NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                        FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                             _____________

                                 No. 13-2150
                                _____________

                           ALEXANDER MARTIN,

                                                 Appellant

                                       v.

                  COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY
                            ____________

                On Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the District of New Jersey
                               (No. 2-11-cv-02879)
                 District Judge: Honorable Susan D. Wigenton

               Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                             November 22, 2013

                                ____________

           Before: AMBRO, SMITH, and CHAGARES, Circuit Judges

                          (Filed: December 12, 2013)

                                ____________

                                  OPINION
                                ____________

CHAGARES, Circuit Judge
       Alexander Martin appeals from a District Court order affirming the denial of

Disability Insurance Benefits under the Social Security Act by the Commissioner of

Social Security (the “Commissioner”). We will affirm.

                                             I.

       Because we write solely for the benefit of the parties, we will only briefly

summarize the essential facts. On April 11, 2003, Martin filed an application for

Disability Insurance Benefits (“DIB”) under the Social Security Act, alleging that he was

disabled beginning January 15, 2001 due to depression. Martin’s application was denied

initially and on reconsideration. Martin then requested a hearing before an administrative

law judge (“ALJ”). The hearing was conducted on January 25, 2005. The ALJ denied

Martin’s application in a decision issued June 23, 2005, and the Appeals Council denied

review.

       Martin filed a complaint challenging the ALJ’s decision. On December 17, 2007,

the District Court held that the ALJ erred by failing to explain why it had discredited

Martin’s testimony about his continued limitations or to develop sufficiently the record to

determine whether Martin’s past warehouse work was relevant. Therefore, the court

remanded the case for further administrative action. The Appeals Council, in turn,

vacated the June 23, 2005 ALJ decision and remanded for a new hearing. The hearing

was conducted on March 16, 2010, and, on March 22, 2010, the ALJ issued a decision in

which it again concluded that Martin was not disabled. As in its initial decision, the ALJ

found that Martin was disabled from January 15, 2001 to April 30, 2004, but that his

heroin addiction materially contributed to the disability. The ALJ further found that

                                             2
Martin was not disabled from May 1, 2004 through his date last insured because, in the

absence of substance abuse, he retained the residual functional capacity (“RFC”) to

perform jobs learnable in one month or less that require only occasional contact with

other individuals, which — according to the vocational expert (“VE”) — included the

positions of assembler, sewing machine operator, and cleaner or housekeeper. The ALJ

concluded that Martin “has not been disabled under the Social Security Act at any

[relevant] time.” Transcript (“Tr.”) 1 587. The Appeals Council denied review, making

the ALJ’s March 22, 2010 decision the final decision of the Commissioner. On May 19,

2011, Martin appealed to the District Court, which, by order entered February 20, 2013,

affirmed. Martin timely appealed.

                                               II.

         The District Court had subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).

We have jurisdiction to review the District Court’s decision under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Our

review is limited to determining whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s finding

that Martin was not disabled. 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g), 1383(c); Rutherford v. Barnhart, 

, 552 (3d Cir. 2005). “‘Substantial evidence’ has been defined as ‘more than a

mere scintilla. It means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as

adequate to support a conclusion.’” Smith v. Califano, 

, 970 (3d Cir. 1981)

(quoting Richardson v. Perales, 

, 401 (1971)).

                                               III.

                                               A.

1
    “Transcript” refers to the record of administrative proceedings in this case.
                                                3
       The Social Security Act authorizes the Commissioner to pay social security

benefits to disabled persons. 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d), 1382. Disability is defined as the

“inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically

determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or

which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12

months.” 

An individual is not disabled unless his “physical or mental

impairment or impairments are of such severity that he is not only unable to do his

previous work but cannot, considering his age, education, and work experience, engage in

any other kind of substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy.” 

       The Commissioner applies a five-step test to determine whether a claimant is

disabled. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4). The first two steps require the claimant to

demonstrate that he is not currently engaging in substantial gainful activity, and that he is

suffering from a severe impairment. 

If the claimant

progresses to step three, then the question becomes “whether the impairment is

equivalent to one of a number of Listed Impairments [in 20 C.F.R. pt. 404, subpt. P, app.

1] that the Commissioner acknowledges are so severe as to preclude substantial gainful

activity.” Knepp v. Apfel, 

, 84 (3d Cir. 2000) (quotation marks omitted); see

also 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(iii). If the claimant’s specific impairment is not a Listed

Impairment, the ALJ must consider whether the claimant’s impairment or combination of

impairments is “medically equivalent” to a Listed Impairment. See 20 C.F.R. §

404.1526(a). An impairment or combination of impairments is “medically equivalent” to

                                              4
a Listed Impairment if it is “at least equal in severity and duration to the criteria of any

[L]isted [I]mpairment.” 

who satisfies step three “is conclusively

presumed to be disabled.” 

