ORDER
David R. Duncan, Chief US Bankruptcy Judge, District of South Carolina.
These proceedings1 are before the Court to consider the following:
1. The eligibility of RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE to be debtors under 11 U.S.C. §§ 101(13) and 109 and other applicable law;
2. The standing of Ronald Allen Wright and Eugene Elmore as creditors, the extent of liability on their claims, and the bona fides of any disputes as to liability affecting their eligibility to serve as petitioning creditors; and
3. The purpose of the bankruptcy filings, and whether there is a proper bankruptcy purpose.
A hearing was held to consider these issues on August 11, 2016. Both Ronald Allen Wright and Eugene Elmore, as well as the United States trustee, appeared at the hearing. At the conclusion of the hearing, the Court took the matter under advisement and now issues this Order.
BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
1. These miscellaneous proceedings were opened on July 11, 2016 following the filing of an Official Form 105, Involuntary Petition Against an Individual2 by both Ronald Allen Wright and Eugene Elmore. The involuntary petitions request relief under chapter 7 against debtors identified as RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE. The petitions are signed by Ronald Wright and Eugene Elmore.
2. In response to question 9 on the involuntary petitions, which asks, "Do you know of any bankruptcy cases pending by or against any partner, spouse, or affiliate of this debtor?", Mr. Wright and Mr. Elmore checked the "Yes" box. They list the debtor in the related case as "U.S. Corporation" and the relationship to the debtor as "franchise".
3. In the box for petitioner's claims against the debtor, Mr. Wright and Mr. Elmore listed the nature of their claims against the petitioner as "lien" and listed the amount of the claims as $999,999,999.00. No other petitioners joined in the requests for relief. However, both Mr. Wright's and Mr. Elmore's petitions contain an attachment entitled "Creditors for Involuntary Chapter 7" which lists additional names and addresses of putative creditors.3
4. Both petitions include an attachment entitled "Written Order to Trustee", which states:4
As Petitioner, the intent of this Chapter 7-Involuntary Bankruptcy is to settle all valid claims the debtor [sic] including but not limited to liquidating all assets, securities bonds and the like held in trust by the Debtor. After a settlement of all valid claims, the remaining balance should be distributed to me in silver, at which time we will discuss any conversions that will be needed in order for me to operate in commerce. (see attached non-ucc filing)
Note:
This case will also be cc'd to the secret service as a part of my notification that I wish to liquidate the civilly dead entity, which has only been a liability to me. This will also insure whether or not that there has been any false claims by anyone or entity against the debtor.
There are UCC Financing Statements attached to the Written Orders to Trustee which list the debtors' names as "RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT (U.S. Bankrupt Citizenship Organization) and "EUGENE ELMORE (U.S. Bankrupt Citizenship Organization)" and the secured parties as "Ronald Allen Wright (American Private International Organization)" and "Eugene Elmore (American Private International Organization)". The collateral is described as:
DEBTOR is the holder of assests [sic] in trust
All property real and intellectual held by the FOREIGN SITUS TRUST dba Ronald Allen Wright created by SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH file number XXX-XX-XX27665 and RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT an ESTATE operated by agencies of the United Nations dba UN is the real and intellectual property of the SECURED PARTY symbolized as ronald-allen:wright representing the living man described as Ronald Allen of the House of Wright known as Ronald Allen-heir and beneficiary and equitable title holder.
All natural born children and all other creations such as marriage license, identification cards, voter registration, including all contracts known and unknown are all properties of the SECURED PARTY Ronald Allen Wright.
All variations of the DEBTOR name with all similarly styled names regardless of punctuation are the property of the living man represented symbolically as ronald-allen:wright as Ronald Allen of the House of Wright.6
5. Notices of Lien are also attached to the petitions, which state:
This is a notice of a lien by Ronald Allen Wright, who is a Private American International Organization, holder in due course, with a superior claim against RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT which is a United States Bankruptcy Citizenship Organization.
