NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 _____________

                                      No. 14-1631
                                     _____________

                                 STEVEN M. STIEGEL,
                                           Appellant

                                             v.

           PETERS TOWNSHIP; OFFICER MATTHEW RUSSELL COLLINS
                             _______________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Western District of Pennsylvania
                               (D.C. Civil No. 2:12-cv-00377)
                     District Judge: Honorable Terrence F. McVerry
                                     _______________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                  December 9, 2014

       Before: VANASKIE, COWEN and VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges.

                           (Opinion Filed: December 9, 2014)
                                   ______________

                               OPINION OF THE COURT*
                                   ______________




       *
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does
not constitute binding precedent.
VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judge.

         Appellant Steven M. Stiegel appeals from the final decision of the District Court

for the Western District of Pennsylvania, dated February 24, 2014, granting summary

judgment against him and in favor of Peters Township and Officer Matthew Russell

Collins. Stiegel v. Peters Twp., No. 2:12–cv–377, 

, at *11 (W.D. Pa.

Feb. 24, 2014). For the reasons that follow, we will affirm the decision of the District

Court.

               I.     FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         This appeal arises out of events that occurred on the night of January 30, 2012.

Stiegel, 

, at *1. That night, Steven M. Stiegel (“Stiegel” or “Appellant”)

was hunting with his friend Nolan Majcher (“Majcher”) on private property located in

North Strabane Township, Pennsylvania. 

Majcher are both licensed to

hunt and possess firearms. 

pm, the men’s hunting was interrupted by

Officer Matthew Russell Collins (“Collins”). 

been an officer with the

Peters Township Police Department since 1995. 

neighbors North

Strabane Township. 

working as the shift supervisor for the Peters Township Police

Department that evening. 

was traveling to the scene of a reported

domestic disturbance, he noticed a single vehicle parked near a pull-off on North Spring

Valley Road. 

of the vehicle seemed both “unusual” and “suspicious” to

Collins, as the vehicle was parked (1) several hundred yards from any residences, (2) at

nighttime in a rural, unlit area, and (3) in an area where Collins himself had encountered

                                              2
criminal activity in the past. 

n.1. Further, the owner of the land where the car

was parked had previously complained to Collins about trespassing and other illegal

activity occurring on his property. 

asked Collins to “keep an eye out” for

trespassers and other criminal activity. 

his suspicions, Collins decided to

approach the vehicle to assess the situation. 

       As Collins approached the stopped vehicle in his squad car, he saw Majcher sitting

on the hillside, wearing camouflage, with a shotgun in his lap. 

Majcher’s

shotgun was pointed in Collins’s general direction. 

that he was

concerned that Majcher was either preparing for a home invasion or to commit suicide.

(Collins Dep., at 16). Collins then pulled his squad car next to the stopped vehicle.

Stiegel, 

, at *2. He did not activate the squad car’s emergency lights or

announce himself as an officer. 

the emergency lights or announcement,

Majcher surmised that Collins was affiliated with law enforcement. 

approached Majcher, Collins instructed him to place his weapon on the

ground. Rather than complying with Collins’s request, Majcher stood up and took a few

steps toward Collins. 

approached, he was still holding his shotgun, albeit

in a vertical position. 

point, Collins aggressively repeated his command for

Majcher to place his weapon on the ground; he simultaneously unholstered his service

pistol and pointed it at Majcher. 

complied with Collins’s request and

placed his shotgun on the ground. 

the squad car with his hands raised

to shoulder-height, identified himself, and explained that he and a friend—Stiegel—were

fox hunting on the property with the property owner’s permission. 

Majcher mentioned Stiegel, Collins scanned the field using his personal

flashlight and observed Stiegel holding a shotgun. 

aimed his service

weapon at Stiegel and instructed him to drop his shotgun or else he would be shot. 

deposition, he testified that he never saw a gun pointed at him because of the

glare from Collins’s flashlight. (Stiegel Dep., at 35–36). As Stiegel approached Collins

and Majcher, Collins determined that both men were complying with his requests.

Stiegel, 

, at *2. He then holstered his firearm before Stiegel reached his

car. 

Stiegel’s identification, the three men had a brief conversation,

and then Collins left the scene. 

The entire encounter lasted approximately five

to ten minutes. 

nor Majcher was issued a citation, and the parties agree

that the two men were legally hunting on the premises that evening. 

incident, Stiegel lodged both formal and informal complaints against

Collins with the Peters Township Police Department. 

The department

conducted an internal investigation of the incident. 

After the investigation

concluded that Collins did not violate any department policies, Stiegel filed a three-count

Complaint in federal district court alleging violations of his constitutional rights. 

More specifically, Count I of the Complaint sought relief against Collins pursuant to

42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violating Stiegel’s First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. Count II

alleged that Peters Township was also liable for Collins’s actions under 42 U.S.C. § 1983

because it had a policy, custom, or practice of acquiescing to this type of behavior. Count

III sought relief from both defendants pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1985 and 1988.



