WILBUR, Justice.
[¶ 1.] Mark Outka appeals the magistrate court's denial of his post-sentencing motion to withdraw his guilty plea.
[¶ 2.] Outka was charged by information with alternative counts of simple assault for an altercation involving his live-in girlfriend, Jillian Anderson. Although the caption of the information included the words "domestic abuse," the rest of the information made no reference to domestic abuse. The only statute referenced in the information was SDCL 22-18-1, the simple assault statute.
[¶ 3.] The State and Outka, who was represented by counsel, entered into a plea agreement whereby Outka pleaded guilty to simple assault under SDCL 22-18-1(4).
[¶ 4.] Outka subsequently appealed his conviction to circuit court. The circuit court remanded the matter to the magistrate court to allow Outka to move to withdraw his guilty plea. The magistrate court, in its denial of Outka's motion to withdraw the plea, determined that the information was sufficient and that Outka knowingly and voluntarily pleaded guilty to simple assault (domestic abuse). Outka appealed to circuit court, which affirmed the decision of the magistrate court.
[¶ 5.] Outka appeals to this Court, arguing that he should have been allowed to withdraw his plea because the charging information (1) was insufficient, (2) failed to conform to pleading requirements, and (3) failed to inform him of the charges against him. Outka further argues that SDCL 25-10-34 is unconstitutional. Finally, he contends that he did not knowingly and voluntarily plead guilty to simple assault.
[¶ 6.] "When a defendant moves to withdraw his guilty plea after [a] sentence has been imposed, the trial court will set aside the judgment of conviction and permit the defendant to withdraw his plea only to correct manifest injustice." State v. McColl, 2011 S.D. 90, ¶ 8, 807 N.W.2d 813, 815 (quoting State v. Lohnes, 344 N.W.2d 686, 687-88 (S.D.1984)); see also SDCL 23A-27-11. A defendant seeking withdrawal of a plea on the grounds of manifest injustice must "show entitlement to relief by clear and convincing evidence." McColl, 2011 S.D. 90, ¶ 9, 807 N.W.2d at 816 (citation omitted). Normally, "[t]he decision to allow a defendant to withdraw a guilty plea is a matter solely within the
[¶ 7.] While "the trial court's discretion to allow withdrawal of a guilty plea prior to `sentencing should be exercised liberally in favor of withdrawal,' ... a stricter standard should be applied when a defendant requests to withdraw a guilty plea after a sentence has been imposed." Id. (quoting Wahle, 521 N.W.2d at 137). The purpose of the stricter standard is "to prevent a defendant from testing the weight of potential punishment, and then withdrawing the plea if he finds the sentence unexpectedly severe." Lohnes, 344 N.W.2d at 688 (quoting United States v. McKoy, 645 F.2d 1037, 1040 n. 3 (D.C.Cir. 1981)). While a decision to permit withdrawal of a guilty plea is normally within the trial court's discretion, when a defendant alleges that his plea is constitutionally infirm this Court must conduct a de novo review to determine whether the alleged constitutional violation occurred. See Goodwin, 2004 S.D. 75, ¶ 4, 681 N.W.2d at 849; see also State v. Cain, 342 Wis.2d 1, 816 N.W.2d 177, 183 (2012).
[¶ 9.] Outka first argues that he should be permitted to withdraw his guilty plea because the information was not sufficient. Specifically, Outka alleges that there is no offense titled "simple assault (domestic abuse)." Effectively, Outka asks this Court to decide whether the practice of tagging a domestic abuse notation on an assault charge, consistent with SDCL 25-10-34, changes the nature of the crime so that it is no longer the public offense listed in SDCL 22-18-1 (the simple assault statute). Because Outka did not object to the alleged defect in the caption of the information prior to pleading guilty, he is only entitled to relief if he can illustrate a jurisdictional defect. SDCL 23A-8-3(3).
[¶ 10.] The State argues that the domestic abuse notation does not change the fact that Outka was charged with the public offense of simple assault. The State asserts that the notation in the caption merely indicates the relationship between the victim and the perpetrator.