(quotation marks omitted). A claimant

who fails at step three must continue to steps four and five.

       At step four, the question is “whether the claimant retains the [RFC] to perform

h[is] past relevant work.” Plummer v. Apfel, 

, 428 (3d Cir. 1999). It is the

claimant’s burden to establish an inability to return to his past relevant work. 

claimant satisfies this burden, then the burden of production shifts to the Commissioner

to show, at step five, that “there are other jobs existing in significant numbers in the

national economy which the claimant can perform, consistent with h[is] medical

impairments, age, education, past work experience, and [RFC].” 

requires

the ALJ to “analyze the cumulative effect of all of the claimant’s impairments” in

determining whether he is capable of performing work and is not disabled. Id.; see 20

C.F.R. § 404.1520(g). At the fourth and fifth steps, the ALJ often seeks advisory

testimony from a vocational expert. Burns v. Barnhart, 

, 119 (3d Cir. 2002).

In addition, the ALJ will “generally” consult the Dictionary of Occupational Titles

(“DOT”), a publication of the United States Department of Labor that contains

descriptions of the requirements for jobs that exist in the national economy, to determine

whether any jobs exist that the claimant can perform. 

ALJ finds that the claimant is disabled, but there is medical evidence that the

claimant suffers from drug addiction or alcoholism, the ALJ must then determine whether

the addiction or alcoholism “would . . . be a contributing factor material to the

                                               5
Commissioner’s determination that the individual is disabled.” 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(C).

The “key factor” is “whether we would still find [the claimant] disabled if [he] stopped

using drugs or alcohol.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1535(b)(1). In making this determination, the

ALJ must evaluate which of the claimant’s physical and mental limitations would remain

if the claimant stopped using drugs or alcohol, and whether any of those limitations

would be disabling. 

If the ALJ determines that the remaining

limitations would not be disabling, the ALJ must find that the claimant’s drug addiction

or alcoholism is a contributing factor material to the determination of disability. 

If the ALJ determines that the remaining limitations are disabling, the

ALJ must conclude that the claimant is “disabled independent of [his] drug addiction or

alcoholism and . . . [his] drug addiction or alcoholism is not a contributing factor material

to the determination of disability.” 

2

                                              B.

       On appeal, Martin argues that the ALJ’s decision is not supported by substantial

evidence. Martin argues specifically that the ALJ erred by finding that substance abuse

was a material factor contributing to his disability from the alleged onset date to April 30,

2004, and by finding that, from May 1, 2004 to his date last insured, his RFC rendered



2
  This Court has not yet determined which party bears the burden of proof as to the
materiality determination under 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(C). However, other Courts of
Appeals have concluded that the burden rests with the claimant. Parra v. Astrue, 

, 748 (9th Cir. 2007); Doughty v. Apfel, 

, 1280 (11th Cir. 2001);
Pettit v. Apfel, 

, 903 (8th Cir. 2000); Brown v. Apfel, 

, 498
(5th Cir. 1999); accord SSR 13-2p. We need not reach the issue here because, even
assuming that the burden is the Commissioner’s, it has been carried in this case.
                                              6
him capable of performing other work in the national economy. We agree with the

District Court that neither argument has merit.

                                            1.

       Martin challenges the ALJ’s finding that substance abuse materially contributed to

his disability on the grounds that the ALJ: (1) ignored medical evidence that Martin

suffered the “same level of mental symptoms” before and after he was addicted to heroin,

(2) did not adequately explain why it discredited Martin’s testimony on that issue, and (3)

failed to indicate what particular physical and mental limitations would remain in the

absence of his drug addiction. Martin Br. 12-22.

       The ALJ relied on the following evidence in concluding that Martin’s substance

abuse materially contributed to his disability. Martin began using opiates in

approximately 1992. On February 14, 2003, Martin was admitted — for the seventh time

— to the Medical Center at Princeton with the chief complaint that he was feeling “more

depressed” and using up to twenty bags of heroin per day. Tr. 159 (quotation marks

omitted). Dr. Jose Vazquez diagnosed Martin with opiate dependence and opiate

withdrawal, polysubstance abuse, peptic ulcer disease, and depressive disorder not

otherwise specified. Dr. Philippe Khouri determined that Martin had a global assessment

of functioning (“GAF”) score of 40, which reflected major impairment in areas such as

work, judgment, or thinking. Martin remained at the Medical Center until February 20

for detoxification. Fewer than three months later, he was readmitted with complaints of

depression, suicidal thoughts, and opiate abuse. Dr. Wilson diagnosed Martin with

dysthymic disorder (a form of depression), substance induced mood disorder, opiate

                                             7
dependence, and acute opiate withdrawal. Additional examinations on December 29,

2003 (by Drs. Lisa Zhang and Joseph Lamanna) and February 13, 2004 (by Dr. M.