                                             4
      By Memorandum and Order dated July 30, 2012, the District Court for the

Western District of Pennsylvania denied a motion to dismiss filed by the defendants and

partially granted their accompanying motion to strike certain paragraphs from the

pleadings. Stiegel v. Peters Twp., No. 2:12–cv–00377, 

, at *8 (W.D.

Pa. July 30, 2012). At the close of discovery, the defendants moved for summary

judgment. By Memorandum and Order dated February 24, 2014, the district court granted

defendants’ request and entered judgment for the defendants and against Stiegel. Stiegel

v. Peters Twp., No. 2:12–cv–377, 

, at *11 (W.D. Pa. Feb. 24, 2014).

Stiegel timely filed this appeal on March 14, 2014. On appeal, Stiegel argues (1) that

Collins did not have reasonable suspicion to seize him, (2) that Collins used excessive

force in effectuating the seizure, and (3) that Peters Township authorized Collins’s

actions and should therefore be held liable for them. For the following reasons, we reject

each of these arguments. We therefore affirm the decision of the District Court granting

summary judgment in favor of Collins and Peters Township.

                                  II.    DISCUSSION1

      1.     Standard of Review

      This Court exercises plenary review over a district court order granting summary

judgment. Bushman v. Halm, 

, 656 (3d Cir. 1986). Therefore, our review is

      1
        The District Court had jurisdiction to hear Stiegel’s complaints of violations of
his constitutional rights pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and 28 U.S.C. § 1343(a)(3). We
have jurisdiction to review the District Court’s February 24, 2014, Order granting
Collins’s and Peters Township’s motions for summary judgment pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
1291.


                                            5
identical to the review performed by the district court. 

is

appropriate where “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A fact is “material” under

Rule 56 if its existence or nonexistence might impact the outcome of the suit under the

applicable substantive law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 

, 248 (1986). A

dispute over a material fact is “genuine” if “a reasonable jury could return a verdict for

the nonmoving party.” 

party bears the burden of identifying specific portions of the record

that establish the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,

, 322 (1986). If the moving party meets its burden, the burden shifts to the

nonmoving party to go beyond the pleadings and “come forward with ‘specific facts

showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v.

Zenith Radio Corp., 

, 587 (1986) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)). When

determining a motion for summary judgment, we must construe all evidence in the light

most favorable to the plaintiff. 

n.2. We are also mindful that

“the judge’s function is not himself to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the

matter but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.” 

       2.     The Initial Stop

       Stiegel first argues that the District Court erred in finding that Collins was

authorized under the law to conduct an investigatory stop of Stiegel. (Appellant Brief at

21). The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects “[t]he right of the

people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable

                                              6
searches and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. A person is “seized” for Fourth

Amendment purposes when, “in view of all the circumstances surrounding the incident, a

reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave.” United States v.

Mendenhall, 

, 554 (1980).

       One type of police-citizen interaction that constitutes a seizure under the Fourth

Amendment is an investigatory stop. See Terry v. Ohio, 

, 16 (1968) (“It must

be recognized that whenever a police officer accosts an individual and restrains his

freedom to walk away, he has ‘seized’ that person.”). Investigatory, or Terry, stops must

be justified by reasonable suspicion. 

Reasonable suspicion is measured through

an analysis of the “totality of the circumstances” surrounding the investigatory stop.

United States v. Sokolow, 

, 7 (1989) (quoting United States v. Cortez, 

, 417 (1981)). To establish reasonable suspicion, “the police officer must be able to

point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from

those facts, reasonably warrant [the seizure].” 

. Reasonable

suspicion is a less demanding standard than probable cause, yet it still requires more than

an officer’s mere suspicions or hunches. 

.

       At the outset of our inquiry, we note that the parties do not contest the fact that a

seizure occurred, as it is evident that a reasonable person in Stiegel’s position on the night

of January 30, 2012, “would have believed that he was not free to leave.” 

. In his Reply Brief, Stiegel briefly contends that his interaction with

Collins amounted to a “de facto” arrest, which requires probable cause. We find that it

did not. There is no bright-line rule establishing that an officer’s display of his service

                                              7
weapon automatically elevates an investigatory stop into an arrest. Baker v. Monroe

Twp., 

, 1193 (3d Cir. 2005). There were no other elements of a typical arrest

present in this case other than Collins’s temporary use of his service weapon. Collins did

not handcuff the men, he did not issue them a citation, and the entire encounter lasted

only five to ten minutes. We therefore agree with the District Court that this encounter is

best characterized as an investigatory stop. Stiegel, 

, at *10.

