OPINION

SLOMSKY, District Judge.

                                       TABLE OF CONTENTS

  I.  INTRODUCTION ................................................................571

 II.  FINDINGS OF FACT ............................................................572
      A.  Events Leading To the Hiring of Defendant ...............................572
      B.  Defendant is Retained as Counsel ........................................573

III.  STANDARD OF REVIEW FOR EVALUATING A MOTION TO
       COMPEL ARBITRATION .........................................................575

 IV.  CRAIG SANFORD'S CLAIMS MUST BE PURSUED IN ARBITRATION
       WHILE MARY JO SANFORD IS ENTITLED TO A JURY TRIAL ON
       WHETHER SHE IS A CLIENT OF THE FIRM AND ON THE
       ARBITRABILITY OF HER CLAIMS ................................................576
      A.  Craig Sanford is Bound by the Arbitration Agreement .....................576
          1.  Applicable Standard of Review .......................................576
          2.  The Complaint and Supporting Documents Establish that Craig
               Sanford Entered Into a Binding Arbitration Agreement with
               Defendant ..........................................................577
              a.  The Federal Arbitration Act .....................................577
              b.  The Federal Arbitration Act as Applied to Craig Sanford .........578
              c.  Arbitration Clauses in Fee Agreements ...........................579
              d.  The Arbitration Agreement is Enforceable Against Craig
                   Sanford ........................................................582
      B. Mary Jo Sanford is Entitled to a Jury Trial to Determine Whether She
          is a Client of the Firm and Whether She is Required to Arbitrate
          Her Claims ..............................................................583
         1.  Applicable Standard of Review ........................................584
         2.  Issues of Fact Exist as to Whether Mary Jo Sanford is a Client of
              the Firm and Whether She is Required to Arbitrate Her Claims ........585

  V.  CONCLUSION ..................................................................588

I. INTRODUCTION

Under the guise of moving money to an offshore bank account, purported Navy Seal and CIA operative Jamie Smith absconded with $12.5 million belonging to Craig and Mary Jo Sanford ("Plaintiffs"). To investigate the fraud perpetrated by Smith on Plaintiffs and to recover their funds, Plaintiffs hired the law firm of Bracewell & Guiliani ("Defendant" or "the Firm"). The Firm, however, failed to locate Smith or any of Plaintiffs' money. Dissatisfied with the Firm's work, Plaintiffs terminated the relationship and hired a new attorney. This attorney was able to locate Smith but failed to recover any money.

On February 8, 2013, Plaintiffs brought suit against Defendant in the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County, Pennsylvania for professional negligence and breach of contract. Plaintiffs allege that the Firm failed to properly investigate Smith and the whereabouts of their money, thereby delaying their ability to find Smith and, ultimately, to recover their funds. Plaintiffs are suing for damages for the unrecovered funds.

On March 6, 2013, Defendant removed the case to this Court. (Doc. No. 1.) On March 13, 2013, Defendant filed a Motion to Stay Pending Arbitration pursuant to § 3 of the Federal Arbitration Act. 9 U.S.C. § 3. (Doc. No. 3.) In the Motion, Defendant argues that the Firm established an attorney-client relationship with Craig Sanford when he signed the Firm's engagement letter. Defendant further argues that the engagement letter contains an enforceable arbitration clause covering all matters arising out of the Firm's representation. For this reason, Defendant contends that the Federal Arbitration Act requires that Craig Sanford's claim be stayed pending the outcome of arbitration. As to Mary Jo Sanford, Defendant claims that she was never a client of the firm, but that if she was, she too would be bound by the arbitration clause.

Hearings on the Motion to Stay Pending Arbitration were held on May 2, 2013, July 15, 2013, July 31, 2013, and September 18, 2013. After extensive briefing and oral argument, Defendant's Motion is now ripe for disposition.1 For reasons that follow, the Court will stay Craig Sanford's claims pending the outcome of arbitration, but will allow Mary Jo Sanford's claims to go forward in this Court with a jury trial to determine whether she was a client of the firm, and if so, whether she is required to arbitrate her claims.

II. FINDINGS OF FACT

A. Events Leading To the Hiring of Defendant

Plaintiffs are husband and wife and reside in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. (Doc. No. 1-1 at 15.) Plaintiffs owned and operated a medical waste disposal business for a number of years until they sold the business for over $14 million in 2005. Id. After the sale, Plaintiffs sought to move $12.5 million to an offshore bank account. Id.

In September 2007, Craig Sanford met Jamie Smith through a mutual acquaintance. (Doc. No. 1-1 at 16.) Smith claimed to be the owner and CEO of the corporate entity SCG International, LLC ("SCG"). Id. Smith also professed to be a former Navy Seal, Harvard graduate, and CIA operative. Id. For a small service charge, Smith offered to place Plaintiffs' money in an offshore interest-bearing account and to return it to them in eighteen months. Id.