Apacible) yielded diagnoses of, inter alia, major depressive disorder, heroin addiction,

bipolar disorder, headaches, and heartburn, with “marked” difficulties in maintaining

concentration, persistence, or pace. Tr. 213. Dr. Apacible opined that the “evidence in

file” showed Martin to be under the influence of drugs “each time” he experienced

increased depression and required hospitalization. Tr. 225. Dr. Apacible concluded that,

while Martin “does have some psychiatric limitations,” his drug abuse was “material to

the case.” Tr. 225.

       Martin stopped using heroin in May 2004. Psychological medical expert Dr.

William Gordon opined that Martin’s mental state had “improved significantly” as a

result of his abstinence. Tr. 287. Specifically, Dr. Gordon stated that Martin’s

depression had gone from “severe” to “moderate,” and he found that Martin was only

moderately restricted in his ability to interact with the public, supervisors, and co-workers

or to respond to pressures and changes in an ordinary work setting. Tr. 287, 289. Dr.

Gordon indicated that he had considered Martin’s past mental status examinations in

reaching this conclusion.

       Citing the above evidence, the ALJ found that Martin’s mental status

“significant[ly] improve[d]” once he stopped using drugs, and it concluded that Martin’s

heroin addiction had materially contributed to his depression from the disability’s onset

date through April 30, 2004. Tr. 591 (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1535).

                                             a.

                                             8
       Martin first argues that the ALJ ignored certain medical evidence, namely,

December 29, 2003 progress notes issued by the University of Medicine and Dentistry of

New Jersey (“UMDNJ”); February 2003 and February 2004 reports by State disability

consultants Drs. C. Slavik and Nanjit Mitra; and the results of a September 25, 2009

psychological examination conducted by Dr. Edward J. Linehan. According to Martin,

the above evidence “documents” that he suffered from the same mental problems before

and after his period of drug use.

       “Unless the [ALJ] has analyzed all evidence and has sufficiently explained the

weight he has given to obviously probative exhibits, to say that his decision is supported

by substantial evidence approaches an abdication of the court’s duty.” Benton v. Bowen,

, 89 (3d Cir. 1987) (quotation marks omitted). Thus, “[w]here the [ALJ] is

faced with conflicting evidence, he must adequately explain in the record his reasons for

rejecting or discrediting competent evidence.” 

In this case, the ALJ considered

Dr. Apacible’s February 13, 2004 report that Martin’s drug abuse was material to his

case, as well as Dr. Gordon’s March 29, 2005 testimony that Martin’s mental state

improved significantly upon maintaining abstinence in May 2004. While the ALJ did not

explicitly discuss the UMDNJ notes, or the reports by Drs. Slavik and Mitra, Martin does

not explain that evidence’s probative value to the central inquiry of “whether we would

still find [Martin] disabled if [he] stopped using drugs or alcohol.” 20 C.F.R. §

404.1535(b)(1). Certainly, none of the medical evidence cited by Martin contradicts the




                                             9
ALJ’s materiality finding. For instance, the UMDNJ notes reflect that Martin tested

positive for opiates. Tr. 246. 3

                                            b.

       Martin next argues that the ALJ did not adequately explain why it discredited his

testimony that, even after he abstained from drug use, he continued to suffer from severe

mental problems. For instance, at the January 25, 2005 hearing, Martin testified that he

still experienced memory loss and nervousness in crowds, that his medication made him

drowsy and unfocused, and that he occasionally heard voices telling him to kill himself

and his family.

       While a claimant’s subjective complaints must be given serious consideration,

Smith v. Califano, 

, 972 (3d Cir. 1981), they must also be supported by

medical evidence, Williams v. Sullivan, 

, 1186 (3d Cir. 1992). An ALJ

may reject a claimant’s subjective complaints when the ALJ “specif[ies] his reasons for

rejecting the[] claims and support[s] his conclusion with medical evidence in the record.”

