MARK D. CLARKE, Magistrate Judge.
This Latter comes before the court on a motion for summary judgment (#17) filed by defendant care Center (Linda Vista), Inc. ("Defendant"). Defendant requests plaintiff Regina McDonald's ("Plaintiff') complaint be dismissed in its entirety. Def. Mot. at 1. In response, Plaintiff has voluntarily dismissed her claims of wrongful discharge, age discrimination, and interference with Family Medical Leave Act rights. Pl.'s Resp. at 4; First Am. Compl. As such, only two claims for relief remain: Plaintiffs claim of disability discrimination in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA';) and her claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress ("IIED").For the reasons stated below, Defendant's motion for summary judgment is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.
This action arises as a result of Defendant's termination of Plaintiff, which occurred on March 1, 2012, three days after Plaintiffs work-related injury. McDonald Dep. 94:1-95:19. Plaintiff worked for Defendant as a Licensed Practical Nurse ("LPN"). Atterberry Dep. 18:18-19. Defendant is an assisted living community located in Ashland, Oregon. Atterberry Dep. 13:18-21.
On February 27, 2012, Plaintiff fell while administering care to a resident. McDonald Dep. 178:17-21. Plaintiff reported the incident to Defendant's director of nurses, Cheryl Atterberry, and filled out an incident report, describing the injuries she suffered as a result of her fall. McDonald Dep. 92:10-16; 93:1-24. Following the incident, Plaintiff completed her shift, but was limited to sedentary work. McDonald Dep. 98:6-9. Plaintiff had the next two days off from work. McDonald Dep. 94:12-14. When Plaintiff returned to work on March 1, 2012, she had not yet seen a doctor; however, Plaintiff notified Ms. Atterberry that she was in pain and had an appointment to see her general practitioner doctor the next day. McDonald Dep. 94:18-95:15. Plaintiff completed her shift on March 1, 2012, engaging in largely non-demanding, sedentary tasks. McDonald Dep. 98:2-12. Plaintiff never missed any work because of her injury. McDonald Dep. 94:12-95:22. Plaintiffs physician later determined that Plaintiff suffered multiple broken ribs and a pinched nerve in her left elbow. McDonald Dep. 96:24-97:25.
Plaintiff's supervisor, Laurie Harris, became suspicious that Plaintiff was failing to properly pass medications to her residents in mid-February 2012. Harris Dep. 139:19-140:2. First, Ms. Harris was informed by a nurse who regularly worked with Plaintiff that Plaintiff had serially failed to give the prescribed medications to residents and had been altering medication records. Harris Dep. 140:5-10. Ms. Harris had also noticed that a number of residents assigned to Plaintiff were reporting increased pain. Harris Dep. 128:2-10. Ms. Harris brought the issue to Ms. Atterberry. Atterberry Dep. 59:1-6. Ms. Atterberry directed Ms. Harris to further investigate the matter. Harris Dep. 198:7-9. The parties dispute when the investigation into Plaintiffs conduct commenced. Plaintiff points to testimony that Ms. Harris did not begin investigating Plaintiff until three or four days prior to Plaintiffs termination, around the time of Plaintiffs injury. See Harris Dep. 139:22-140:2. Defendant points to testimony that Ms. Harris's investigation into Plaintiff began a couple of weeks before Plaintiffs termination. Atterberry Dep. 59:10-19.
Ms. Harris found that Plaintiff had committed over 100 medical errors and violations of nursing protocol. Harris Dep. 203:1-203:13. However, Defendant only documented 45 errors because it found they were sufficient to justify termination. Harris Dep. 140:20-141:3; 202:10-203:18. Plantiff's violations fell into five categories. First, Defendant identified over 100 instances in which Plaintiff checked out medicine but failed to administer it to residents. Harris Dep. 200:14-203:8. Plaintiff does not dispute that she committed these errors. McDonald Dep. 111:3-112:12. Second, Plaintiff improperly altered other nurses' entries in a narcotics reconciliation book. Harris Dep. 119: 17-121:11. Plaintiff does not dispute that she made these alterations. McDonald Dep. 145:13-19. Third, Plaintiff failed to make a timely note of a doctor's changes to a patient's prescription and, as a result, the patient received the incorrect medication for three days. Harris Dep. 191:1-192:19. Plaintiff disputes her involvement in this incident. 149:4-150:15. She testified that she learned of the changes near the end of her shift and told another nurse to update the patient file.
After completing the investigation, Ms. Harris presented her findings and documentation to Ms. Atterberry. Harris Dep. 208:24-210:2. Ms. Harris also met with Brenda Thornton, the hospital administrator. Atterberry Dep. 92:21-24. Both Ms. Atterberry and Ms. Thornton reviewed Ms. Harris's report and made the decision to terminate Plaintiff. Atterberry Dep. 93: 1-17. Ms. Harris did not actively participate in the decision. Atterberry Dep. 93:8-14.