[¶ 11.] The information was sufficient to charge Outka with a public offense: simple assault. It cited the relevant statute for and defined the elements of simple assault. And the information provided a factual allegation, which if proven, would establish a violation of simple assault. In drafting the information the state's attorney complied with the statutory requirement found in SDCL 25-10-34, which provides that:
[¶ 12.] Outka does not contest that the body of the information charged him with simple assault in violation of SDCL 22-18-1(4). He only takes issue with the caption of the information. But even if the caption of the information contains errors, it is the body of the information that defines the charged crime. See State v. Wurdemann, 265 Minn. 92, 120 N.W.2d 317, 319 (1963); State v. Bossart, 62 N.D. 11, 241 N.W. 78, 81 (1932); State v. McIntyre, 59 Iowa 267, 13 N.W. 287, 288 (1882). Because the body of the information clearly charged Outka with an act punishable by statute — simple assault — he was charged with a public offense.
[¶ 13.] Outka next argues that domestic abuse is an essential element that must be charged in the body of the information and proven beyond a reasonable doubt because, according the United States Supreme Court decision of Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), if he is convicted he may be subject to increased state and federal consequences. The State contends that under SDCL 23A-8-3(3) this defect in the information is not jurisdictional and was therefore waived because it was not raised prior to Outka's guilty plea.
[¶ 14.] Outka's reliance on Apprendi is misplaced for two reasons. First, domestic abuse is not an element of simple assault. See SDCL 22-18-1. Additionally, even if the domestic abuse notation could somehow be considered an element of simple assault that increased the penalty Outka could receive, the failure to include an element in an information does not constitute a jurisdictional defect. United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 630-31, 122 S.Ct. 1781, 1784-85, 152 L.Ed.2d 860 (2002) (holding that defects in an indictment are not jurisdictional errors). Because this error or defect does not deprive the court of jurisdiction, an objection based on the failure to include an element in an information is waived by a guilty plea. See United States v. Todd, 521 F.3d 891, 895 (8th Cir.2008).
[¶ 15.] Furthermore, Outka's Apprendi argument fails because Outka was not subjected to an enhanced sentence as a result of the domestic abuse notation. The notation did not change the punishment Outka could have received for a conviction of simple assault, it only indicated that the crime involved domestic abuse.
[¶ 18.] Outka argues that the information failed to conform to pleading requirements under SDCL 23A-6-4 because it failed to reference all the statutes he had allegedly violated. Outka contends that failure to reference the domestic abuse statute (SDCL 25-10-34) in the information deprived the court of jurisdiction. The State argues that because Outka did not object to this alleged defect at trial, this argument is waived by Outka's guilty plea.
[¶ 19.] As we noted above, generally, defects in the information must be raised prior to trial. SDCL 23A-8-3(3). Outka's argument under SDCL 23A-6-4 does not allege a jurisdictional defect. See Cotton, 535 U.S. at 631, 122 S.Ct. at 1785. Outka's failure to object to the defect in his information prior to entering his guilty plea renders it unpreserved on appeal. State v. Lachowitzer, 314 N.W.2d 307, 309 (S.D. 1982). For these reasons, Outka's argument is waived by his guilty plea. The magistrate court did not abuse its discretion in denying Outka's motion to withdraw his guilty plea based upon this argument.
[¶ 21.] Outka claims that the domestic abuse notation in the caption of the information deprived him of his constitutional right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him under both the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article VI, § 7 of the South Dakota Constitution.
[¶ 22.] "[A]n information or indictment must apprise the defendant with reasonable certainty of the accusation against him so that he may prepare his defense and plead the judgment as a bar to a subsequent prosecution for the same offense." State v. Sinnott, 72 S.D. 100, 104, 30 N.W.2d 455, 456-57 (1947), cert. denied, 334 U.S. 844, 68 S.Ct. 1512, 92 L.Ed. 1768 (1948). However, as discussed above, Outka did not object to the information before he pleaded guilty. Because Outka asserts that the information is defective for the first time on appeal, this argument is waived so long as his guilty plea is knowing and voluntary.
[¶ 24.] Outka challenges the constitutionality of SDCL 25-10-34. "Challenges to the constitutionality of a statute are reviewed de novo." State v. Asmussen, 2003 S.D. 102, ¶ 2, 668 N.W.2d 725, 728 (citing State v. Allison, 2000 S.D. 21, ¶ 5, 607 N.W.2d 1, 2). "This Court recognizes a strong presumption of [the] constitutionality" of a statute. State v. Stark, 2011 S.D. 46, ¶ 10, 802 N.W.2d 165, 169 (citation omitted). "To be invalidated a statute must be proved a breach of legislative power beyond a reasonable doubt." Id. (citation omitted). "Only when the unconstitutionality of a statute is plainly and unmistakably shown will we declare it repugnant to our Constitution." Id. (citation omitted). "[I]f a statute can be construed so as not to violate the Constitution, that construction must be adopted." Id. (citation omitted).
[¶ 25.] Outka suggests a number of reasons why SDCL 25-10-34 is unconstitutional; however, his primary argument is that SDCL 25-10-34 violates the separation of powers by granting state's attorneys the ability to determine whether a crime involves domestic abuse.
[¶ 26.] The Legislature performed its duty here. SDCL 25-10-34 requires the state's attorney to indicate whether an offense involves domestic abuse. There is no discretion for the state's attorney to decide whether to affix the notation when a case involves domestic abuse. Additionally, the Legislature defined domestic abuse in SDCL 25-10-1.
[¶ 27.] Outka next argues that SDCL 25-10-34 is facially vague and overbroad. Our standard for determining whether a statute is vague or overbroad is well established:
State v. Andrews, 2007 S.D. 29, ¶ 6, 730 N.W.2d 416, 419 (per curiam) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). Outka fails to either allege or show that the statute reaches any constitutionally protected conduct. Therefore, the statute is not overbroad.
[¶ 28.] Outka's assertion that the statute is vague also fails. Outka argues that the phrase "involving domestic abuse" in SDCL 25-10-34 is unconstitutionally vague. "[V]agueness challenges that do not involve the First Amendment must be examined in light of the specific facts of the case at hand and not with regard to the statute's facial validity." Andrews, 2007 S.D. 29, ¶ 6, 730 N.W.2d at 419 (citations omitted). Outka never contested the fact that his case involved domestic abuse.
[¶ 29.] Instead, Outka presents a hypothetical situation in his brief that might raise an issue of vagueness. But the United States Supreme Court has instructed "courts to `examine the complainant's conduct before analyzing other hypothetical applications of the law,' because `a plaintiff who engages in some conduct that is clearly proscribed cannot complain of the vagueness of the law as applied to others.'" Id. (quoting Vill. of Hoffman Estates v. Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc., 455 U.S. 489, 495, 102 S.Ct. 1186, 1191, 71 L.Ed.2d 362 (1982)). We decline to address this hypothetical and will only look at whether the statute is vague in light of the specific facts of this case. Given that Outka does not claim that the domestic abuse notation is inapplicable to his case, his challenge to this statute on the basis of vagueness fails.
[¶ 31.] Outka asserts that his plea was not knowing and voluntary because (1) he was not advised that he could not be compelled to testify against himself and (2) he was not advised of the maximum possible sentence.