In November 2007, Plaintiffs transferred the $12.5 million to Smith and/or SCG. Id. Plaintiffs were to earn interest on the money until it was repaid on May 27, 2009. Id. Smith provided Plaintiffs with a promissory note to document the transaction. (Id. at 17, 27.) During the term of the note, Craig Sanford repeatedly attempted to contact Smith to confirm that the money was secure. (Id. at 17.) Sanford was unable to reach Smith for over eighteen months. Id. In the spring of 2009, Smith's attorney contacted Sanford to advise him that Smith wished to renegotiate a payback agreement with Plaintiffs. Id. At that point, Sanford demanded return of the full $12.5 million. When the note came due in May 2009, Plaintiffs received neither payback of their money nor a new payback agreement. Id. The Sanfords then sought legal counsel to help them recover their money.

B. Defendant is Retained as Counsel

The events surrounding the retention of the Firm begin in the summer of 2009. At that time, while vacationing in the Pocono Mountains, Craig Sanford spoke with his neighbor, David Stockwell, about his problems with Smith and the failed attempts to recover his money. (Id. at 18.) Stockwell is a partner in the Firm's New York and Dubai offices. Id. According to the Complaint, Stockwell "assured [Plaintiffs] that his firm would be able to assist them in getting a return of their money from Smith and/or SCG." Id. After their initial conversation, Mr. Sanford participated in a conference call with Stockwell and his partner, Jonathan Halpern. (Doc. No. 16 at 36:15-19.) Halpern is a partner in Defendant's New York office and specializes in white collar criminal defense work. (Doc. No. 24 at 42:20-23; 45: 9.) During the call, Mr. Sanford was informed that the Firm would require a retainer fee of $50,000 for their representation.

At some point after this call, Plaintiffs gave Stockwell a check for $50,000 drawn from their joint bank account. Mrs. Sanford testified that she personally wrote the check and handed it to Stockwell. (Id. at 89:2-5; 93:13-15.) Mrs. Sanford testified that after Stockwell received the retainer, he told her that "[Bracewell & Giuliani] would take the case. We will find your money.... We will start the proceedings to get your money...." (Id. at 94:8-11.) She described this conversation as an "oral agreement" that the firm would represent both herself and her husband in their efforts to locate and recover their money. (Id. at 92:7-11; 94:23.)

On September 9, 2009, attorney Halpern sent Mr. Sanford an engagement letter ("Engagement Letter" or "Letter"). The Letter was addressed only to Mr. Sanford and stated that he was the client of the firm.2 (Doc. No. 1-1 at 32.) Attached to the Letter was a document titled "Bracewell & Giuliani LLP Terms of Engagement," which contained the following section:

(Id. at 36.)

The Engagement Letter also contained the following arbitration clause, which is set forth in pertinent part:

(Id. at 34-35.)

Mr. Sanford signed the Engagement Letter sometime between September 9, 2009 and December 8, 2009.3 Mrs. Sanford testified that she never read the Engagement Letter or knew of its existence. (Doc. No. 24 at 89:12-19; 90:1-7.)

On or about March 22, 2010, Craig Sanford terminated the representation. (Doc. No. 1-1 at 18.) According to Plaintiffs, the legal work done by Defendant was "incomplete, inconclusive, and inadequate." Id. They claim that Defendant "failed to employ the necessary and appropriate legal skill to obtain a return of [Plaintiffs'] money." (Id. at 18-19.)

Following the termination, Plaintiffs hired another attorney who successfully located Smith. (Id. at 19.) By the time Smith was discovered, however, he had disposed of the funds. (Id. at 20.) Plaintiffs argue that "as a result of the firm's failure to locate and secure [their] money, Smith was able to control it into 2012 and dissipate the funds entirely." (Id.) Plaintiffs have yet to recover any portion of the $12.5 million. (Id.)

As noted previously, on February 8, 2013, Plaintiffs brought suit against Defendant in the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County, Pennsylvania for professional negligence and breach of contract. On March 6, 2013, Defendant removed the case to this Court. (Doc. No. 1.) On March 13, 2013, Defendant filed the pending Motion to Stay Pending Arbitration pursuant to § 3 of the Federal Arbitration Act. 9 U.S.C. § 3. (Doc. No. 3.)