At the end of Plaintiffs shift on March 1, 2012, Ms. Atterberry and Ms. Thornton met with Plaintiff and informed her that she was being terminated due to an investigation that revealed she had committed serious medication errors. McDonald Dep. 95: 15-21; Atterberry Dep. 55:22-25; 70:13-71:24. Ms. Atterberry walked Plaintiff through a one-page memorandum she had drafted that summarized the reasons for her termination. Atterberry Dep. 55:22-25. Ms. Thornton and Ms. Atterberry also provided Plaintiff with a copy of Ms. Harris's report. Atterberry Dep. 70:13-71:24. Ms. Thornton and Ms. Atterberry gave Plaintiff an opportunity to respond.
Summary judgment shall be granted when the record shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material issue of fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a);
When a properly supported motion for summary judgment is made, the burden shifts to the opposing party to set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.
Plaintiff originally brought five claims for relief against Defendant. First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 18-47. In resbonse, Plaintiff has voluntarily dismissed her claims of wrongful discharge, age discrimination, and interference with Family Medical Leave Act rights. Pl.'s Resp. at 4. Thus, two claims for relief against Defendant remain. Pl. Resp. at 7-16. First, Plaintiff alleges discriminatory discharge under the ADA. First. Am. Compl. ¶ 19. Second, Plaintiff alleges intentional infliction of emotional distress.
Title I of the ADA prohibits discrimination "against a qualified individual on the basis of disability in regard to . . . the . . . discharge of employees." 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a). In order to prevail on an ADA claim, a plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case of discrimination by showing that he or she: (1) has or is perceived as having a disability; (2) is a qualified individual, meaning she can perform the essential functions of her job; and (3) was terminated because of her disability.
Title I ADA cases are analyzed using the burden-shifting analysis from
"Disability" is defined as "a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities of such individual." 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1)(A). Under the regulations, "major life activity" means functions such as "caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, learning, and working." 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(i). "Substantially limited" refers to the inability to perform a major life activity as compared to the average person in the general population or a significant restriction as to the condition, manner, or duration under which an individual can perform the particular activity. 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(1)(ii);
The threshold question of disability should not demand extensive analysis. 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(1)(iii). "The primary object of attention in cases brought under the ADA should be whether covered entities have complied with their obligations and whether discrimination has occurred, not whether an individual's impairment substantially limits a major life activity."
Plaintiff has presented evidence that she had a physical impairment at the time she was terminated: three broken ribs and a pinched nerve. McDonald Dep. 97:11-23; 178:17-21. She testified that the injury affected her ability to breath. McDonald Dep. 101:4-6. Breathing is a major life actvity.
Summary judgment is also inappropriate as to Plaintiffs alternative theory that Defendant regarded her as disabled. "An individual meets the requirement of `being regarded as having such an impairment' if the individual establishes that he or she has been subjected to an action prohibited under [the ADA] because of an actual or perceived physical or mental impairment whether or not the impairment limits or is perceived to limit a major life activity." 42 U.S.C. § 12102(3)(A). Under the "regarded as" prong of the ADA, a covered entity must "entertain misperceptions about the individual—it must believe either that one has a substantially limiting impairment that one does not have or that one has a substantially limiting impairment when, in fact, the impairment is not so limiting."
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To state a prima facie case under the ADA, Plaintiff must also show that Defendant terminated her because of her disability. Causation can be inferred from the proximity of time between the protected action and the allegedly unlawful discharge.
Plaintiffs evidence easily triggers this inference. She was injured on February 27, 2012. McDonald Dep. 178:17-21. Plaintiff terminated her three days later, on March 1, 2012. McDonald Dep. 95:15-21. The lapse of time between these two events falls well within the window found to be. inferential by the Ninth Circuit in
Even though Plaintiff has stated a prima face case of discrimination, Defendant has proffered non-discriminatory reasons for Plaintiff's termination. Under the ADA, when an employee establishes a prima facie case of disability discrimination, the burden of production shifts to the employer "to articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employee's rejection."
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Because Defendant has proffered legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for the employment action, the burden shifts to the Plaintiff to show that Defendant's proffered reasons are mere pretext.