       We must accordingly determine whether Collins had reasonable suspicion to stop

Stiegel. We find that he did. Collins personally saw a single vehicle parked in a strange

and questionable position: “several hundred yards from any houses around 11:00 pm on

an unlit dead-end road near an area where he encountered criminal activity in the past and

where vehicles do not commonly park at night.” Stiegel, 

, at *1. Upon

approaching the vehicle, Collins observed Majcher, who was carrying a shotgun. 

Majcher did not immediately comply with Collins’s requests to place his weapon on

the ground. 

indicated that he was not alone in the area, Collins

discovered Stiegel—a second armed individual in an area where Collins had personally

observed criminal activity in the past.

       We briefly note that Appellant’s reliance on Florida v. J.L., 

(2000),

is misplaced. That case involved an officer acting solely on an anonymous tip that a

“young black male standing at a particular bus stop and wearing a plaid shirt was

carrying a gun.” 

Here, Collins was not acting on the basis of an anonymous tip

that an individual had a gun; rather, he personally observed a suspicious scene. After he

stopped to investigate the situation, he saw Majcher and Collins both carrying shotguns.

                                             8
This situation is much different from the factual scenario at issue in Florida v. J.L. We

therefore find that the totality of the circumstances surrounding the interaction between

Stiegel and Collins demonstrates that there were “specific, articulable facts which, taken

together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warranted [the seizure of

Stiegel].” 

.

       3.     The Use of Force

       Stiegel next argues that Collins’s act of pointing a gun at him as he left the woods

and approached the squad car constituted excessive force. In Graham v. Connor, the

Supreme Court held that the proper test for evaluating a claim of excessive force is one of

objective reasonableness. 

, 395 (1989). To determine objective

reasonableness, courts must balance the “nature and quality of the intrusion on the

individual’s Fourth Amendment interests against the countervailing governmental

interests at stake.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Tennessee v.

Garner, 

, 8 (1985)). The Supreme Court has cautioned that this inquiry is fact

specific and should be done on a case-by-case basis. 

471 U.S. at 8–9).

       Despite the fact-intensive nature of this inquiry, the Court has articulated three

factors that serve as guideposts for determining whether the use of force was reasonable

in a given case: (1) the severity of the crime at issue, (2) whether the suspect poses an

imminent threat to the safety of the police or others in the vicinity, and (3) whether the

suspect attempts to resist arrest or flee the scene. 

has found that other

factors may be relevant as well, including “the possibility that the persons subject to the

police action are themselves violent or dangerous, the duration of the action, whether the

                                              9
action takes place in the context of effecting an arrest, the possibility that the suspect may

be armed, and the number of persons with whom the police officers must contend at one

time.” Sharrar v. Felsing, 

, 822 (3d Cir. 1997).

       Several cases from this and other circuits have used the Graham factors to

determine whether an officer’s act of drawing his weapon during an encounter with a

citizen was justified. These cases divide into two categories: (1) cases where an officer

was justified in displaying his weapon because he reasonably perceived that he was in

danger, and (2) cases where the display was not warranted because there was no threat to

officer safety.

       Several circuits have held that it is not a constitutional violation for a police officer

to point a gun at an individual who poses a reasonable threat of danger or violence to

police. One example of this situation occurred where an officer was alone with three

individuals suspected of criminal activity. Courson v. McMillian, 

, 1483–

84, 1496 (11th Cir. 1991). There, because the officer was outnumbered and the

individuals were belligerent, the Eleventh Circuit found the officer was justified in

displaying his weapon. 

Circuit found that there was a reasonable threat

of danger where officers were arresting four men who were suspected of drug

involvement and violence. Sharrar v. Felsing, 

, 822 (3d Cir. 1997). In

Sharrar, we determined that the threat level posed by the situation was sufficient to

justify “calling over twenty officers to the scene, including a SWAT team armed with

machine guns and an FBI hostage negotiator.” 

While we acknowledged in

Sharrar that the officers’ conduct “appear[ed] to be more akin to the Rambo-type

                                              10
behavior associated with police in overdramatized B movies or TV shows,” we still found

that it did not rise to the level of a constitutional violation. 

       Similarly, courts have found that it is a constitutional violation for a police officer

to point a gun at an individual who does not pose a reasonable threat of danger or

violence to police. Several of these cases involved an officer drawing a weapon on an

unarmed child. See, e.g., Motley v. Parks, 

, 1089 (9th Cir. 2002) (en banc)

(finding excessive force where officer trained a firearm on an infant during a sweep of a

gang member’s house); Holland v. Harrington, 

, 1192–93 (10th Cir. 2001)

(finding excessive force where officers “continu[ed] to hold the children directly at

gunpoint after the officers had gained complete control of the situation”); McDonald v.

Haskins, 

, 294–95 (7th Cir. 1992) (finding excessive force where officer

held a gun to the head of a nine-year-old child who was not suspected of any crime

during a search of the child’s family home).