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW FOR EVALUATING A MOTION TO COMPEL ARBITRATION

Until recently, the proper standard for evaluating a motion to compel arbitration under the Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA") was unclear. Some courts applied a motion to dismiss standard, while others applied a motion for summary judgment standard. This dichotomy was clarified by the Third Circuit in Guidotti v. Legal Helpers Debt Resolution, L.L.C., 716 F.3d 764 (3d Cir.2013). In Guidotti, the Court explained that the inconsistent application of the two standards stemmed from "the competing purposes of the FAA, and by the values underlying contract interpretation." Id. at 773. The Court found that "the FAA places considerable emphasis on efficient and speedy dispute resolution," favoring the application of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss standard and no discovery process. Id. at 773. However, the Supreme Court has "rejected the suggestion that the overriding goal of the Arbitration Act was to promote the expeditious resolution of claims." Id. Thus, as Guidotti noted, this indicates that discovery should be permitted and a motion for summary judgment standard may apply. 716 F.3d at 774.

The Guidotti Court also found that "[b]ecause arbitration is a matter of contract between the parties, a judicial mandate to arbitrate must be predicated upon the parties' consent." Guidotti, 716 F.3d at 771 (citing Par-Knit Mills, Inc. v. Stockbridge Fabrics Co., Ltd., 636 F.2d 51, 54 (3d Cir.1980) (internal citations omitted)). In an effort to ensure that an order to arbitrate is based on the parties' consent, and to enforce the provisions of the FAA, the Court noted that the standard of review for motions to compel arbitration should be tied to the strength of the complaint and its supporting documents. The Court therefore held that:

Guidotti, 716 F.3d at 776 (internal citations omitted).

Because of the uniqueness of the legal and factual issues presented in this case, which partially involve matters of first impression in the Third Circuit, and in light of Guidotti, this Court gave the parties latitude to present evidence from witnesses and documents on the creation of the attorney-client relationship and the enforceability of the arbitration clause as to each Plaintiff.4 The Court held three hearings and has reviewed the evidence, beginning with the Complaint, in order to determine which standard is applicable. For reasons discussed more fully below, the Court will apply different standards of review to Mr. and Mrs. Sanford. The enforceability of the arbitration clause as to Mr. Sanford will be examined under a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss standard, and the Court will "consider only the complaint, exhibits attached to the complaint... as well as undisputedly authentic documents if the complainant's claims are based upon those documents." Mayer v. Belichick, 605 F.3d 223, 230 (3d Cir.2010). The enforceability of this clause as to Mrs. Sanford will be examined under a Rule 56 motion for summary judgment standard, and the Court will "go beyond the pleadings" to examine all discovery and testimony produced. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).

IV. CRAIG SANFORD'S CLAIMS MUST BE PURSUED IN ARBITRATION WHILE MARY JO SANFORD IS ENTITLED TO A JURY TRIAL ON WHETHER SHE IS A CLIENT OF THE FIRM AND ON THE ARBITRABILITY OF HER CLAIMS

A. Craig Sanford is Bound by the Arbitration Agreement

1. Applicable Standard of Review

Examining the face of the Complaint and all documents attached thereto, it is clear that Mr. Sanford's claims are "subject to an enforceable arbitration clause," and a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss standard should be applied. Guidotti, 716 F.3d at 776. First, the Verified Complaint states that Plaintiffs entered into a contract with Defendant through the signing of the Engagement Letter.5 Second, the Engagement Letter is attached to the Verified Complaint and contains an arbitration clause. Third, Mr. Sanford's and Mr. Halpern's signatures both appear at the bottom of the Engagement Letter.6 These facts establish that Mr. Sanford entered into a written contract with Defendant for legal services and, as discussed below, the contract contains an enforceable arbitration clause.

Furthermore, the Complaint alleges claims of professional negligence and breach of contract. These claims fall within the scope of the arbitration provision, which states, in pertinent part:

(Doc. No. 1-1 at 34.) (emphasis added)

This arbitration clause covers "any" claim "arising out of" or "relating to" the engagement. The term "any" is broad and encompasses Mr. Sanford's claims of professional negligence and breach of contract. Further, the Third Circuit has held that "when phrases such as `arising under' and `arising out of appear in arbitration provisions, they are normally given broad construction." Battaglia v. McKendry, 233 F.3d 720, 727 (3d Cir. 2000). Because it is apparent based on the Complaint and Engagement Letter that Mr. Sanford's claims are subject to an enforceable arbitration clause, the Motion to Compel Arbitration of his claims will be examined under a motion to dismiss standard. Guidotti, 716 F.3d at 771.

