NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                _____________

                                    No. 10-3438
                                   _____________

                          UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                          v.

                                 SHERMAN KEMP
                                   A/K/A Goose
                                A/K/A Hoseay Sachez
                                  A/K/A Lil Dog,
                                            Appellant

                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                               (No. 2-07-cr-00549-011)
                        District Judge: Hon. J. Curtis Joyner

                                Argued: May 23, 2014

    Before: McKEE, Chief Judge, CHAGARES, Circuit Judge, and THOMPSON, District
                                     Judge*

                               (Filed: October 17, 2014)

Paul M. George, Esq. [ARGUED]
239 South Camac Street
Philadelphia, PA 19107
      Attorney for Appellant




*
 The Honorable Anne E. Thompson, United States District Judge for the District of New
Jersey, sitting by designation.
Linwood C. Wright, Jr. [ARGUED]
Office of United States Attorney
615 Chestnut Street
Suite 1250
Philadelphia, PA 19106
     Attorney for Appellee

                                      ____________

                                        OPINION
                                      ____________



CHAGARES, Circuit Judge.

       Sherman Kemp was convicted by a jury of conspiracy to distribute five kilograms

or more of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. He now appeals his conviction and

sentence. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.

                                             I.

       We write exclusively for the parties and therefore set forth only those facts that are

necessary to our disposition. On September 12, 2007, a grand jury charged Kemp with

conspiracy to distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §

846. In the same indictment, eight codefendants were charged with numerous other

counts. On January 23, 2008, the grand jury returned a superseding indictment, which

added two defendants and notices of forfeiture, but otherwise did not alter the original

indictment. All of the defendants pleaded guilty except for Kemp, Maurice Phillips, and

David Garcia, who proceeded to a joint trial.

       The evidence at trial showed that, from 1998 through 2007, Phillips controlled a

cocaine distribution network (the “Phillips Cocaine Organization” or “PCO”) with outlets

                                             2
in, among other places, the Philadelphia metropolitan area, Newark, New Jersey,

Washington, D.C., New York, and Virginia. In the late 1990s, Stanley Wagner and

Anthony Ballard managed the PCO’s cocaine distribution operation in Maryland. Kemp

worked directly for them and thus by extension for Phillips. Mark Harris also distributed

cocaine for Phillips in Maryland, and Phillips delivered cocaine to him through Samuel

McQueen. After Wagner and Ballard were incarcerated, Phillips provided cocaine to

Kemp through Harris. Eventually, Phillips started to deal directly with Kemp. At that

point, McQueen also started delivering cocaine to Kemp. Kemp acted as the PCO’s

cocaine distributor in the Baltimore area throughout 2002.

       The evidence further established that Kemp enlisted the help of Baltimore resident

Sharon Drake, who let him use her residence as a “stash house” for PCO drugs and

money. In September 2002, Baltimore police officers followed Kemp to the stash house

based on information received from a confidential informant. Kemp drove off, and when

officers attempted to stop his car, he repeatedly rammed a police car and fled at high

speed. Officers subsequently searched Drake’s residence and recovered, among other

things, approximately 2.5 kilograms of cocaine and a digital scale containing cocaine

residue. In 2003, Kemp delivered money to Chanell Cunningham, a lieutenant in the

PCO, who testified that she collected as much as $40,000 to $80,000 per trip. In the

spring of 2004, Ballard was released from prison, and Phillips once again put him in

charge of the Maryland distribution network. Sometime in 2005, Kemp left the PCO.

       After a lengthy trial, the jury found all three defendants, including Kemp, guilty of

the charged offenses. Kemp’s sentencing hearing was scheduled for August 11, 2010.

                                             3
On August 9, 2010, Kemp filed a motion for a new trial on the basis of newly discovered

evidence. The District Court denied this motion and imposed sentence on August 11,

2010. The court sentenced Kemp to 30 years of imprisonment, to run concurrently with a

sentence imposed by a federal court in Maryland. The court also imposed a ten-year

period of supervised release and ordered Kemp to pay a fine of $5,000 and special

assessment of $100. Kemp filed a timely notice of appeal.

                                           II.1

      Kemp argues that the evidence was insufficient to establish that he participated in

the PCO conspiracy. He also asserts that the District Court erred by: (1) allowing the

Government to introduce certain evidence; (2) miscalculating his sentence; and (3)

denying his motion for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence. We will address

each argument in turn.

                                            A.

      We apply a “particularly deferential standard of review” to challenges to the

sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction. United States v. Powell, 

, 401 n.6 (3d Cir. 2012). “We view all evidence in the light most favorable to the

government, and sustain conviction as long as any rational trier of fact could have found

the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

omitted).



1
  The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742. We note the standards of review with
regard to each claim below.
                                            4
         The essential elements of a drug conspiracy are: (1) a unity of purpose between

the alleged conspirators; (2) an intent to achieve a common goal; and (3) an agreement to

work together toward that goal. United States v. Iglesias, 

, 156 (3d Cir.