Plaintiff makes three arguments as to why Defendant's proffered reasons are mere pretext. First, Plaintiff argues that the close timing between her injury and termination is circumstantial evidence of pretext. Pl.'s Resp. at 6. Second, Plaintiff argues that Defendant should not have fired Plaintiff but rather should have educated Plaintiff as to what she was doing. McDonald Dep. 180:12-19. Third, Plaintiff offers evidence that other nurses made similar errors without facing the same adverse employment actions; thus, indicating that Plaintiffs errors may not have been the true reason for her dismissal. McDonald Dep. 111:3-112:12; 145:11-146:4; Harris. Dep. 201:19-25. Together, Plaintiffs arguments raise a genuine issue of material fact.
Plaintiff argues that the temporal proximity of her injuries and her termination raises a genuine issue of material fact as to whether she was terminated for discriminatory purposes. Such "evidence based on timing can be sufficient to let the issue go to the jury, even in the face of alternative reasons proffered by the defendant."
Plaintiff asserts that it was common practice among Defendant's nurses to fail to administer scheduled medications to residents and to improperly account for medication. A showing that Defendant treated similarly situated employees who were not physically impaired more favorably than Plaintiff would be probative of pretext.
In support of her argument, Plaintiff cites Defendant's drug reconciliation sheets from 2011 until Plaintiff's termination on March 1, 2012. The drug reconciliation sheets were used to investigate Plaintiff's errors.
The court's role is not to "substitute its own judgment about whether the employment [decision was] wise, or even fair."
Moreover, when Plaintiffs evidence of alleged errors and disparate treatment is viewed in combination with the timing of Plaintiff's termination, and the dispute as to when Defendant's investigation into Plaintiff began, Plaintiff sufficiently raises a genuine issue of fact. Indeed, Ms. Harris herself testified that she became suspicious of Plaintiff in mid-February but did not begin investigating Plaintiff until three or four days prior to her termination, around the time of Plaintiffs injury. Plaintiff should, therefore, be afforded the opportunity to cross-examine Ms. Harris, and others, and allow the factfinder to determine whether Defendant delayed its investigation into Plaintiffs errors until the time of her injury. Thus, Plaintiffs evidence of pretext is sufficient to withstand summary judgment on the issue of whether defendant's Proffered reasons for termination are pre-textual.
Plaintiffs circumstantial evidence that Defendant's given rationales are mere pretext is not strong. Nevertheless, based on the evidence presented, a jury could reasonably find that Plaintiff's injury motivated Defendant's adverse employment action. After weighing the evidence and evaluating witness credibility, the jury might find that Plaintiff failed to prove discrimination. However, for the aforementioned reasons, Plaintiff has raised a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Defendant's proffered reasons for termination are mere pretext and whether Plaintiff was, instead, terminated for discriminatory purposes. As a result, Defendant's motion for summary judgment on Plaintiff's claim of discriminatory discharge is denied.
Plaintiff claims that Defendant's misconduct in terminating Plaintiffs employment was outrageous and constitutes intentional infliction of emotional distress. First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 46-48. Plaintiff alleges that, as a result of Defendant's misconduct, Plaintiff has suffered, and will continue to suffer, emotional distress and mental pain and suffering. First Am. Compl. ¶ 48. In the alternative, Plaintiff requests that the court grant Plaintiff leave to amend her complaint to comply with the court's requirements if the court finds that Plaintiff failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact. Pl.'s Resp. at 19.
In order to establish a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, Plaintiff must allege facts showing: (1) "that defendant[] intended to cause plaintiff severe emotional distress or knew with substantial certainty that their conduct would cause such distress; (2) that defendant[] engaged in outrageous conduct, i.e., conduct extraordinarily beyond the bounds of socially tolerable behavior; and (3) that defendant[]'s conduct in fact caused plaintiff severe emotional distress."
Plaintiff's intentional infliction of emotional distress fails as a matter of law. First, outside of Defendant's alleged discrimination-based wrongful discharge, Plaintiff does not allege Defendant committed abusive acts in the course of firing Plaintiff. Wrongful discharge by itself is insufficient to support a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress. Second, beyond a conclusory statement that Plaintiff has suffered, and will continue to suffer, emotional distress and mental pain and suffering, Plaintiff has not provided the court with any evidence that Plaintiff actually suffered severe emotional distress as a result of Defendant's conduct. Therefore, Plaintiff has not raised a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Plaintiff suffered severe emotional distress. Defendant's motion for summary judgment is granted.
Plaintiff asks the court to grant her leave to amend her complaint to allege facts sufficient to state an IIED claim. Leave to amend should be granted unless it is clear that the complaint cannot possibly be cured by the allegation of additional facts.
For the reasons stated above, Defendant's motion for summary judgment (#17) is GRANTED as to Plaintiffs IIED claim and DENIED as to Plaintiffs disability discrimination claim. Plaintiffs request for leave to amend (#21) is DENIED.
It is so ORDERED.