In considering a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the court must determine whether a complaint contains "sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Ethypharm S.A. France v. Abbott Labs., 707 F.3d 223, n. 14 (3d Cir. 2013) (citing Sheridan v. NGK Metals Corp., 609 F.3d 239, n. 27 (3d Cir.2010)). Under this standard, all factual allegations must be construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and the court may "consider only the complaint, exhibits attached to the complaint, matters of public record, as well as undisputedly authentic documents if the complainant's claims are based upon those documents." Mayer v. Belichick, 605 F.3d 223, 230 (3d Cir.2010) (emphasis added). in the context of a motion to compel arbitration, the Complaint and documents relied upon in the Complaint must be looked at in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, here Mr. Sanford, to determine if the arbitration agreement is enforceable.

2. The Complaint and Supporting Documents Establish that Craig Sanford Entered Into a Binding Arbitration Agreement with Defendant

In order for Craig Sanford to prevail on his assertion that he is entitled to a jury trial on his claims against the Firm, rather than be compelled to pursue his claims through arbitration, the Complaint and its supporting documents must establish that the arbitration agreement is unenforceable under the FAA.

a. The Federal Arbitration Act

The FAA has established "a strong federal policy in favor of the resolution of disputes through arbitration." Alexander v. Anthony Int'l, L.P., 341 F.3d 256, 263 (3d Cir.2003). The FAA created "a body of federal substantive law of arbitrability, applicable to any arbitration agreement within the coverage of the Act." Moses H. Cone Memorial Hosp. v. Mercury Const. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24, 103 S.Ct. 927, 74 L.Ed.2d 765 (1983) (emphasis added). The Supreme Court has held on "numerous occasions that the central or primary purpose of the FAA is to ensure that private agreements to arbitrate are enforced according to their terms." Stolt-Nielsen S.A. v. AnimalFeeds Int'l Corp., 559 U.S. 662, 682, 130 S.Ct. 1758, 176 L.Ed.2d 605 (2010) (quoting Volt Information Sciences, Inc. v. Bd. of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior Univ., 489 U.S. 468, 479, 109 S.Ct. 1248, 103 L.Ed.2d 488 (1989); citing Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc., 514 U.S. 52, 57, 58, 115 S.Ct. 1212, 131 L.Ed.2d 76 (1995); Doctor's Assocs., Inc. v. Casarotto, 517 U.S. 681, 688, 116 S.Ct. 1652, 134 L.Ed.2d 902 (1996)) (internal quotations omitted). Attorney-client arbitration agreements are not specifically excluded by statute from the provisions of the FAA.

Accordingly, a written, contractual arbitration agreement is presumptively valid. 9 U.S.C. § 2. Indeed, arbitration agreements are "valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract." 9 U.S.C. § 2; Puleo v. Chase Bank USA, N.A., 605 F.3d 172, 178 (3d Cir.2010) (citing Spinetti v. Serv. Corp. Intern., 324 F.3d 212, 218 (3d Cir.2003) (quoting Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp., 500 U.S. 20, 24, 111 S.Ct. 1647, 114 L.Ed.2d 26 (1991))). In order to have his case tried before a jury, the Complaint and pertinent supporting documents must contain enough factual matter to establish that the arbitration agreement Craig Sanford signed is "unenforceable based on any of the generally applicable contract defenses, such as fraud, duress, or unconscionability...." Quilloin v. Tenet HealthSystem Philadelphia, Inc., 673 F.3d 221, 229 (3d Cir.2012).

b. The Federal Arbitration Act as Applied to Craig Sanford

To meet his burden, Sanford argues that the arbitration agreement is unconscionable and therefore unenforceable. To establish unconscionability, Sanford must prove that the arbitration agreement is both procedurally and substantively unconscionable.7 Id. at 230.

In determining whether an agreement is procedurally unconscionable, a court must examine "the process by which [the] agreement is reached" and the "form" of the agreement, including the language within it. Zimmer v. CooperNeff Advisors, Inc., 523 F.3d 224, 228 (3d Cir. 2008) (quoting Harris v. Green Tree Fin. Corp., 183 F.3d 173, 181 (3d Cir.1999) (quotation marks omitted)). An agreement is "procedurally unconscionable where there was a lack of meaningful choice in the acceptance of the challenged provision." Quilloin, 673 F.3d at 235 (quoting Salley v. Option One Mortg. Corp., 592 Pa. 323, 331, 925 A.2d 115 (2007)) (quotation marks omitted). Factors a court must consider when examining procedural unconscionability include: "the take-it-or-leave-it nature of the standardized form of the document, the parties' relative bargaining positions, and the degree of economic compulsion motivating the adhering party." Id. at 235-36.

