BLD-084                                                 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 14-4580
                                       ___________

                            IN RE: KEITH DOUGHERTY,
                                                  Petitioner
                       ____________________________________

                      On a Petition for Writ of Mandamus from the
           United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
    (Related to M.D. Pa. Civ. Nos. 1-14-cv-00922, 1-14-cv-00480 & 1-13-cv-00857)
                      ____________________________________

                     Submitted Pursuant to Rule 21, Fed. R. App. P.
                                   January 15, 2015

               Before: AMBRO, JORDAN and KRAUSE, Circuit Judges

                            (Opinion filed: January 22, 2015)
                                       _________

                                        OPINION*
                                        _________

PER CURIAM

       Keith Dougherty, who is a “frequent and frequently vexatious litigant in this

Court,” In re Dougherty, 563 F. App’x 96, 97 (3d Cir. 2014), is or was a plaintiff in the

civil actions docketed at M.D. Pa. Civ. Nos. 1-14-cv-00922, 1-14-cv-00480 & 1-13-cv-

00857. Presently before us is Dougherty’s petition for a writ of mandamus seeking an



*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
order disqualifying the Honorable J. Frederick Motz from presiding over those civil

actions. We will deny the petition.

       Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy that we have the discretion to grant only

when, inter alia, “there is no other adequate means to obtain the desired relief.” In re

Kensington Int’l Ltd., 

, 219 (3d Cir. 2003) (quotation marks omitted).

Dougherty argues that Judge Motz has displayed an appearance of partiality requiring his

disqualification under 28 U.S.C. § 455(a). Even if Dougherty is correct—and we stress

that we have no present reason to believe that he is and express no opinion on that

issue1—mandamus is not warranted because he has other adequate means to seek relief.

       In M.D. Pa. Civ. No. 1-14-cv-00922, Judge Motz dismissed Dougherty’s

complaint and later denied his motions for reconsideration and disqualification on

September 30, 2014. Dougherty has filed a notice of appeal and his appeal is pending at

C.A. No. 14-4378. Dougherty’s arguments regarding Judge Motz may be addressed on

appeal if properly raised, but “mandamus must not be used as a mere substitute for

appeal.” In re Kensington Int’l 

(quotation marks and alteration

omitted); see also United States v. Ciavarella, 

, 718-20 (3d Cir. 2013)

(reviewing alleged appearance of partiality on appeal), cert. denied, 

1
  We nevertheless note that “opinions formed by the judge on the basis of facts
introduced or events occurring in the course of the current proceedings, or of prior
proceedings, do not constitute a basis for a bias or partiality motion unless they display a
deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would make fair judgment impossible.” Liteky
v. United States, 

, 555 (1994). Dougherty’s petition relies primarily on
Judge Motz’s rulings and characterizations in these and other proceedings.
                                              2
(2014). Moreover, there are no outstanding motions in this civil action and the District

Court has marked it closed.

       Judge Motz has entered final orders disposing of the other two civil actions as

well, and Dougherty’s motions for reconsideration in those actions remain pending.

Dougherty also has filed a motion for Judge Motz’s disqualification that remains pending

in M.D. Civ. No. 1-14-cv-00480.2 He has not filed such a motion in M.D. Civ. No. 1-13-

cv-00857. Thus, his mandamus petition as to these two civil actions is premature.

“Mandamus is a proper means for this court to review a district court judge’s refusal to

recuse from a case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 455(a).” In re Kensington Int’l 

(emphasis added) (quotation marks omitted). When a District Judge has yet to

refuse a request for recusal or a mandamus petitioner has yet to make one, it cannot be

said that the petitioner has no recourse but to seek the extraordinary remedy of mandamus

from this Court. See 

       For these reasons, we will deny the mandamus petition.




2
 Dougherty does not seek a writ of mandamus directing Judge Motz to rule on his
pending motions but, to the extent that his petition might be read to do so, mandamus is
not warranted. See Madden v. Myers, 

, 79 (3d Cir. 1996). If the District
Court denies reconsideration in Dougherty’s pending civil actions and its rulings cross
paths with this opinion, then the analysis applicable to M.D. Civ. No. 1-14-cv-00922 will
apply to those civil actions as well.
                                              3