DYK, Circuit Judge.

Plaintiffs are the University of Utah Research Foundation, The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, HSC Research and Development Limited Partnership, Endorecherche, Inc., and Myriad Genetics, Inc. (collectively "Myriad"). Myriad owns U.S. Patent No. 5,753,441 ("the '441 patent"), U.S. Patent No. 5,747,282 ("the '282 patent"), and U.S. Patent No. 5,837,492 ("the '492 patent"), which cover compositions of matter and methods relating to the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Defendant is Ambry Genetics Corporation ("Ambry"), a company that sells medical kits designed to test for the presence of gene mutations linked to breast and ovarian cancer.

Myriad sought to, inter alia, enjoin alleged infringement of six claims of three patents: claims 7 and 8 of the '441 patent, claims 16 and 17 of the '282 patent, and claims 29 and 30 of the '492 patent. Myriad appeals from a decision of the District Court for the District of Utah denying Myriad's motion for preliminary injunction. Because we hold that these claims are directed to ineligible subject matter under 35 U.S.C. § 101, we affirm and remand.

BACKGROUND

The Supreme Court has addressed some of the patents at issue here in its June 13, 2013, opinion in Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 2107, 186 L.Ed.2d 124 (2013) ("Myriad"), as has our court in Association for Molecular Pathology v. United States Patent and Trademark Office, 653 F.3d 1329 (Fed.Cir.2011), vacated, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct. 1794, 182 L.Ed.2d 613 (2012), and Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad, 689 F.3d 1303 (Fed.Cir.2012), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 2107, 186 L.Ed.2d 124 (2013). This case involves claims of those patents not previously considered by the Supreme Court or by this court. A brief summary of the relevant factual background follows.

In the 1990s, Myriad and its partners discovered the precise locations and sequences of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, mutations of which are linked to hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. By discovering the particular locations and sequences of the genes, Myriad was able to determine the typical sequences of the genes most often found in humans (i.e., the "wild-type" sequence for each), as well as mutations, which depart from the two wild-type sequences. Some mutations are harmless, but other mutations are correlated with an increased likelihood of developing particular cancers. By testing for the presence of these mutations, doctors can determine whether the patient is particularly prone to developing breast or ovarian cancer. Myriad's efforts to commercialize its discovery through the sale of medical test kits have been successful; to date, Myriad has earned roughly $2 billion in revenue from the sale of the tests.

The Supreme Court, in its Myriad decision, held that claims of the '282 patent directed to isolated DNA were drawn to patent-ineligible subject matter because the isolated DNA strands, which are naturally occurring and separated from the rest of the human genome, were natural phenomena. See Myriad, 133 S.Ct. at 2117-19. Thereafter, generic competitors, including Ambry, entered the market for medical kits designed to test for susceptibility to particular kinds of cancer.

On July 9, 2013, Myriad sued Ambry in the United States District Court for the District of Utah and, on that same day, requested a preliminary injunction. Myriad's amended complaint alleges infringement of sixty-six claims across fifteen different patents. The preliminary injunction motion asserted, inter alia, the six claims listed above.1

On March 10, 2014, the district court denied Myriad's motion for preliminary injunction. In a detailed, 106-page opinion, the court found that Myriad was unlikely to succeed on the merits because the claims were likely drawn to ineligible subject matter, although it found that Myriad would likely suffer irreparable harm from the denial of the injunction and the public interest was in equipoise. The court found that the balance of hardships slightly favored Ambry.

The four composition of matter claims now on appeal are directed to primers, which are "short, synthetic, single-stranded DNA molecule[s] that bind[] specifically to ... intended target nucleotide sequence[s]." J.A. 13. The court held these were likely patent ineligible because they claim so-called products of nature — that is, they claim the same nucleotide sequence as naturally occurring DNA.

The two method claims now on appeal involve comparisons between the wild-type BRCA sequences with the patient's BRCA sequences. The court reasoned that these method claims were likely ineligible because "the only `inventive concepts' in the[] [m]ethod [c]laims are the patent ineligible naturally occurring BRCA1 and BRCA2 sequences themselves." J.A. 93. As found by the district court, "the other steps set forth in the method claims are conventional activities that were well-understood and uniformly employed by those working with DNA at the time Myriad applied for its patents...." J.A. 94.