The arbitration clause at issue here was embedded within a standardized take-it-or-leave-it fee agreement. However, there was no degree of economic compulsion motivating Mr. Sanford. He is sophisticated in business and was free to choose any law firm he wanted to pursue his claims against Smith.8 As to the relative bargaining positions between the parties, Mr. Sanford contends that an arbitration clause embedded within an attorney-client engagement agreement inherently tips the balance of power, in a law firm's favor. Moreover, he argues that by placing arbitration clauses i n fee agreements, attorneys breach important ethical obligations to clients, including the duty of candor and duty of loyalty. Hybrid engagement-arbitration clauses in attorney fee agreements, he argues, are procedurally unconscionable because they serve to coerce unwitting clients into forfeiting their right to a jury trial.

c. Arbitration Clauses in Fee Agreements

Plaintiff's argument highlights a topic of great debate within the legal community.9 As one scholar put it, "there is at least an appearance that when attorneys propose [arbitration] agreements it is because they, not the clients, stand to benefit." Steven Qui ring, Attorney-Client Arbitration: A Search for Appropriate Guidelines for Pre-Dispute Agreements, 80 Tex. L.Rev. 1213, 1213 (2002). There is concern in the legal community that certain clients may not understand all of the legal implications that accompany arbitration agreements. Id. Therefore, some scholars argue that the agreements violate public policy because of the inherit inequality of bargaining power between the parties. Id.

In reaction to these concerns, some state courts and ethics committees have imposed specific notice requirements on attorneys who wish to use an engagement agreement with an arbitration clause. These notice requirements are meant to equalize the bargaining power between the attorney and client. For example, the District of Columbia Bar Legal Ethics Committee has mandated that arbitration clauses in fee agreements will only be enforced if the client is represented by outside counsel before signing. Opinion No. 211 (1990). The Michigan Standing Committee on Professional and Judicial Ethics has created a slightly less onerous rule requiring attorneys to communicate in writing that their clients may obtain counsel to advise them on the clause. Opinion Number RI-196 (1994). Moreover, in Bezio v. Draeger, 737 F.3d 819, 820 (1st Cir.2013), the First Circuit noted:

In Hodges v. Reasonover, 12-0043 (La.7/2/12); 103 So.3d 1069, the Louisiana Supreme Court held that in order for an arbitration clause in a fee agreement to be enforceable, an attorney must disclose to the client the effect of the arbitration clause and the client's rights in regard to it. Thus, the Court required an attorney to provide notice of the following in the engagement agreement: 1) the client's "waiver of the right to a jury trial;" 2) the client's "waiver of the right to an appeal;" 3) the client's "waiver of the right to broad discovery under the Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure and/or Federal Rules of Civil Procedure;" 4) the fact that "arbitration may involve substantial upfront costs compared to litigation;" 5) "explicit disclosure of the nature of claims covered by the arbitration clause, such as fee disputes or malpractice claims;" 6) the fact that "the arbitration clause does not impinge upon the client's right to make a disciplinary complaint to the appropriate authorities;" and 7) the fact that "the client has the opportunity to speak with independent counsel before signing the contract." Hodges, 103 So.3d at 1077.

In Pennsylvania, the state Supreme Court has been vested with the exclusive authority to "prescribe general rules governing [the] ... practice of law." Article V, Section 10, Pa. Const.10 Pursuant to this authority, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court promulgated the Rules of Professional Conduct. The Rules state that "[a] lawyer shall not ... make an agreement prospectively limiting the lawyer's liability to a client for malpractice unless the client is independently represented in making the agreement." Pa. R.P.C. 1.8(h)(1). The comment to this Rule explains that:

Pa. R.P.C. 1.8, comment 14.

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has yet to clarify the necessary steps that an attorney must take in order to inform a client of the "scope and effect" of an arbitration agreement. Id. Due to the dearth of authority in Pennsylvania, Plaintiffs urge this Court to follow Hodges' notice requirements and invalidate the arbitration clause in the Engagement Letter because it does not fully communicate that Mr. Sanford relinquished the rights set forth in Hodges when he signed.

As noted above, the FAA does not exempt attorney-client arbitration agreements from its coverage. Attorney-client arbitration agreements are enforceable like all other arbitration agreements under the Act. However, in Pennsylvania, attorneys are under a special duty to inform their clients of the "scope and effect" of an arbitration agreement. This notice requirement would seem to mandate that certain terms be included in the attorney-client engagement agreement or in the arbitration clause itself to comply with the requisite "scope and effect" provision. While it is not the function of this Court sua sponte to create ethical rules for attorneys in Pennsylvania, it should be pointed out that in Hodges, the Louisiana Supreme Court was able to find the arbitration clause unenforceable and enact new rules requiring certain disclosures because that court has "exclusive and plenary power to define and regulate all facets of the practice of law, including the ... conduct of lawyers ... and the client-attorney relationship." Hodges, 103 So.3d at 1073.