Matullo v. Bowen, 

, 245 (3d Cir.1990); see also SSR 96-7p (“The

determination or decision must contain specific reasons for the finding on credibility,

supported by the evidence in the case record, and must be sufficiently specific to make

clear to the individual and to any subsequent reviewers the weight the adjudicator gave to

the individual’s statements and the reasons for that weight.”). Here, the ALJ found that


3
 The ALJ acknowledged, but deemed irrelevant, the results of the September 25, 2009
psychological examination. We agree with the Commissioner that the ALJ’s decision to
disregard the results of an examination conducted years after Martin’s date last insured
was not erroneous.
                                            10
“the claimant’s testimony regarding his depression is not credible because it does not

comport with the weight of the evidence of the file.” Tr. 594. In support of this finding,

the ALJ specifically cited Dr. Gordon’s responses to interrogatories, referenced above, as

well as August 2, 2004 VA progress notes that Martin was only mildly depressed. While

not expansive, the ALJ’s comments are adequate to withstand our review.

                                             c.

       Martin’s final argument is that the ALJ’s decision is “deficient” because it did not

indicate which of his physical or mental limitations would remain in the absence of drug

addiction. The ALJ found that, prior to May 1, 2004, Martin suffered from major

depressive disorder and heroin addiction — impairments which rendered him unable to

perform the mental activities required by competitive, remunerative unskilled work. The

ALJ also found that, if Martin stopped his substance abuse, he would have the RFC to

perform work at all exertional levels but with some nonexertional limitations (such as

limited contact with supervisors, co-workers, and the general public). The ALJ explained

that, in so finding, it had considered “all symptoms and the extent to which these

symptoms can reasonably be accepted as consistent with the objective medical evidence

and other evidence.” Tr. 593. Contrary to Martin’s position, the ALJ’s decision did not

“ambiguously intertwine[]” the issue of Martin’s depression with his substance abuse,

Martin Br. 22: as discussed above, the ALJ plainly relied on medical evidence that, after

Martin stopped abusing heroin, his mental condition improved significantly.

       In summary, there is substantial medical evidence to support the ALJ’s finding

that Martin had a substance abuse disorder from January 15, 2001 to April 30, 2004, and

                                            11
that the substance abuse was a contributing factor material to his disability during that

period. We will therefore affirm this aspect of the decision.

                                             2.

       Martin also challenges the ALJ’s determination that he was not disabled from May

1, 2004 to March 31, 2005, on the grounds that the ALJ: (1) miscalculated his RFC, (2)

posed deficient hypotheticals to the vocational expert (“VE”), and (3) erroneously

concluded that Martin was capable of performing the jobs of assembler, sewing machine

operator, and housekeeper.

       At the March 16, 2010 supplemental hearing, the ALJ solicited testimony from the

VE through a series of hypothetical questions. In the first hypothetical, the ALJ asked

the VE:

       Assume a hypothetical individual with the vocational profile of the
       claimant. Assume further that I find that he is limited to light work and that
       he is limited to jobs that take one month or less to learn and that require
       only occasional contact with supervisors, co-workers[,] or the general
       public. Could such an individual perform the claimant’s past, relevant
       work?

Tr. 580. The VE responded, “[n]o, he couldn’t.” Tr. 580. The ALJ then asked the VE,

“[i]s there any other work in the national economy that such an individual could

perform?” Tr. 580. The VE answered that such an individual could perform the job of

assembler (DOT 706.687-010), sewing machine operator (DOT 786.685-030), or

housekeeper (DOT 323.687-014).

                                             a.




                                             12
       Martin contends that there is “no evidence in the record from any treating,

examining, or non-examining physician which supports the ALJ’s [RFC].” Martin Br.

23. He specifically argues that the ALJ failed to reconcile the VE’s testimony that Martin

could perform light work with a State consultant’s February 4, 2004 physical RFC

assessment that he could perform medium work.

       The term “RFC” addresses what a claimant can still do despite his limitations.

§ 404.1545(a)(1). We examine the ALJ’s conclusions as to a claimant’s RFC with “the

deference required of the substantial evidence standard of review.” 

. The ALJ, nonetheless, must have evaluated all relevant evidence, Fargnoli v.

Massanari, 

, 41 (3d Cir. 2001), and explained its reasons for rejecting any

such evidence, Burnett v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 

, 122 (3d Cir.

2000). The ALJ also must have given the claimant’s subjective complaints “serious

consideration,” Mason v. Shalala, 

, 1067 (3d Cir. 1993), and made specific

findings of fact, including credibility, 

; see also Cotter v. Harris,

, 704 (3d Cir. 1981).

       In this case, the ALJ found that, upon abstaining from drug use, Martin retained

the RFC to perform work at all exertional levels but with two nonexertional limitations:

“The claimant would be limited to jobs that take 1month [sic] or less to learn and that

require only occasional contact with supervisors, co-workers, or the general public.” Tr.