2008). In determining whether a defendant was a member of a drug conspiracy, we may

consider how long the defendant was affiliated with members of the conspiracy, whether

there is an established method of payment in the transactions, whether the transactions

are standardized in other ways, and whether there is a demonstrated level of mutual trust.

United States v. Gibbs, 

, 199 (3d Cir. 1999).

         Kemp argues that that the Government failed to prove that he was linked to

Phillips and the PCO conspiracy.2 The record reflects, however, that Kemp participated

in the PCO’s distribution activities. The Government presented evidence, including

testimony from co-conspirators, showing that: (1) Kemp was the PCO distributor in the

Baltimore area, first working for Ballard and Wagner and later assuming responsibility

for that area himself; (2) he received PCO cocaine from Harris and McQueen; (3) he at

times coordinated with Harris; and (4) he attended PCO social events that were attended

by other distributors for the PCO. See Supplemental Appendix (“Supp. App.”) 161-62;

287-88; 519-20. The Government established that Kemp was not just a buyer of PCO

cocaine with no stake in the operation, but an active and long-term participant. Thus, a

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of a drug conspiracy beyond

a reasonable doubt.

                                              B.

2
    Kemp does not challenge the District Court’s finding that a conspiracy existed.
                                              5
       Kemp challenges the District Court’s admission of two sets of evidence. “We

review a district court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for abuse of discretion,”

and “our review is plenary as to [its] interpretation of the Federal Rules of Evidence.”

Marra v. Phila. Hous. Auth., 

, 297 (3d Cir. 2007).

       First, Kemp challenges the District Court’s admission of: (1) the testimony of

Cunningham regarding statements made by Phillips about Kemp; (2) the testimony of

Harris regarding a statement made by McQueen about Kemp; and (3) letters to Phillips

from Wagner and Ballard which refer to Kemp.3 Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E)

provides that a co-conspirator statement is not hearsay, and thus generally admissible,

when made “during the course and in furtherance of the conspiracy.” In order for this

rule to apply, the District Court must find, by a preponderance of the evidence, that: (1) a

conspiracy existed; (2) the declarant and the party against whom the statement is offered

were members of the conspiracy; (3) the statement was made in the course of the

conspiracy; and (4) the statement was made in furtherance of the conspiracy. United

States v. McGlory, 

, 333 (3d Cir. 1992). Where a district court finds that a

conspiracy existed, we review the court’s findings as to these elements for clear error.

United States v. Vega, 

, 265 (2002). “Clear error exists when giving all due

deference to the opportunity of the trial judge to evaluate the credibility of witnesses and

to weigh the evidence, we are left with a definite and firm conviction that [a] mistake has

3
 Cunningham testified that Phillips told her he was dealing directly with Kemp. Supp.
App. 507-09. Harris testified that Phillips told McQueen to deliver to Kemp 10
kilograms of cocaine that was intended for Harris. Supp. App. 856. The letters
discussed, among other things, the obligation of non-incarcerated members of the PCO to
provide financially for incarcerated members of the PCO. Supp. App. 3420-34.
                                              6
been committed.” Commerce Nat’l. Ins. Servs., Inc. v. Commerce Ins. Agency, Inc., 

, 435 n.1 (3d Cir. 2000).

       Here, there was sufficient evidence of Kemp’s and his co-conspirators’

participation in the PCO conspiracy. Furthermore, all of the statements at issue were

made during the course of and in furtherance of the conspiracy, as they were meant to

keep co-conspirators informed about the status and progress of the scheme. Accordingly,

the District Court did not err in admitting this evidence under Rule 801(d)(2)(E).4

       Second, Kemp contends that the District Court erred in allowing the Government

to introduce portions of a video tape over his counsel’s objection. In the video, Kemp

stated, among other things, that: (1) his watch was worth over $100,000; (2) he has a lot

of money; (3) he deals with tractor-trailers rather than cars; and (4) money is not valuable

to him unless it comes “street money, blood money, money in rubber bands” and goes by

tractor-trailer west or south. Supp. App. 3380-82. The District Court denied Kemp’s

motion in limine to exclude the video clips and allowed into evidence all but one because

it deemed the clips relevant.

       Federal Rule of Evidence 403 provides that a district court may exclude evidence

“if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the

following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay,


4
 Kemp also argues that statements of co-conspirators are presumptively unreliable. This
argument fails, as it merely attacks the hearsay exception itself. As the Supreme Court
has noted, the exception is based on the notion that out-of-court statements by co-
conspirators are “just as reliable as in-court testimony.” Crawford v. Washington, 

, 74 (2004). Hence, we have held that co-conspirator statements do not pose a
Confrontation Clause problem. United States v. Bobb, 

, 499 (3d Cir. 2006).
                                             7
wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” This rule “creates a

presumption of admissibility.” United States v. Cross, 

, 323 (3d Cir. 2002).

“Unfair prejudice” means “an undue tendency to suggest decision on an improper basis,

commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one.” Fed. R. Evid. 403 advisory

committee’s note. Thus, our “focus must be on unfairness in the sense that the proponent

would secure an advantage that results from the likelihood the evidence would persuade

by illegitimate means.” United States v. Blyden, 

, 1378 (3d Cir. 1992).