As discussed above, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the only court with the power to "prescribe general rules governing [the] ... practice of law" in Pennsylvania. Article V, Section 10, Pa. Const.11 See Com. v. Stern, 549 Pa. 505, 701 A.2d 568 (1997) (Pennsylvania legislature violated separation of powers when it enacted a statute criminalizing certain attorney conduct after the Pennsylvania Supreme Court dealt with such conduct in their rules of professional conduct.). The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the appropriate court to clarify the steps that an attorney must take to notify a client of the "scope and effect" of an arbitration clause. Pa. R.P.C. 1.8, comment 14. Whether the Supreme Court wishes to adopt the seven notice requirements set forth in the Hodges decision is that court's prerogative.

However, it should be noted that the arbitration clause in the Bracewell & Guiliani fee letter did contain some language meant to put Mr. Sanford on notice of its scope and effect. It advised Mr. Sanford that he was waiving his right to a jury trial and would be bound by the confidential arbitration award. The Engagement Letter encouraged him to seek outside counsel or call attorney Halpern with questions. Additionally, the clause was not buried inside a lengthy engagement letter. The Letter was only four pages long. The arbitration clause was a four paragraph section labeled: "Agreement Concerning Arbitration." The terms were clear and easy to understand, covering "any controversy, dispute or claim ... arising out of or relating to the engagement described in th[e] Engagement Letter or any future engagement of B & G."12 (Doc. No. 1-1 at 34.); see also n. 11, supra. Moreover, the Letter did not prospectively limit Bracewell & Guilliani's liability to the client for malpractice. Although the provisions satisfy this Court that Mr. Sanford received sufficient notice, whether these or different notice provisions are required in the future to be part of an engagement letter with an arbitration clause should be addressed by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

d. The Arbitration Agreement is Enforceable Against Craig Sanford

Given the above analysis and weighing the three factors a court must consider when examining the elements of procedural unconscionability, the arbitration clause in the fee agreement here is not procedurally unconscionable. While the fee agreement boarders on being a standardized one with take-it-or-leave-it language, as noted above, the degree of economic compulsion motivating Mr. Sanford to sign the Engagement Letter does not favor him. Moreover, since under the FAA arbitration provisions are favored, enforceable, and allowed to be part of an attorney engagement agreement, the presence of these provisions does not support the notion that a law firm is in a more favorable bargaining position than the client. Furthermore, the present requirements of the Pennsylvania Rules of Professional Responsibility on arbitration agreements were followed.

The arbitration clause at issue here is not unconscionable. Under the Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss standard, the Complaint and supporting documents that may be considered establish that M r. Sanford entered into a binding arbitration agreement when he signed the Engagement Letter. He is bound by its terms and his claims against the Firm are subject to arbitration. Additionally, since the Complaint and documents relied upon in the Complaint show that Mr. Sanford is subject to an enforceable arbitration clause, there is no need to engage in an analysis of the limited discovery the Court permitted here only because the issues involved matters of first impression under newly established decisional law.

B. Mary Jo Sanford is Entitled to a Jury Trial to Determine Whether She is a Client of the Firm and Whether She is Required to Arbitrate Her Claims

Under the FAA, arbitration is required if the "making of the agreement for arbitration ... is not in issue." 9 U.S.C. § 4. However, "[i]f the making of the arbitration agreement ... [is] in issue, the court shall proceed summarily to the trial thereof."13 Id.

As applied to Mary Jo Sanford, Defendant's argument concerning the "making of the agreement for arbitration" is two-fold. Id. First, the Firm contends that Mrs. Sanford was never a client of the Firm. She never signed the Engagement Letter and even if she had, the Letter's terms only name Mr. Sanford as the client. Because she was never a client, the Firm argues that she lacks standing to pursue her claims of professional negligence and breach of contract. Although Defendant has not so moved, its position is that Mrs. Sanford should be dismissed from the case.14

In the alternative, Defendant argues that if Mrs. Sanford is considered a client, she is bound by the arbitration clause. They argue that because the Complaint states that Plaintiffs became clients of the firm "by way of the Engagement Letter, Mrs. Sanford is bound by the letter's terms and is estopped from denying the enforceability of the arbitration agreement.15 (Doc. No. 1-1 at ¶ 25.)

Mrs. Sanford argues that she was a client of the Firm because an implied attorney-client relationship was formed when she handed Stockwell the check from the joint account with her husband to cover the cost of the retainer and he accepted, saying that the Firm would "take the case." (Doc. No. 24 at 94:8.) She also argues that the Firm never gave her any information about an arbitration clause, and that she never received or signed the Engagement Letter and cannot be bound by its terms.

