tolling); Henry v. Shinseki, No. 07-782, 2012 WL 2359813, at *1 (Vet. App. June 21, 2012) ("unsubstantiated contentions of mental and physical illness do not meet the high burden of demonstrating an incapability of filing an [Notice of Appeal] within the requisite period"); Bilyeu v. Metro. Gov't of Nashville & Davidson Cty., 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 41016 at *14 (M.D. Tenn., March 23, 2012) (equitable tolling not warranted where plaintiff failed to offer proof of late receipt of right to sue letter); Lacheta v. Madison Cnty. Hosp., 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 105293, 2009 WL 3515378 (S.D. Ohio Oct. 28, 2009) (five-day presumption applied because plaintiff failed to offer proof in support of her assertion that she did not receive the right-to-sue letter); Morell v. Sec'y, 2007 WL 44093, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 5, 2007) ("unsubstantiated allegations of psychiatric problems do not warrant equitable tolling because he cannot establish a causal connection between his alleged mental incapacity and his ability to file a timely petition."); Bolds v. Newland, 1997 WL 732529 *2 (N.D. Cal. November 12, 1997) (ignorance of law and lack of legal assistance do not constitute extraordinary circumstances justifying equitable tolling).
To treat unsubstantiated, self-serving allegations as presumptively true for the purposes of establishing equitable tolling would transform the extraordinary and sparingly used remedy of equitable tolling into a commonly used and potentially abused remedy to avoid the statute of limitations. Plaintiff has failed to satisfy his burden of demonstrating that he is entitled to equitable tolling, without which, his Bivens and FTCA claims are untimely. Therefore, it is recommended that Plaintiff Motion for Equitable Tolling (ECF No. 28) be DENIED. It is further recommended that Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's Tort Claims
As stated above, the Court construes all five causes of action, to the extent they raise viable claims, as constituting either Bivens or FTCA claims, and, therefore, all claims are time-barred. It is indisputable that Plaintiff's first and fifth causes of action fall into these two categories.
Plaintiff's second cause of action, however, alleges "deliberate indifference" for failure to follow 18 U.S.C. § 4042. (ECF No. 1 at ¶¶154-155.) It is not entirely clear from the Complaint whether Plaintiff is asserting deliberate indifference to the serious medical need of a prisoner,
Count Three of the Complaint alleges violations of employee codes of conduct. (ECF No. 1 at ¶¶50-54, 156-157.) To the extent Plaintiff contends that the "Standards of Employee Conduct" establish a duty of care which was negligently performed, Count Three would constitute a tort action that is time barred. Furthermore, a violation of the "Standards of Employee Conduct" creates no private right of action. Another district court within this Circuit addressed a nearly identical action by a plaintiff who alleged similar violations of the BOP Program Statement, Bureau Mandatory Training Standards, and Standards of Employee Conduct:
Christensen v. United States, 2013 WL 4521040, at *2-3 (E.D. Ky. Aug. 26, 2013) (emphasis added). Therefore, to the extent Plaintiff's third cause of action is not subject to the statute of limitations governing Bivens or FTCA claims, it too fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted
Finally, Count Four of the Complaint alleges obstruction of justice. (ECF No. 1 at ¶¶158-159.) As pointed out by Defendants, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals has held that there is no private cause of action for a violation of the federal crime of obstruction of justice. Hamilton v. Reed, 29 Fed. App'x 202, 204 (6
On June 5, 2015, Plaintiff filed a Motion to Strike from the record Defendant's Exhibit A, the declaration of Marisa Davidson. (ECF No. 29.) As the Court has not relied on the declaration to determine that this action should be dismissed as time barred, the Court hereby DENIES the motion as moot.
On July 9, 2015, Plaintiff filed a Motion for Appointment of Counsel. (ECF No. 33.) "Inmates who have signified a desire to go to court to present civil rights claims or claims for post-conviction relief are not ipso facto entitled to legal representation." Knop v. Johnson, 977 F.2d 996, 1006-07 (6
In the case at bar, the Court finds appointment of counsel is not warranted as Plaintiff's only viable causes of action are time barred. To appoint counsel under such circumstances would be precisely the kind of futile act that is discouraged, as even the most experienced counsel cannot revive a time barred case. Therefore, the motion is hereby DENIED. (ECF No. 33.)
For the foregoing reasons, it is recommended that Defendants' Motions to Dismiss (ECF Nos. 21 & 23) be GRANTED on statute of limitations grounds and Plaintiff's claims dismissed in their entirety with prejudice as untimely.