We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1292 and 1295. We review the district court's denial of a motion for preliminary injunction for abuse of discretion, but we review legal issues relating to that denial de novo. Titan Tire Corp. v. Case New Holland, Inc., 566 F.3d 1372, 1375 (Fed.Cir.2009); Globetrotter Software, Inc. v. Elan Computer Grp., Inc., 236 F.3d 1363, 1367 (Fed.Cir.2001). The ultimate question of patent eligibility under § 101 is an issue of law, reviewed de novo. Dealertrack, Inc. v. Huber, 674 F.3d 1315, 1333 (Fed.Cir.2012).

DISCUSSION

I

We consider separately the asserted composition of matter claims and the asserted method claims. We address first the composition of matter claims (the "primer" claims). Claim 16 of the '282 patent is representative. It is directed to:

'282 patent col. 155 ll. 23-29. Claim 17 of the '282 patent and claims 29 and 30 of the '492 patent are similar to claim 16 of the '282 patent.

Our analysis of the primer claims under § 101 is guided by the Supreme Court's Myriad decision. In its 2013 Myriad decision, the Supreme Court reviewed claims 1, 2, 5, 6, and 7 of the '282 patent, claim 1 of U.S. Patent No. 5,693,473, and claims 1, 6, and 7 of the '492 patent. Myriad, 133 S.Ct. at 2113 n. 2. Six of the nine claims covered isolated DNA molecules, which are DNA strands that have been separated from the rest of the human genome. The remaining claims, claims 2 and 7 of the '282 patent and claim 7 of the '492 patent, covered isolated cDNA molecules, which are synthetically created DNA molecules consisting only of exons — DNA nucleotides that code for amino acids. Myriad, 133 S.Ct. at 2111; Myriad, 689 F.3d at 1329 n. 12.

The Court held ineligible the isolated DNA claims, explaining: "Myriad did not create or alter any of the genetic information encoded in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The location and order of the nucleotides existed in nature before Myriad found them." Myriad, 133 S.Ct. at 2116. Rather, "Myriad's principal contribution was uncovering the precise location and genetic sequence of the BRCA[genes]." Id. Even if Myriad made a "[g]roundbreaking, innovative, or even brilliant discovery," id. at 2117, that is not enough. With respect to the isolated DNA, "Myriad did not create anything. To be sure, it found an important and useful gene, but separating that gene from its surrounding genetic material is not an act of invention."

Id. The Court held that "[g]enes and the information they encode are not patent eligible under § 101 simply because they have been isolated from the surrounding genetic material." Id. at 2120.

The cDNA claims, however, were held to be patent eligible under § 101. cDNA is an exon-only sequence, with no introns, that does not occur in nature, "except insofar as very short series of DNA may have no intervening introns to remove when creating cDNA." Id. at 2119. To the extent that the exon-only sequence does not exist in nature, the lab technician "unquestionably creates something new when cDNA is made." Id.

The primers before us are not distinguishable from the isolated DNA found patent-ineligible in Myriad and are not similar to the cDNA found to be patent-eligible. Primers necessarily contain the identical sequence of the BRCA sequence directly opposite to the strand to which they are designed to bind. They are structurally identical to the ends of DNA strands found in nature.

Contrary to Myriad's argument, it makes no difference that the identified gene sequences are synthetically replicated. As the Supreme Court made clear, neither naturally occurring compositions of matter, nor synthetically created compositions that are structurally identical to the naturally occurring compositions, are patent eligible. Id. at 2117. After all, as the district court in the earlier Myriad case and our opinion in Myriad made clear, isolated DNA is routinely synthetically created. See Ass'n for Molecular Pathology v. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, 702 F.Supp.2d 181, 217 (S.D.N.Y.2010) (construing "isolated DNA" to "include both DNA originating from the cell as well as DNA synthesized through chemical or heterologous biological means"); Myriad, 689 F.3d at 1313 (explaining that "[i]solated DNA has been cleaved ... or synthesized to consist of just a fraction of a naturally occurring DNA molecule" and that "isolated DNA results from human intervention to cleave or synthesize a discrete portion of a native chromosomal DNA").