The lien amount against RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT of 121 Honey Tree Road, Columbia, South Carolina 29209 is $999,999,999,999.00.7
The Notices of Lien are signed by Mr. Wright and Mr. Elmore, notarized, and contain two witness signatures. The final attachment to the petitions are pages with citations to authority as follows:
The Legislative Act of February 21, 1871, Forty-first Congress, Session III, Chapter 62, page 419, Congress chartered a Federal Company entitled "United States," a/k/a "US Inc.," a "Commercial Agency" originally designated as "Washington, D.C.," in accordance with the 14th Amendment which the record indicates was never ratified (see Utah Supreme Court Cases, Dyett v. Turner, (1968) 20 Utah.2d 403, 439 P.2d 266, 267; State v Phillips, (1975) 540 P.2d 936; as well as Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433, 59 S.Ct. 972, 83 L.Ed. 1385 [ (1939) ]; 28 Tulane Law Review, 22; 11 South Carolina Law Quarterly 484; Congressional Record, June 13, 1967, pp. 15641-15646). A "citizen of the United States" is a civilly dead entity operating as a co-trustee and co-beneficiary of the PCT, the private constructive, cestui que trust of US Inc. under the 14th Amendment, which upholds the debt of the USA and US Inc. in Section 4.
6. On July 14, 2016, the Court entered an order setting a hearing in these miscellaneous proceedings to establish the eligibility of RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE to be debtors under the Bankruptcy Code and the standing of Ronald Allen Wright and Eugene Elmore as creditors, as well as to consider whether the documents submitted in these miscellaneous proceedings were sufficient to commence involuntary bankruptcy cases against RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE.
7. The United States trustee filed responses to the Court's order on August 3, 2016. The UST requests that the miscellaneous proceedings be dismissed because RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE are not eligible to be debtors and because Mr. Wright and Mr. Elmore are not creditors. The UST also asserts that the bankruptcy petitions were filed for an improper purpose.
8. On August 8, 2016, Mr. Wright and Mr. Elmore filed requests to seal the court record, asserting the court records contain "government trade secrets" that, "if exposed to public view and viewing by non-parties will amount to a threat to the National Security of the United States Federal Government," memoranda titled "Memorandum of Understanding My Position for Filing Involuntary Petition Against a Non Individual", and objections to the UST's request for dismissal of the miscellaneous proceedings.
9. A hearing was held on August 11, 2016. Mr. Wright testified at the hearing, and was cross-examined by the UST. Mr. Elmore did not testify but indicated that he adopted the statements and testimony of Mr. Wright and also wished to rely on his pleadings.
10. Although Mr. Wright's and Mr. Elmore's arguments in favor of relief are somewhat similar to the arguments typically made by "sovereign citizens" or "redemptionists", Mr. Wright testified that he is not a "sovereign citizen"8 or a "redemptionist."9 He stated that it is impossible to be a sovereign citizen because a person cannot simultaneously be a "master [sovereign]" and a "slave [citizen]".
11. Mr. Wright testified that he is the authorized representative for RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and that he was appearing at the hearing in that capacity. Mr. Wright testified that no one else is authorized to act on behalf of RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT unless Mr. Wright grants them a power of attorney.
12. Mr. Wright testified that he did not submit himself as a natural person to the jurisdiction of the Bankruptcy Court but was submitting RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT, the civil entity, to the Bankruptcy Court's jurisdiction.
CONCLUSIONS
i. Eligibility to be a debtor
Ronald Allen Wright and Eugene Elmore10 argue that RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE are "civil dead entities" which are separate and distinct from them as individuals, or "natural persons". In support of this theory, Mr. Wright submitted as an exhibit a copy of his South Carolina birth certificate which has his legal name, as well as the rest of the text,11 in capital letters. Mr. Wright and Mr. Elmore seek chapter 7 bankruptcy relief against RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE.
Section 303 of the Bankruptcy Code provides, "An involuntary case may be commenced only under chapter 7 or 11 of this title, and only against a person, ... that may be a debtor under the chapter under which such case is commenced." Section 101(41) provides that the term "person" includes individuals, partnerships, and corporations, but, subject to certain exceptions, not governmental units. Section 109(b) lists certain entities that are not eligible to be a debtor, none of which are applicable here. Thus, the Court must determine whether RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE are "persons" under the Bankruptcy Code, such that involuntary bankruptcy cases may be commenced against them.
Mr. Wright describes RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE as fictitious, "civil dead entities". In their memoranda of understanding, Mr. Wright and Mr. Elmore each refer to RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE, respectively, as a "legal fiction/entity that is being used by THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, INC. which is a new union THE UNITED STATES, INC created in 1872." Such an "entity" does not meet the definition of a "person" under the Bankruptcy Code.
First, the Court notes that Mr. Wright and Mr. Elmore describe RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE as fictitious entities or "legal fictions". As a result, they do not argue that RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE are flesh and blood individuals. Nor are they partnerships or corporations. "Partnership" is not defined in the Bankruptcy Code, but is defined by Black's Law Dictionary as "a voluntary association of two or more persons who jointly own and carry on a business for profit." Black's Law Dictionary, pg. 1295 (10th ed. 2014). Based on Mr. Wright's and Mr. Elmore's explanation of the purpose and actions of RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE, the entities do not meet this definition.