For the following reasons, Mrs. Sanford's status as a client and her acceptance of the arbitration agreement are in issue and a jury trial on her claims is warranted.

1. Applicable Standard of Review

As explained above, the standard of review a court must apply in examining whether both parties consent to be bound by an arbitration clause depends on the Complaint and its supporting documents. If these documents:

Guidotti, 716 F.3d at 776.

Here, the face of the Complaint and the pertinent documents contain some conflicting language about the status of Mrs. Sanford as a client of the Firm. While it is clear that Plaintiff Craig Sanford intended to be bound by the Engagement Letter and the arbitration clause, the same cannot be said categorically for Plaintiff Mary Jo Sanford. First, the Complaint states that Stockwell "assured the Sanfords that his firm would be able to assist them in getting a return of their money...." (Doc. No. 1-1 at ¶¶ 22; 24) (emphasis added). The Complaint goes on to state that "on or about September 9, 2009, the Sanfords entered into an attorney-client relationship with Bracewell & Guiliani, LLP by way of an engagement agreement between Johnathan N. Halpern, Esquire for the Firm and Mr. Sanford." (Id. at ¶¶ 25) (emphasis added). The Engagement Letter, however, is only signed by Mr. Sanford, and states that the Firm's representation extends only to Mr. Sanford and not his spouse. (Id. at 32-36.) Despite this limitation on representation, the Complaint further asserts that the Firm "agreed to represent the Sanfords in obtaining a return of their money" and that "in exchange for this representation, the Sanfords paid the firm $50,000." (Id. at ¶¶ 25, 26.)

Because the Complaint and the supporting documents are unclear regarding Mrs. Sanford's status as a client, and therefore the effect of the arbitration agreement on her is unclear, the Court allowed the parties to engage in limited discovery on these matters. See Guidotti, 716 F.3d at 774 ("[A] Rule 12(b)(6) standard is inappropriate when ... the motion to compel arbitration does not have as its predicate a complaint with the requisite clarity to establish on its face that the parties agreed to arbitrate.").

Testimony was heard by the Court and supplemental briefs were submitted. (Doc. Nos. 32, 33, 34.) Pursuant to Guidotti, now that the parties have completed their "limited discovery," the Court must examine whether there was an arbitration agreement between Defendant and Mary Jo Sanford under a Rule 56 motion for summary judgment standard. Guidotti, 716 F.3d at 776. Because the Court is applying a summary judgment standard to Mrs. Sanford's claims, as opposed to the standard applied to Mr. Sanford's claims, the examination of evidence will extend beyond the Complaint and supporting documents to include the testimony and additional filings, all viewed in the light most favorable to Mrs. Sanford.

2. Issues of Fact Exist as to Whether Mary Jo Sanford is a Client of the Firm and Whether She is Required to Arbitrate Her Claims

Under the summary judgment standard, Defendant must show "that there is no genuine dispute" as to the arbitrability of Mrs. Sanford's claims. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). Because the arbitration clause in this case binds only the client and the law firm,17 in order to determine whether Mary Jo Sanford is bound by the clause, it is first necessary to determine whether she was a client of the firm. Usually, the attorney-client relationship is consummated through a signed engagement letter. Here, Mrs. Sanford did not sign such a letter. According to her testimony, she was unaware of the existence of the Engagement Letter signed by her husband. Thus, Bracewell & Guiliani made no express contract with Mrs. Sanford.

However, under Pennsylvania law, the attorney-client relationship may be formed either by express contract or by implication. See Atkinson v. Haug, 424 Pa.Super. 406, 412, 622 A.2d 983 (1993). An implied attorney-client relationship is established when: "1) the purported client sought advice or assistance from the attorney; 2) the advice sought was within the attorney's professional competence; 3) the attorney expressly or impliedly agreed to render such assistance; and 4) it is reasonable for the putative client to believe the attorney was representing him." Atkinson, 424 Pa.Super. at 412, 622 A.2d 983 (citing Sheinkopf v. Stone, 927 F.2d 1259 (1st Cir.1991)).

Mrs. Sanford's testimony at the hearing held on July 10, 2013 raises genuine issues of material fact as to whether she had an implied contract to be a client of the firm.18 Her testimony, in pertinent part, is as follows:

(Doc. No. 24 at 92:22-93:24; 94:6-23.)

Viewed in the light most favorable to Mrs. Sanford, this testimony indicates that by giving Stockwell a check from the joint bank account, she sought and paid for the Firm's legal assistance to find the absconded money and to file suit on her behalf too. Further, Stockwell and his Firm were competent in their ability to render legal advice.19 By taking the check and promising that his firm would get the money back, Stockwell expressly agreed to render legal assistance. Under these circumstances, it would be reasonable for Mrs. Sanford to believe that she was being represented by counsel.