       Other cases have found excessive force where officers train their guns on

compliant adults who pose no threat to the safety of the police. For example, the Seventh

Circuit found excessive force where an officer, in the course of executing a search

warrant based on a nonviolent crime, “wield[ed] a 9–millimeter submachine gun, which

he used to detain various people at the search site.” Baird v. Renbarger, 

,

342, 344–45 (7th Cir. 2009). Other courts have found excessive force in similar

circumstances. See, e.g., Robinson v. Solano Cty., 

, 1010, 1014 (9th Cir.

2002) (finding excessive force where two officers pointed guns from point-blank range at

the head of individual suspected of a misdemeanor); Baker v. Monroe Twp., 

1186, 1193–94 (3d Cir. 1995) (finding excessive force where police held suspect’s family

members, two of whom were minors, on the ground at gunpoint while they searched the

alleged suspect’s house); Brown v. City of Milwaukee, 

, 972–73 (E.D.

Wisc. 2003) (finding excessive force where police surrounded suspect’s car, pointed

multiple guns at her, shouted obscenities, used sensory overload tactics, and injured

suspect).

       Viewing Stiegel’s claim through the lens of the Graham test, we note first that the

government has a strong interest in ensuring that police are not forced to subject

themselves to unreasonable danger while carrying out their duties. We use the Graham

factors to determine whether the intrusion on Stiegel outweighed that interest in this case.

When Collins approached Majcher, he suspected that Majcher may be preparing for a

home invasion or suicide. Both of these activities are severe and violent; however, it is

unclear whether Collins still suspected the men of home invasion or suicide when he

trained his gun on Stiegel. Therefore, the first factor is inconclusive in this instance.

However, the second and third Graham factors weigh in favor of using force, as Stiegel

and Majcher outnumbered Collins, were both armed with shotguns, and Majcher did not

immediately comply with Collins’s request to place his weapon on the ground.

       The additional factors described by this Circuit in Sharrar also compel a finding

that Collins’s use of force was justified. First, from Collins’s perspective, there was a

possibility that Stiegel and Majcher were violent or dangerous, as Collins came across

them at night, in a remote location that he associated with criminal activity. Further,

Collins did not arrest either suspect, and the entire encounter between Collins and the two

                                            12
men lasted only five to ten minutes. Finally, both Stiegel and Majcher were armed, and

they outnumbered Collins.

       We also note that the situation in this case is more akin to the cases from this and

other circuits that have found that an officer’s display of a weapon was justified than to

the cases that found excessive force. In this case, both suspects were adult men. Cf.

(excessive force where officer pointed gun at infant); 

–93 (excessive force where officer pointed gun at children); 

–95 (excessive force where officer pointed gun at nine-year-old). Further,

the officer, Collins, was outnumbered by Stiegel and Collins. See 

–84 (display of gun justified where officer was outnumbered). Both suspects were

also armed. Cf. 

–16 (finding excessive force where officer

pointed gun at unarmed suspect). Majcher did not immediately comply with Collins’s

request to disarm. Cf. 

(“[P]ointing a gun at a compliant adult in a

non-threatening situation . . . can also constitute excessive force.” (emphasis added)).

Finally, Collins’s use of his service weapon was limited—he displayed it for a short

amount of time and holstered it once the situation was under control. Cf. Brown, 288 F.

Supp. 2d at 972–73 (police used sensory overload tactics, shouted obscenities at suspect,

pointed multiple guns at her, and caused physical injury to her).

       In assessing the objective reasonableness of Collins’s actions, we remember that

“[t]he calculus of reasonableness must embody allowance for the fact that police officers

are often forced to make split-second judgments—in circumstances that are tense,

uncertain, and rapidly evolving—about the amount of force that is necessary in a

                                            13
particular situation.” 

–97. We therefore find that the totality of

the circumstances in this instance, even where we construe all facts in favor of Stiegel,

indicates that Collins was justified in temporarily unholstering his weapon and training it

on both men while he assessed and gained control over the situation. He was similarly

justified in placing his weapon back in its holster once he was comfortable that both men

were cooperating. For these reasons, we agree with the District Court’s finding that no

excessive force was used in this case.

       4.     Stiegel’s Monell Claim

       Stiegel also appeals the District Court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of

Peters Township. Specifically, Stiegel argues that Peters Township should be liable for

Collins’s actions because it authorized them. However, the Supreme Court has held that

courts cannot “authorize[ an] award of damages against a [municipality] based on the

actions of one of its officers when in fact the jury has concluded that the officer inflicted

no constitutional harm.” City of Los Angeles v. Heller, 

, 799 (1986) (per

curiam). Because we find that Stiegel has not suffered any constitutional harm at the

hands of Collins, “the fact that the departmental regulations might have authorized the

use of constitutionally excessive force is quite beside the point.” 

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm.




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