"Corporation" is defined by the Bankruptcy Code as:
(i) association having a power or privilege that a private corporation, but not an individual or a partnership, possesses;
(ii) partnership association organized under a law that makes only the capital subscribed responsible for the debts of such association;
(iii) joint-stock company;
(iv) unincorporated company or association; or
(v) business trust; but
(vi) does not include limited partnership.
11 U.S.C. § 101(9). RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE are not joint-stock companies under subsection (iii), nor are they partnership associations under subsection (ii), business trusts,12 unincorporated companies or associations,13 or associations having a power or privilege that a private corporation, but not an individual or partnership, possesses.14 The bankruptcy definition of "person" is not exhausted with individuals, partnerships, or corporations, but there is no authority that it includes "civil dead entities." In sum, RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE do not meet the definition of "persons" under section 101(41), and therefore, no involuntary petitions under section 303 can be commenced against them.
ii. Eligibility to be a creditor
Mr. Wright testified that there are documents,15 to which his signature as a natural person are affixed, that create a debtor-creditor relationship between him as a natural person and RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT as an entity. Mr. Wright explained his theory as follows:
Whenever a bank loans money ... it does not decrease the value in ... the reserve. It actually increases. So in other words, just to use an example. If you had $100,000 and you loaned me $10,000, that should reflect on your spreadsheet that your amount that you initially had before you gave me has decreased to $90,000 because you lent me $10,000. Not the other way around, where you lend me "$10,000" and you just increase by ten times that amount. What happens, my signature gave you the authority because, human, it's called human capital....
The simplest way to explain it to you — in a debt society, there's two sides of the ledger. Whenever you create debt, you just — when you put your signature to it, you just create the credits to zero it out. But you're left under the illusion that you have to pay this back. So now you're stuck with a financial obligation, unaware that your signature really zeroed it out. And so now you're being distorted to pay principal and interest on something that really came from you....
The civil entity has been accumulating credits, assets that you are unaware that are there, and on top of that, is, you're the one been paying all the bills for that entity, not knowing that what had already been done when your parents first of all signed the papers for the birth certificate it was a full disclosure to them what was really going on because you were putting into a "modern day slave system." ...
Mr. Wright testified that based on this theory, the civil dead entity RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT owes him for all expenses he has incurred to maintain himself over the years — in addition to loans such as car loans, mortgages, or personal loans, this also includes utility bills, clothing, and food he purchased for his natural person.
The Bankruptcy Code defines a "creditor" as:
(A) entity that has a claim against the debtor that arose at the time of or before the order for relief concerning the debtor;
(B) entity that has a claim against the estate of a kind specified in section 348(d), 502(f), 502(g), 502(h), or 502(i) of this title; or
(C) entity that has a community claim.
11 U.S.C. § 101(10). The Bankruptcy Code defines a "claim" as:
(A) right to payment, whether or not such right is reduced to judgment, liquidated, unliquidated, fixed, contingent, matured, unmatured, disputed, undisputed, legal, equitable, secured, or unsecured; or
(B) right to an equitable remedy for breach of performance if such breach gives rise to a right to payment, whether or not such right to an equitable remedy is reduced to judgment, fixed, contingent, matured, unmatured, disputed, undisputed, secured, or unsecured.
11 U.S.C. § 101(5).
Mr. Wright and Mr. Elmore have not established that they meet any of these definitions, because they have not established that they have any "claim" against RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE. While Mr. Wright explained Mr. Wright's and Mr. Elmore's theory to the Court, he did not present any evidence to support his contention that Mr. Wright or Mr. Elmore, as natural persons, have a right to payment or an equitable remedy from breach of performance from RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT or EUGENE ELMORE, the "civil dead entities". Mr. Wright testified that documents exist that prove that a debtor-creditor relationship exists, but he stated he did not have the documents with him, and therefore did not present them to the Court at the hearing. Further, courts have consistently rejected arguments very similar to those presented by Mr. Wright and Mr. Elmore. See Gaskins v. South Carolina, C/A No. 2:15-cv-2589 DCN, 2015 WL 6464440, at *4 (D.S.C. Oct. 26, 2015) (stating that courts have repeatedly rejected sovereign citizens' contentions that they are not subject to the laws and jurisdiction of the United States or South Carolina); Nunez v. Depository Trust Corp., C/A No. 4:13-244-TMC, 2013 WL 5409219, at *3 (D.S.C. Sept. 25, 2013) ("Theories presented by redemptionist and sovereign citizen adherents have not only been rejected by courts, but also recognized as frivolous and a waste of court resources."); Hayes v. South Carolina Fed. Credit Union (In re Hayes), Case No. 11-04722-JW, 2011 WL 4566378, at *3 (Bankr.D.S.C. Sept. 22, 2011) (calling redemptionist and sovereign citizen theories "frivolous legal theories that have been consistently rejected by federal courts"). Despite Mr. Wright's assertion that he is aware of a case in Florida in which an individual was successful in accomplishing what Mr. Wright and Mr. Elmore are attempting to accomplish in this case, Mr. Wright did not have the name of that individual, or the case number, and the Court is aware of no case where such arguments have been accepted. Based on the information presently before the Court, Mr. Wright and Mr. Elmore are not creditors of RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE.
iii. Purpose of bankruptcy filing
The stated purpose of Mr. Wright's and Mr. Elmore's petitions against RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE is to have a chapter 7 trustee liquidate secret, restricted accounts held by the U.S. Bankruptcy Citizenship Organization in which credits and assets have accumulated. Mr. Wright and Mr. Elmore argue that they are entitled to that property but cannot currently access the accounts. Mr. Wright stated that if a chapter 7 trustee attempted to access the account:
What would happen is, there would not be any actual trustee, because at that point, the Secret Service and the U.S. Marshals would get involved. Because, see, what they're gonna do, the Secret Service has a database, and they know every account that's located under that social security number, and they would do their investigation to see if there's been any false claims, or against that entity, they would do the work.
Mr. Wright stated that he is likely the only person that would get paid in the bankruptcy, because he is an actual creditor, while the other entities listed on his creditor list "just pretend to be" creditors.
"The goal or purpose of an involuntary filing should be the equal distribution of assets among creditors." In re Tichy Elec. Co., Inc., 332 B.R. 364, 372 (Bankr. N.D.Iowa 2005) (citing In re Smith, 243 B.R. 169, 174 (Bankr.N.D.Ga.1999)); see also In re Meltzer, 516 B.R. 504, 514 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.2014) ("The purpose of an involuntary bankruptcy case is `to protect [against] the threatened depletion of assets or to prevent the unequal treatment of similarly situated creditors.'") (quoting In re Letourneau, 422 B.R. 132, 138 (Bankr. N.D.Ill.2010)); In re E.S. Prof'l Servs., Inc., 335 B.R. 221, 225 (Bankr.S.D.Fla. 2005) (same statement as Tichy). Here, Mr. Wright's and Mr. Elmore's pleadings and Mr. Wright's testimony show that the purpose of the involuntary bankruptcies against RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE are to liquidate the "civilly dead entities" so that Mr. Wright and Mr. Elmore may receive the assets being held in the secret, restricted accounts set up for RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE. First, and importantly, there is no evidence that these secret accounts actually exist, or that an involuntary bankruptcy has ever uncovered such accounts. Further, although other creditors were listed in connection with Mr. Wright's and Mr. Elmore's petitions, Mr. Wright has indicated that he believes that Mr. Elmore and he are likely the only parties to get paid in the event of a liquidation, and that in any event, they will have priority over all other creditors. This is inconsistent with the bankruptcy goal of equal distribution to similarly situated creditors. Finally, Mr. Wright envisions case administration that is inconsistent with the Bankruptcy Code. The involuntary petitions filed by Mr. Wright and Mr. Elmore were not filed for a proper bankruptcy purpose.
Finally, with respect to Mr. Wright's and Mr. Elmore's motions to seal the court records, there is no basis under 11 U.S.C. § 107 and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9037 to seal the records in these miscellaneous proceedings. Accordingly, Mr. Wright's and Mr. Elmore's motions to seal are denied.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE are not eligible to be debtors under the provisions of the Bankruptcy Code. Ronald Allen Wright and Eugene Elmore are not creditors of RONALD ALLEN WRIGHT and EUGENE ELMORE. The involuntary petitions filed by Mr. Wright and Mr. Elmore were not filed for a proper bankruptcy purpose. For these reasons, the petitions do not commence bankruptcy cases and the miscellaneous proceedings are dismissed. Mr. Wright's and Mr. Elmore's motions to seal are denied.
AND IT IS SO ORDERED.