593. The ALJ based its conclusion about Martin’s exertional limitations on Martin’s

2010 testimony that, while he suffered from hip pain, the pain did not become significant

until approximately one year earlier. With respect to Martin’s nonexertional limitations,

                                             13
the ALJ cited Dr. Gordon’s 2005 responses to interrogatories, in which Dr. Gordon

indicated that Martin was moderately restricted in his ability to understand and carry out

instructions and in his ability to interact with others. Tr. 288-89. The ALJ concluded

that Martin’s mental impairments resulted only in “mild restrictions of the activities of

daily living [and] in maintaining social functioning; moderate difficulties in maintaining

concentration, persistence, or pace; and no episodes of decompensation.” Tr. 595.

       While an ALJ must consider all relevant evidence when determining an

individual’s RFC, it need not “make reference to every relevant treatment note in a case

where the claimant . . . has voluminous medical records.” Fargnoli v. Massanari, 

, 42 (3d Cir. 2001). We conclude that the ALJ thoroughly reviewed the

voluminous medical evidence on record and issued a finding consistent therewith. We

therefore agree with the District Court that the ALJ’s evaluation of the medical evidence

in arriving at the RFC assessment was supported by substantial evidence.

                                             b.

       After the ALJ properly calculated Martin’s RFC, it considered the VE’s testimony

that Martin was capable of performing other jobs in the national economy. Martin argues

that the VE’s testimony was not substantial evidence because the ALJ’s hypothetical

questions to the VE “accorded no weight” to Martin’s complaints of headaches,

heartburn, memory loss, lack of social functioning, auditory hallucinations, depression,

inability to handle stress, and medical history reports. Martin Br. 26.

       “While the ALJ may proffer a variety of assumptions to the expert, the [VE’s]

testimony concerning a claimant’s ability to perform alternative employment may only be

                                             14
considered for purposes of determining disability if the question accurately portrays the

claimant’s individual physical and mental impairments.” 

(quotation marks omitted). A hypothetical question posed to a VE “must reflect all of a

claimant’s impairments that are supported by the record; otherwise the question is

deficient and the expert’s answer to it cannot be considered substantial evidence.”

Chrupcala v. Heckler, 

, 1276 (3d Cir. 1987). As an initial matter, Martin

has not cited — and we have not found — any medical evidence to substantiate his

claims of memory loss. With respect to Martin’s complaints of auditory hallucinations,

there is medical evidence that this impairment ceased when he stopped abusing drugs.

See, e.g., Tr. 197. As for lack of social functioning, the ALJ’s hypothetical incorporated

this limitation because it assumed that Martin could not perform jobs that require more

than occasional contact with other individuals. The ALJ considered, but discredited,

Martin’s testimony about his depression. Finally, although medical records confirm

Martin’s claims of headaches and heartburn, he has not explained how these limitations

would impair his ability to perform the jobs identified by the VE.

       We therefore conclude that the hypothetical posed to the VE adequately reflected

all of Martin’s impairments that had support in the record, as well as his age and

education. Because the hypothetical was accurate, the VE’s testimony provided

substantial evidence for the ALJ’s conclusion.

                                             c.

       Martin’s final argument is that, given the ALJ’s assessment of his RFC, the three

jobs cited by the VE “fail to pass muster” because they exceed his mental capacity.

                                            15
Martin Br. 26-27. In support of his argument, Martin cites his hearing testimony that he

is “no good at that adding and subtracting,” Tr. 567, as well as VA records that show him

running out of his medication.

       The jobs of assembler (DOT 706.687-010) and sewing machine operator (DOT

786.685-030) carry a general educational development (“GED”) 4 reasoning level of two,

which requires the individual to “apply commonsense understanding to carry out detailed

but uninvolved written or oral instructions [and to] [d]eal with problems involving a few

concrete variables in or from standardized situations.” The job of cleaner/housekeeping

requires a GED reasoning, mathematical, and language level of one, which includes the

ability to subtract with two digit numbers, multiply, and divide. All three jobs carry a

specific vocational preparation (“SVP”) 5 level of two, which encompasses “[a]nything

beyond short demonstration,” up to and including one month.

       As an initial matter, the three jobs cited by the VE are plainly consistent with the

ALJ’s RFC requirement that the job be learnable in one month or less. To the extent that

Martin contends he is nevertheless incapable of performing the jobs due to his mental

impairments, his evidence in support of that claim is not persuasive.

                                            IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, the order of the District Court will be affirmed.



4
  “GED” embraces those aspects of education that are required of the worker for
satisfactory job performance.
5
  SVP refers to the amount of lapsed time required by a typical worker to learn the
techniques, acquire the information, and develop the facility necessary for adequate
performance in a specific job-worker situation.
                                             16