       We hold that the District Court did not abuse its discretion here. In the video,

Kemp discussed transport by tractor-trailer, the method used by the PCO to distribute

cocaine and money. This evidence was relevant in linking Kemp to the conspiracy.

Moreover, Kemp’s display of excessive wealth was probative of his involvement with a

large drug trafficking operation such as the PCO. This probative value was not

outweighed by any undue prejudice to Kemp. Thus, the District Court did not err in

admitting this evidence.

                                            C.

       Next, Kemp claims that the District Court erred during sentencing by determining

that: (1) he was responsible for at least 150 kilograms of cocaine; and (2) he had a

managerial role in the conspiracy. We review the District Court’s factual findings in

sentencing for clear error. See United States v. Hunter, 

, 492 (3d Cir. 1995).

       The District Court applied a base offense level of 38 because it determined that

Kemp was responsible for distributing at least 150 kilograms of cocaine. This finding is

supported by the record. For example, the record reflects that from 2000 to 2002, Harris

                                             8
provided four to five kilograms of cocaine to Kemp every other week, and thereafter,

Phillips provided cocaine directly to Kemp. Supp. App. at 854. Therefore, the District

Court did not err in making this finding.5

       The District Court also applied a three-level sentence enhancement under U.S.S.G.

§ 3B1.1(b), which provides: “If the defendant was a manager or supervisor (but not an

organizer or leader) and the criminal activity involved five or more participants or was

otherwise extensive, increase by 3 levels.” We have held that “to be a supervisor, there

must be some degree of control over others involved in the commission of the offense.”

United States v. DeGiovanni, 

, 46 (3d Cir. 1997) (emphasis omitted).

       Here, the evidence showed that, after the incarceration of Wagner and Ballard,

Kemp managed the PCO’s cocaine distribution in Baltimore. In doing so, he supervised

Sharon Drake, paying her so that he could use her home as a stash house for PCO drugs

and money, and directing her to retrieve and deliver drugs and to count money for him.

Supp. App. 1095-98. The record also reflects that, after the stash house was searched on

September 11, 2002, Kemp directed Drake to make false statements to a lawyer and law

enforcement, and paid her to go on a vacation so that she would not testify against him.

Supp. App. 1100-02. Accordingly, the District Court did not err in finding that Kemp

had a managerial role in the PCO conspiracy.

5
  Moreover, we have held that a defendant may be held responsible for the quantity of
drugs distributed by his co-conspirators if the drugs distributed were: (1) in furtherance
of the jointly-undertaken activity; (2) within the scope of the defendant’s agreement; and
(3) reasonably foreseeable in connection with the criminal activity the defendant agreed
to undertake. United States v. Collado, 

, 995 (3d Cir. 2000). Here, there
was ample evidence to establish Kemp’s involvement in and awareness of the PCO and
its distribution activities.
                                             9
                                             D.

       Lastly, we will review the District Court’s denial of Kemp’s motion for a new trial

based on new evidence. In his motion, Kemp argued that the Government withheld

evidence impeaching cooperating witness Lamont Smith, who testified at trial about his

involvement in the PCO. Kemp cites the testimony of several witnesses at another trial

(the 2005 trial of Kaboni Savage, the leader of another drug trafficking organization),

who stated that Smith participated in robberies of drug dealers’ homes.

       Ordinarily, we review the denial of a motion for new trial on the basis of newly

discovered evidence for abuse of discretion. United States v. Pelullo, 

, 886

(3d Cir. 1994). Because Brady claims present questions of law and fact, however, we

will conduct a de novo review of the District Court’s conclusions of law and review its

findings of fact for clear error. 

v. Maryland, the Supreme Court held that “the suppression by the

prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where

the evidence is material either to guilt or punishment.” 

, 87 (1963). Evidence

is material “if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to

the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” United States v.

Bagley, 

, 682 (1985). “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to

undermine confidence in the outcome” of the trial. 

omitted).

Impeachment evidence, like exculpatory evidence, falls within the Brady rule. See

Giglio v. United States, 

, 154(1972).



                                             10
       Under Brady, Kemp’s argument is unavailing. First, the Government did not

actually suppress the impeachment evidence. The record reflects that the Government

provided defense counsel with the relevant information about Smith through FBI reports

during pretrial discovery.6 Defense counsel also could have obtained transcripts of the

testimony at the Savage trial, as these transcripts were a matter of public record. See

United States v. Starusko, 

, 262 (3d Cir. 1984) (“[T]he government is not

obliged under Brady to furnish a defendant with information which he already has or,

with any reasonable diligence, he can obtain himself . . . .”). Second, this evidence was

not material. As we already noted, the Government presented significant evidence in

addition to the Smith testimony from which a rational factfinder could have convicted

Kemp of conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt.

                                            III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.




6
  At the hearing on Kemp’s motion, defense counsel acknowledged that he had received
the FBI reports regarding Smith’s history, but he did not review the reports because they
did not have a “red sticker” and were “sort of a needle buried in the haystack.” Supp.
App. at 3541-42.
                                            11