Because Mrs. Sanford has raised a genuine issue of material fact as to whether she was a client of the Firm, she is entitled to "the opportunity of proving a definite agreement to a jury." O'Neill v. ARA Servs., Inc., 457 F.Supp. 182, 185 (E.D.Pa.1978). In Pennsylvania, the determination of "whether the parties formed a complete contract is a question for the jury." Novosel v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 721 F.2d 894, 903 (3d Cir.1983) (quoting O'Neill, 457 F.Supp. at 185.) The "terms of a disputed oral contract is the exclusive function of the jury as a question of fact; the legal effect of the agreement is the province of the courts as a matter of law." O'Neill, 457 F.Supp. at 185-86 (citing McCormack v. Jermyn, 351 Pa. 161, 40 A.2d 477 (1945)).

If Mrs. Sanford is found to have been a client of the Firm under an implied contract theory, another disputed issue of fact must be resolved by the jury: whether Mrs. Sanford entered into a valid arbitration agreement with Defendant during the Firm's retention. The record thus far indicates that the arbitration agreement was only communicated through the Engagement Letter, which she said that she never received or signed. No evidence has been offered yet that any attorney verbally reviewed the arbitration agreement with her. However, the Complaint states that Plaintiffs became clients of the firm "by way of the Engagement Letter. As a result, Defendant contends that she is bound by the arbitration clause. Thus, whether Mrs. Sanford was a client of the Firm and bound by the arbitration clause are in dispute. Pursuant to the FAA, "[i]f the making of the arbitration agreement ... [is] in issue, the court shall proceed summarily to the trial thereof." 9 U.S.C. § 4.

Accordingly, under the provisions of the FAA and the holding in Guidotti, a jury trial is required when the making of an arbitration clause is in issue. Under the FAA, when the making of an arbitration agreement is in issue, "the court shall proceed ... to ... trial...." 9 U.S.C. § 4; Guidotti, 716 F.3d at 771 (quoting Par-Knit Mills, Inc. v. Stockbridge Fabrics Co., Ltd., 636 F.2d 51, 54 (3d Cir.1980) ("[T]he party who is contesting the making of the [arbitration] agreement has the right to have the issue presented to a jury.") (internal quotations omitted)). Following this framework, as described above, the Guidotti Court held that when an agreement to arbitrate is in issue, and after the parties take limited discovery, the court should review a motion to compel arbitration under a summary judgment standard. "In the event that summary judgment is not warranted because the party opposing arbitration can demonstrate... that there is a genuine dispute as to the enforceability of the arbitration clause, the court may then proceed summarily to a trial regarding the making of the arbitration agreement or the failure, neglect, or refusal to perform the same as Section 4 of the FAA envisions." Guidotti, 716 F.3d at 776 (quoting 9 U.S.C. § 4) (internal quotations omitted).

Thus, Mrs. Sanford's contractual status as a client of the Firm and whether her claims of professional negligence and breach of contract against Defendant must be arbitrated must be determined by a jury.

V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Defendant's Motion to Stay Pending Arbitration (Doc. No. 3) will be granted in part and denied in part. Mr. Sanford's claims will be stayed pending the outcome of arbitration. Mrs. Sanford's claims will not be stayed. Instead, she is entitled to have a jury decide whether she is a client of the firm and, if so, whether she is required to arbitrate her claims against the Firm. A n appropriate Order follows.

ORDER

AND NOW, this 19th day of March 2014, upon consideration of Defendant's Motion to Stay Pending Arbitration (Doc. No. 3), Plaintiffs' Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Defendant's Motion to Stay Pending Arbitration (Doc. No. 7), Defendant's Reply to Plaintiffs' Opposition to the Motion to Stay Pending Arbitration (Doc. No. 11), Defendant's Supplemental Memorandum in Support of its Motion to Stay Pending Arbitration (Doc. No. 15), Plaintiffs' Memorandum of Law at the Request of the Court's Order of June 17, 2013 (Doc. No. 21), Defendant's Memorandum of Law Regarding the Standards for Arbitrability Determinations (Doc. No. 22), Defendant's Supplemental Brief in Support of its Motion to Stay Pending Arbitration (Doc. No. 32), Plaintiffs' Supplemental Memorandum in Further Opposition to Motion to Compel Arbitration regarding the Attorney-Client Relationship Between the Defendant and Mary Jo Sanford (Doc. No. 33), Defendant's Reply Brief in Support of its Motion to Stay Pending Arbitration (Doc. No. 34), and the arguments of counsel and testimony at the hearings held on May 2, 2013, July 15, 2013, July 31, 2013, and September 18, 2013, it is ORDERED as follows: