On April 19, 2005, Plaintiff Ivis L. Negrón-Torres ("Negrón") filed a diversity action against Verizon Communications, Inc. ("Verizon Communications") in the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico for damages arising from the death of her husband, Dr. Hugo Santana-Adorno ("Santana"). On November 30, 2005, the district court dismissed the action for lack of personal jurisdiction, and Negrón herein appeals. After careful consideration, we affirm.

On the afternoon of June 8, 2004, Santana suffered breathing difficulties and lost consciousness. Negrón's repeated attempts to seek urgent assistance through the Puerto Rico Telephone Company's ("PRTC") 9-1-1 emergency telephone number were unavailing because that telephone number was temporarily disconnected. Finally, after more than an hour had passed, a relative was able to reach a local rescue unit by alternative means. Once the rescue unit received the call, the ambulance arrived within six minutes to take Santana to the Toa Baja Medical Hospital, where he was pronounced dead on arrival.

Earlier on the same day, PRTC had received a call from a commercial customer disputing a charge on his telephone bill for calls to an unknown number. PRTC apparently inadvertently disconnected the 9-1-1 telephone number pursuant to its investigation of the customer's complaint. Although the Puerto Rico 9-1-1 call center alerted PRTC to the fact that, contrary to normal practice and experience, the center was not receiving any calls, PRTC did not bring the 9-1-1 system back online for another hour-and-a-half to two hours.

In her complaint, Negrón named Verizon Communications, but not PRTC, as the defendant, on the theory that Verizon Communications is the majority owner of PRTC by virtue of its controlling interest in Telecomunicaciones de Puerto Rico ("TELPRI"), the holding company of PRTC. Negrón asserted that jurisdiction over Verizon Communications was proper because of the defendant's contacts with Puerto Rico, which she alleged were as follows: 1) advertising and marketing in Puerto Rico; 2) operating in Puerto Rico as Verizon Information Services Puerto Rico, Inc., and maintaining a local telephone number there; 3) operating and advertising a wireless telephone service through a Puerto Rico affiliate known as Verizon Wireless Puerto Rico, Inc.; 4) receiving awards in Puerto Rico recognizing its achievements in promoting diversity within the workplace in Puerto Rico through its alter ego and or agent, PRTC; 5) funding grants in Puerto Rico that support a variety of educational, economic, and technological initiatives for the benefit of its customers and international affiliates through the Verizon International Foundation; 6) maintaining a five-year Management and Technology License Agreement with TELPRI, of which Verizon Communications is the 52% owner, as a result of which Verizon affiliates generated $34 million in fees for the years 2003 and 2004; 7) publishing telephone directories in Puerto Rico through its affiliates; and 8) working with PRTC to promote computer-based literacy programs and to develop a pool of qualified engineers and other technical professionals in Puerto Rico.

In granting defendant's Motion to Dismiss, the district court relied in large part on Verizon Communications's submission of the declaration under penalty of perjury of Jane A. Schapker, its Assistant Corporate Secretary and Executive Director for Corporate Governance ("the Schapker declaration"). The Schapker declaration asserted that: 1) Verizon Communications is incorporated in Delaware with its principal place of business in New York; 2) Verizon Communications and its subsidiaries and operating companies have separate boards of directors, keep separate books and records, and are otherwise separate; 3) Verizon Communications is a holding company that holds stock in a number of companies, but conducts no other business of any kind; 4) Verizon Communications provides no telecommunications services, it does not market or advertise, and it does not contract with consumers for telecommunications services; 5) many of the companies whose stock Verizon Communications holds use the word "Verizon" in their names, but Verizon Communications does not own the trademark; 6) Verizon Communications conducts no business in Puerto Rico, is not registered or qualified to do business in Puerto Rico, has no registered agent for service in Puerto Rico, has no office or employees in Puerto Rico, and does not maintain a Puerto Rico telephone number; 7) Verizon Communications owns 52% of TELPRI, which in turn wholly owns PRTC; and 8) PRTC is incorporated in Puerto Rico, and it maintains an independent corporate existence.

We review de novo a "district court's decision to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction when the court held no evidentiary hearing but instead conducted only a prima facie review of the jurisdictional facts." Harlow v. Children's Hosp., 432 F.3d 50, 57 (1st Cir.2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). In reviewing a dismissal of a cause of action under Rule 12(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, "we take specific facts affirmatively alleged by the plaintiff as true (whether or not disputed) and construe them in the light most congenial to the plaintiff's jurisdictional claim." Mass. Sch. of Law, Inc. v. Am. Bar Ass'n, 142 F.3d 26, 34 (1st Cir.1998). In addition, "[w]e then add to the mix facts put forward by the defendants, to the extent that they are uncontradicted." Id. However, "[w]e caution that, despite the liberality of this approach, the law does not require us struthiously to credit conclusory allegations or draw farfetched inferences." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

We review the district court's denial of permission to conduct jurisdictional discovery for abuse of discretion, and "[a] ruling will be overturned only upon a clear showing of manifest injustice, that is, where the lower court's discovery order was plainly wrong and resulted in substantial prejudice to the aggrieved party." Crocker v. Hilton Int'l Barbados, Ltd., 976 F.2d 797, 801 (1st Cir.1992) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Negrón contends that the district court did not apply the proper standard of proof when it dismissed her complaint. Specifically, Negrón argues that the district court employed a "strong and robust" standard when it should have conducted the relevant analysis under a "prima facie standard."

Where a district court's personal jurisdiction is contested, "plaintiff[s] ultimately bear[ ] the burden of persuading the court that jurisdiction exists." Mass. Sch. of Law, 142 F.3d at 34. A district court deciding a motion to dismiss for want of personal jurisdiction should apply the prima facie standard, under which the district court considers "only whether the plaintiff has proffered evidence that, if credited, is enough to support findings of all facts essential to personal jurisdiction." Boit v. Gar-Tec Prods., Inc., 967 F.2d 671, 675 (1st Cir.1992). However, "[t]he prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction must be based on evidence of specific facts set forth in the record." Id. In other words, "[t]he plaintiff must go beyond the pleadings and make affirmative proof." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

Although the prima facie standard is the proper metric for evaluating a defendant's motion for dismissal on the basis of personal jurisdiction, the case before us presents a twist: In order for the district court to determine whether it could properly exercise jurisdiction over Verizon Communications, it needed to determine both whether it could assert jurisdiction on the basis of the defendant's own contacts with Puerto Rico, and whether it could assert jurisdiction over the defendant by virtue of its indirect ownership of PRTC. In accordance with a pronouncement of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, we have held that "to establish jurisdiction over the parent, a party must produce `strong and robust' evidence of control by the parent company over the subsidiary, rendering the latter a `mere shell.'" De Castro v. Sanifill, Inc., 198 F.3d 282, 283-84 (1st Cir.1999) (quoting Escude Cruz v. Ortho Pharm. Corp., 619 F.2d 902, 905 (1st Cir. 1980)). Negrón mistakenly interpreted the district court's proper application of the "strong and robust" standard of proof to the veil-piercing inquiry as a statement of the proper standard of proof required to successfully oppose a motion to dismiss.

Where the district court considers defendant's motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction under the prima facie standard, "it is plaintiff's burden to demonstrate the existence of every fact required to satisfy both the forum's long-arm statute and the Due Process Clause of the Constitution." United States v. Swiss Am. Bank, Ltd., 274 F.3d 610, 618 (1st Cir. 2001).

Puerto Rico's long-arm statute allows Puerto Rico courts to exercise jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant if the action arises because that person: (1) "[t]ransacted business in Puerto Rico personally or through an agent"; or (2) "participated in tortuous acts within Puerto Rico personally or through his agent." P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 32, App. III, R. 4.7(a)(1); see also Rodríguez v. Fullerton Tires Corp., 937 F. Supp. 122, 124 (D.P.R. 1996). We have noted that the reach of Puerto Rico's long-arm statute stretches "`up to the point allowed by the Constitution.'" Benítez-Allende v. Alcan Aluminio do Brasil, S.A., 857 F.2d 26, 29 (1st Cir. 1988) (quoting Indus. Siderúrgica v. Thyssen Steel Caribbean, Inc., 114 D.P.R. 548, 558 (1983)). Therefore we proceed directly to the constitutional inquiry.

Due process requires the plaintiff to prove the existence of either general or specific jurisdiction. Harlow, 432 F.3d at 57. The critical factor in the personal jurisdiction calculus—both general and specific—is the existence of "minimum contacts" between the nonresident defendant and the forum. It is axiomatic that a court asserting jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant must find that the defendant maintains sufficient contacts with the forum state "such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice." Int'l Shoe Co. v. Wash., Off. of Unemployment, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S. Ct. 154, 90 L. Ed. 95 (1945) (internal quotation marks omitted).

A court may assert specific jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant "where the cause of action arises directly out of, or relates to, the defendant's forum-based contacts." United Elec., Radio & Mach. Workers of America v. 163 Pleasant St. Corp. (Pleasant Street I), 960 F.2d 1080, 1088-89 (1st Cir.1992). To determine whether plaintiff has alleged facts sufficient to support a finding of specific personal jurisdiction, "this circuit divides the constitutional analysis into three categories: relatedness, purposeful availment, and reasonableness." Platten v. HG Bermuda Exempted Ltd., 437 F.3d 118, 135 (1st Cir.2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). Critically, "[a]n affirmative finding on each of the three elements of the test is required to support a finding of specific jurisdiction." Phillips Exeter Academy v. Howard Phillips Fund, 196 F.3d 284, 288 (1st Cir.1999).

In the relatedness inquiry, "causation is central." Harlow, 432 F.3d at 62. As we have explained,

[t]he relatedness requirement is not an open door; it is closely read, and it requires a showing of a material connection. This court steadfastly reject[s] the exercise of personal jurisdiction whenever the connection between the cause of action and the defendant's forum-state contacts seems attenuated and indirect . . . . A broad `but-for' argument is generally insufficient. Because `but for' events can be very remote, . . . due process demands something like a `proximate cause' nexus.

Id. at 61 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

Negrón argues that the requirements of the relatedness test are met because Verizon Communications exercised its authority over PRTC "to direct or cause the direction of management and policies" of PRTC. Negrón specifically points to "a five-year Management and Technology License Agreement with TELPRI and [PRTC]" in which "Verizon provided TELPRI and [PRTC] with advice and direction regarding the administration and operations of telecommunication services in Puerto Rico," including "advice on how to maintain [PRTC's] . . . 9-1-1 emergency medical assistance telephone services and operations." Negrón concludes that her cause of action "directly arises out of Verizon's negligence in guiding, managing, controlling, and/or supervising the policies and procedures [PRTC] implemented under Verizon's management and instruction."

The Schapker declaration directly contradicts Negrón's allegations by asserting that Verizon Communications is merely a holding company that "does not sell, market, or provide telecommunications services of any kind." As evidence of defendant's involvement in the five-year agreement, Negrón submitted to the district court a portion of the Securities and Exchange Commission's Annual Report Form 10-K for TELPRI for the year ending December 2004. The excerpt provides that, under the five-year agreement, "affiliates of Verizon provided advice and direction related to the administration and operations" of TELPRI, but it does not specify which affiliates were parties to the agreement. The defendant submits that the actual parties to the agreement are PRTC, TELPRI, and GTE International Communications, Inc. (another Verizon subsidiary), but not Verizon Communications.

The plaintiff has provided only conclusory allegations to demonstrate that "the defendant's in-state conduct . . . form[s] an `important, or [at least] material, element of proof in the plaintiff's case." Harlow, 432 F.3d at 61 (quoting Pleasant St. I, 960 F.2d at 1089). As such, because we find that Negrón has not met the requirements of the relatedness test, we agree with the district court's finding that it lacked specific personal jurisdiction over Verizon Communications.

A court has general jurisdiction when "the litigation is not directly founded on the defendant's forum-based contacts, but the defendant has nevertheless engaged in continuous and systematic activity, unrelated to the suit, in the forum state." Pleasant Street I, 960 F.2d at 1088; see also Helicópteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414-16, 104 S. Ct. 1868, 80 L. Ed. 2d 404 (1984). Negrón argues that the district court should have denied Verizon Communications's Motion to Dismiss because Verizon has purposefully engaged in substantial, continuous, and systematic business activity sufficient to satisfy the constitutional requirements for the district court to assert general personal jurisdiction.

Plaintiff's proffered evidence to support a finding of general jurisdiction can be divided into two broad categories of contacts between Verizon Communications and Puerto Rico: 1) contacts attributed to Verizon Communications by virtue of the relationship between Verizon Communications and other Verizon affiliates like Verizon Information Services-Puerto Rico, the Verizon International Foundation, and Verizon Wireless de Puerto Rico, Inc.; and 2) contacts attributed to Verizon Communications by virtue of Verizon Communications's ownership interest in—and control over—PRTC.

With regard to the first category of contacts, it is critical to note that Negrón does not differentiate between Verizon Communications and its subsidiaries who use the name "Verizon" in their own company names. She alleges that Verizon Communications maintains the following contacts with Puerto Rico: 1) Verizon operates in Puerto Rico as Verizon Information Services Puerto Rico, Inc., and maintains a local telephone number there; 2) Verizon operates and advertises a wireless telephone service through a Puerto Rico affiliate known as Verizon Wireless Puerto Rico, Inc.; and 3) Verizon International Foundation is a philanthropic organization that has made several grants to institutions and individuals in Puerto Rico.

The Schapker declaration confirms that many of the companies in which Verizon Communications holds stock or that it indirectly owns, use the word "Verizon" in their names, but asserts that Verizon Communications does not own the "Verizon" trademark. The district court noted that Negrón's opposition to defendant's motion to dismiss did not "address the facts, as delineated in the Schapker declaration, that there are many, individually incorporated subsidiaries that include [the word Verizon] in their name." Similarly, in her appeal to this court, Negrón refers to defendant merely as "Verizon," making no effort to clarify which of the various Verizon-affiliated entities is at issue. We have held that the mere use of a trademark or logo does not suffice to demonstrate the existence of the requisite minimum contacts. See, e.g., González v. Walgreens Co., 878 F.2d 560, 561-62 (1st Cir.1989) (holding that the mere use of the name "Walgreens" was not enough to assert jurisdiction over the out-of-state franchisor in a cause of action alleging the negligence of the franchisee). That principle is especially critical to the disposition of this case where, as the district court observed, "both plaintiffs and defendant, as well as the Verizon affiliates who are not parties to this action, play fast and loose with the term `Verizon.'"

With the second category of contacts, Negrón seeks to make a case for general jurisdiction over Verizon Communications solely on the basis of the defendant's indirect ownership of PRTC. In other words, Negrón requests that we pierce PRTC's corporate veil to find general jurisdiction over Verizon Communications.

The principal of limited liability is one of the hallmarks of corporate law. DeBreceni v. Graf Bros. Leasing, Inc., 828 F.2d 877, 879 (1st Cir.1987). We recognize that "while it is generally true that questions of liability and jurisdiction are independent, the factors that we must consider for purposes of piercing the veil separating two corporations in the liability context also inform the jurisdictional inquiry." Pleasant Street I, 960 F.2d at 1091 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).

It is well-established that the standard for finding general jurisdiction "is considerably more stringent than that applied to specific jurisdiction questions." Noonan v. Winston Co., 135 F.3d 85, 93 (1st Cir.1998) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, "[t]he bar is set even higher in a case like this one, in which plaintiffs seek to disregard the corporate form." Platten, 437 F.3d at 139. We have made plain that

[t]he mere fact that a subsidiary company does business within a state does not confer jurisdiction over its nonresident parent, even if the parent is sole owner of the subsidiary. There is a presumption of corporate separateness that must be overcome by clear evidence that the parent in fact controls the activities of the subsidiary.

Escude Cruz v. Ortho Pharm. Corp., 619 F.2d 902, 905 (1st Cir.1980) (internal citations omitted). As we have already explained in this opinion, in order to pierce the corporate veil, Puerto Rico law requires a proffer of "strong and robust evidence . . . showing the parent to have that degree of control over the subsidiary as to render the latter a mere shell for the former." Id.

In order to oppose a defendant's motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, the plaintiff must present evidence that, if credited, would support a finding of jurisdiction. Boit, 967 F.2d at 675. The evidence that Negrón submitted to the district court merely supports the undisputed fact of Verizon Communications's indirect ownership of PRTC. She has provided no evidence from which the court could conclude that Verizon Communications exerts control over PRTC, and as such we decline to pierce PRTC's corporate veil in order to find general jurisdiction over Verizon Communications.

Negrón argues that the district court's dismissal of her complaint was "procedurally premature" because it took place without any jurisdictional discovery and before other discovery commenced. Although the district court did not explicitly address Negrón's request for discovery in its opinion, we interpret the court to have exercised its discretion to deny jurisdictional discovery. Accordingly, our review is for abuse of discretion. Crocker, 976 F.2d at 801. As we have long acknowledged, "a diligent plaintiff who sues an out-of-state corporation and who makes out a colorable case for the existence of in personam jurisdiction may well be entitled to a modicum of jurisdictional discovery if the corporation interposes a jurisdictional defense." United States v. Swiss Am. Bank, Ltd., 274 F.3d 610, 626 (1st Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, even if the plaintiff presents a colorable claim for personal jurisdiction, she faces an uphill battle because "[t]he standard for reversing a district court's decision to disallow jurisdictional discovery is high." Id. We may reverse the district court only if we find that "its analysis was `plainly wrong and resulted in substantial prejudice.'" Id. (quoting Crocker, 976 F.2d at 801). In addition to making a colorable claim, it is also incumbent upon the plaintiff to "present facts to the court which show why jurisdiction would be found if discovery were permitted." Id.

In this case, because Negrón has failed to make a colorable claim for personal jurisdiction, we have no reason to overturn the district court's denial of her request for jurisdictional discovery.

For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the district court is affirmed. Although the plaintiff's claim did not survive the jurisdictional challenge in federal court, nothing in this opinion should be read to discourage her from pursuing her claim against PRTC in state court.

Affirmed.