Myriad argues that primers are in fact not naturally occurring because single-stranded DNA cannot be found in the human body. But, as the Supreme Court made clear, "separating [DNA] from its surrounding genetic material is not an act of invention." Myriad, 133 S.Ct. at 2117. The Supreme Court held ineligible claims directed to segments as short as 15 nucleotides, the same length as the primer claims at issue here, suggesting that even short strands identical to those found in nature are not patent eligible. Compare '492 patent col. 170 ll. 32-38, with '282 patent col. 153 ll. 66-67. This situation is similar to In re Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), 750 F.3d 1333, 1337 (Fed.Cir.2014). There, we held unpatentable a genetic copy of a naturally occurring organism — Dolly, a cloned sheep — because she "is an exact genetic replica of another sheep and does not possess `markedly different characteristics from any farm animals found in nature.'" Id. (quoting Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303, 310, 100 S.Ct. 2204, 65 L.Ed.2d 144 (1980)) (punctuation omitted).

Myriad also argues that the sequences, when extracted as primers, have a fundamentally different function than when they are part of the DNA strand. When part of the naturally occurring genetic sequence, DNA "stores the biological information used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms," but when isolated as a primer, the DNA fragment "prime[s], i.e., ... serve[s] as a starting material for a DNA polymerization process." Appellants' Br. 50-51. In fact, the naturally occurring genetic sequences at issue here do not perform a significantly new function. Rather, the naturally occurring material is used to form the first step in a chain reaction-a function that is performed because the primer maintains the exact same nucleotide sequence as the relevant portion of the naturally occurring sequence. One of the primary functions of DNA's structure in nature is that complementary nucleotide sequences bind to each other. It is this same function that is exploited here — the primer binds to its complementary nucleotide sequence. Thus, just as in nature, primers utilize the innate ability of DNA to bind to itself.

We do not read the Supreme Court's opinion in Myriad as conferring patent eligibility on composition of matter claims directed to naturally occurring DNA strands under such circumstances. A DNA structure with a function similar to that found in nature can only be patent eligible as a composition of matter if it has a unique structure, different from anything found in nature. Myriad, 133 S.Ct. at 2116-17 (citing Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. at 309-10, 100 S.Ct. 2204). Primers do not have such a different structure and are patent ineligible.

II

We next address the two asserted method claims, claims 7 and 8 of the '441 patent. While we addressed some of the method claims of the '441 patent in our Myriad decision, the Supreme Court did not address any method claims. See 133 S.Ct. at 2119.

Claim 7, revised to include the language of claim 1, from which it depends, provides:

'441 patent col. 155 ll. 16-25, 57-63.

Claim 8, revised to include the language of claim 1, from which it depends, provides:

Id. col. 155 ll. 16-25, 64-67.

Ambry argues that the method claims are ineligible under "a straightforward application" of the Supreme Court decision in Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc., ___ U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct. 1289, 182 L.Ed.2d 321 (2012). Appellee's Br. 44.

In Mayo, the patentee had discovered the relationship between the level of a particular metabolite in a patient's blood and whether a patient could and should safely be administered additional medication. Specifically, 6-TG metabolite in concentrations in excess of about 400 picomoles per 8×108 red blood cells risked toxicity, whereas concentrations of less than about 230 picomoles per 8×108 red blood cells risked ineffectiveness. Mayo, 132 S.Ct. at 1295. The asserted claims taught that doctors should test the metabolite levels of the patient and, if the patient's metabolite concentration was less than the 230 picomoles floor, the doctor should increase the dosage; if the concentration was greater than the 400 picomoles cap, the doctor should decrease the dosage.2 The court reiterated that a bare recitation of the natural law was patent ineligible, id. at 1296-97, and then went on to consider "whether the claims do significantly more than simply describe these natural relations. To put the matter more precisely, do the patent claims add enough to their statements of the correlations to allow the processes they describe to qualify as patent-eligible processes that apply natural laws?" Id. at 1297 (emphases in original).

The Court found that the additional elements amounted to little more than a broad command to "apply the law [of nature]." Id. Focusing on the "determining" step, the Court explained that "methods for determining metabolite levels were well known in the art" and that "scientists routinely measured metabolites as part of their investigations into the relationships between metabolite levels and efficacy and toxicity of [the drug]." Id. at 1297-98. Because the additional steps did little more than instruct the practitioners to apply the natural law in routine and conventional ways, the claim was patent ineligible. Id. at 1298.

Ambry argues that Mayo is directly on point because the method claims here, as there, simply identify a law of nature (the precise sequence of the BRCA genes, and comparisons of the wild-type BRCA sequences with certain mutations of those gene sequences found in the test subject) and apply conventional techniques. We need not decide if Mayo is directly on point here because the method claims before us suffer from a separate infirmity: they recite abstract ideas.

Laws of nature are not the only implicit exception to patentable subject matter identified by 35 U.S.C. § 101. Natural phenomena and abstract ideas are also not patentable. See Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank Int'l, ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 2347, 2354, 189 L.Ed.2d 296 (2014).

Recently in Alice the Supreme Court reiterated its two-step test to determine patent eligibility for any claims that allegedly encompass abstract ideas. First, "we determine whether the claims at issue are directed to [a] patent-ineligible concept[]. If so, we then ask, `what else is there in the claims before us?'" Id. at 2355 (quoting Mayo, 132 S.Ct. at 1296-97) (citations and punctuation omitted). That is, we next ask whether the remaining elements, either in isolation or combination with the other non-patent-ineligible elements, are sufficient to "`transform the nature of the claim' into a patent-eligible application." Id. at 2355 (quoting Mayo, 132 S.Ct. at 1297). Put another way, there must be a further "inventive concept" to take the claim into the realm of patent-eligibility. Id. at 2355.

Here, we treat separately the first paragraphs of claims 7 and 8, which describe the comparison of wild-type genetic sequences with the subject's genetic sequence and correspond to the first step of Alice, and the second paragraphs, which describe the techniques to be used in making the comparisons and correspond to the second step of Alice.

We have already addressed the first paragraphs — the comparison step — in our own 2012 Myriad decision. Claims 7 and 8 at issue here depend from claim 1. Claim 1, which is the first paragraph of claims 7 and 8, is the comparison step.3 In our 2012 decision, we held that claim 1 was patent ineligible because it claimed an abstract mental process of `comparing' and `analyzing' two gene sequences. Myriad, 689 F.3d at 1334. We found:

Id.

Here, under our earlier decision, the comparisons described in the first paragraphs of claims 7 and 8 are directed to the patent-ineligible abstract idea of comparing BRCA sequences and determining the existence of alterations. The methods, directed to identification of alterations of the gene, require merely comparing the patient's gene with the wild-type and identifying any differences that arise. '441 patent col. 155 ll. 16-25. The number of covered comparisons is unlimited. The covered comparisons are not restricted by the purpose of the comparison or the alteration being detected. Because of its breadth, the comparison step covers detection of yet-undiscovered alterations, as well as comparisons for purposes other than detection of cancer. Even with respect to cancer, the comparisons are not limited to the detection of risk of breast or ovarian cancer. Similar concerns to the ones the Supreme Court expressed in Myriad with respect to isolated DNA exist here: allowing a patent on the comparison step could impede a great swath of research relating to the BRCA genes, and it is antithetical to the patent laws to allow these basic building blocks of scientific research to be monopolized. See Myriad, 133 S.Ct. at 2116; see also Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63, 64, 93 S.Ct. 253, 34 L.Ed.2d 273 (1972) (holding that a claim on an algorithm for converting binary-coded decimal numbers into pure binary numbers was not patent eligible because "[t]he claims were not limited to any particular art or technology, to any particular apparatus or machinery, or to any particular end use").4 The first paragraphs in claims 7 and 8 are therefore unpatentable abstract ideas, as we held in Myriad.

Having determined that the comparison steps of claims 7 and 8 are abstract ideas, we move to the second step of Alice and ask whether the particular mechanism for the comparisons added by claims 7 or 8 renders the claims patent-eligible. For this step, Alice dictates that we ask whether the remaining elements, either in isolation or combination with the other non-patent-ineligible elements, are sufficient to "`transform the nature of the claim' into a patent-eligible application." Alice, 134 S.Ct. at 2355 (quoting Mayo, 132 S.Ct. at 1297). There must be a further inventive concept to take the claim into the realm of patent-eligibility. Id. at 2355. The second paragraph of claim 7 describes the way in which the sequences are compared: they are compared by 1) hybridizing a BRCA gene probe and 2) detecting the presence of a hybridization product. Similarly, claim 8 requires 1) amplification of the BRCA1 gene and 2) sequencing of the amplified nucleic acids.

The non-patent-ineligible elements of claims 7 and 8 do not add "enough" to make the claims as a whole patent-eligible. The district court found, and Myriad does not challenge, that the elements of the second paragraphs of claims 7 and 8 "set forth well-understood, routine and conventional activity engaged in by scientists at the time of Myriad's patent applications." J.A. 93 (internal capitalization removed). Moreover, "[a]ny scientist engaged in obtaining the sequence of a gene in a patient sample would rely on these techniques." J.A. 95. Myriad does not challenge the district court's finding that "the claims contain no otherwise new process for designing or using probes, primers, or arrays beyond the use of BRCA1 and BRCA2 sequences in those processes." Appellants' Rep. Br. 5 (quoting J.A. 93-94) (alterations omitted). The second paragraphs of claims 7 and 8 do nothing more than spell out what practitioners already knew — how to compare gene sequences using routine, ordinary techniques. Nothing is added by identifying the techniques to be used in making the comparison because those comparison techniques were the well-understood, routine, and conventional techniques that a scientist would have thought of when instructed to compare two gene sequences.

Myriad argues that these claims should be patent eligible because they are similar to claim 21 of the '441 patent, which Judge Bryson suggested was patent eligible in his separate opinion in our 2012 Myriad decision. Myriad, 689 F.3d at 1349. There, Judge Bryson indicated that, "[a]s the first party with knowledge of the sequences, Myriad was in an excellent position to claim applications of that knowledge. Many of its unchallenged claims are limited to such applications." Myriad, 689 F.3d at 1349 (Bryson, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (citing claims found in the '441 patent, the '492 patent, and the '282 patent). The Supreme Court approved of Judge Bryson's general suggestion, directly quoting him for the propositions that "[a]s the first party with knowledge of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 sequences, Myriad was in an excellent position to claim applications of that knowledge," and that "[m]any of its unchallenged claims are limited to such applications." Myriad, 133 S.Ct. at 2120. But, nowhere in the opinion did the Court express approval of the individual claims identified by Judge Bryson, much less of claim 21 in particular. Indeed, no method claim was even before the Supreme Court. Id. at 2119.

Even if claim 21 of the '441 patent were patent eligible — a question about which we express no view — claim 21 is qualitatively different from the method claims at issue here. Claim 21 claims a method of detecting alterations in which the alterations being detected are expressly identified in the specification by tables 11 and 12.5 These tables expressly identify ten predisposing mutations of the BRCA1 gene sequence discovered by the patentees. '441 patent col. 157 ll. 11-17, col. 56 ll. 50-59, col. 60 ll. 7-18. Thus, the detection in claim 21 is limited to the particular mutations the inventors discovered: detecting ten specific mutations from the wild-type, identified as "[p]redisposing [m]utations," for the specific purpose of identifying increased susceptibility to specific cancers. '441 patent col. 60 ll. 8-19. Claims 7 and 8 are significantly broader and more abstract, as they claim all comparisons between the patient's BRCA genes and the wild-type BRCA genes. '441 patent col. 155 ll. 16-63. The first paragraphs of claims 7 and 8, as we held in our 2012 Myriad opinion, claim abstract comparisons. We hold today that the second paragraphs recite only routine and conventional steps. The claims, therefore, are directed to patent-ineligible subject matter.

CONCLUSION

The claims on appeal are directed to ineligible subject matter in violation of 35 U.S.C. § 101. Therefore, the district court properly denied Myriad's motion for preliminary injunction. We remand to the district court for an entry of an order consistent with this opinion.

AFFIRMED AND REMANDED

COSTS

Costs to appellee.