[¶ 32.] A guilty plea is a waiver of several trial rights guaranteed by the Fifth and Sixth Amendments; therefore, as a matter of due process, a guilty plea must be knowing and voluntary. Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 242-43, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 1712, 23 L.Ed.2d 274 (1969). "Such a plea is intelligent and voluntary when the accused has a full understanding of his constitutional rights and, having that understanding, waives these rights by a plea of guilty." State v. Beckley, 2007 S.D. 122, ¶ 8, 742 N.W.2d 841, 843 (quoting Lodermeier v. State, 273 N.W.2d 163, 164 (S.D. 1978)). Those rights a defendant gives up when pleading guilty are: (1) the privilege against self-incrimination, (2) the right to a trial by jury, and (3) the right to confront one's accusers. Boykin, 395 U.S. at 243, 89 S.Ct. at 1712. "The record must show in some manner that the defendant understood his rights in order for the defendant's plea to be entered intelligently and voluntarily." State v. Apple, 2008 S.D. 120, ¶ 10, 759 N.W.2d 283, 287 (citation omitted). A showing that a plea was not knowingly and voluntarily entered is one way to prove a manifest injustice so as to warrant withdrawal of a guilty plea. See Goodwin, 2004 S.D. 75, ¶ 4, 681 N.W.2d at 849; United States v. Crusco, 536 F.2d 21, 26-27 (3d Cir.1976).
[¶ 34.] Outka argues that the magistrate court's advisement that he could not be compelled to testify against himself was inadequate. But the record reveals that the magistrate court advised Outka of his Boykin rights — that his guilty plea would waive his right to a jury trial, his right to cross-examine or confront witnesses, and that his testimony would waive his right to remain silent.
[¶ 35.] Outka also contends that he was not advised about the maximum sentence he could receive as required by SDCL 23A-7-4(1). While the record does not reveal that Outka was advised of the maximum possible sentence when he entered his guilty plea, he was advised of the maximum sentence during his initial appearance before the same judge less than two months earlier. Additionally, the failure to re-advise Outka of the maximum sentence is not constitutionally deficient when viewed in light of the totality of the circumstances.
[¶ 36.] When viewed in totality, the record shows that Outka understood his rights so that his plea was knowing and voluntary. Outka was thirty-two years old at the time he was sentenced. He had previous experience with the justice system. He was also represented by counsel throughout the proceedings and his guilty plea was the result of a plea agreement. Finally, at sentencing the magistrate court determined that his plea was not the result of threats or coercion. Because Outka's plea was knowingly and voluntarily entered, the magistrate court did not abuse its discretion in denying Outka's motion to withdraw his plea as Outka failed to establish the existence of a manifest injustice by clear and convincing evidence.
[¶ 37.] Outka argues that he was not advised that he was pleading guilty to simple assault (domestic abuse). The record shows otherwise. "[I]t is not required at the time the guilty plea is made that the specific elements of the offense charged be explained to a defendant." Clark v. State, 294 N.W.2d 916, 919 (S.D.1980) (citing United States v. Kriz, 586 F.2d 1178, 1180 (8th Cir.1978) (per curiam)). "All that is necessary is that an understanding of the nature of the charge be conveyed to a defendant." Id. (citing State v. Driver, 290 N.W.2d 856 (S.D. 1980)) (citations omitted).
[¶ 38.] At Outka's initial appearance the magistrate court advised Outka of the charges against him. Although not personally present at the preliminary hearing,
[¶ 39.] Finally, Outka contends that he should have been advised that his guilty plea would prohibit him from possessing or controlling a firearm.
[¶ 40.] We have not addressed whether a potential bar to future firearm possession is a collateral consequence. However, other jurisdictions have held that a potential restriction on firearm ownership is a collateral consequence, and thus a court is not required to advise a defendant of that consequence prior to accepting a defendant's guilty plea. See State v. Liefert, 309 Mont. 19, 43 P.3d 329, 335-36 (2002); Saadiq v. State, 387 N.W.2d 315, 325 (Iowa 1986); State v. Kosina, 226 Wis.2d 482, 595 N.W.2d 464, 466-68 (App.1999). The rationale for this rule is that future restrictions on firearm possession are often subject to an additional federal criminal proceeding, and thus are not a direct consequence of the underlying criminal act. Liefert, 43 P.3d at 336.
[¶ 41.] Federal courts have also determined that a judge need not warn about potential restrictions on future firearm possession. For example, the Eighth Circuit held in United States v. Amerson that a court does not have a duty to inform a defendant of the collateral consequences of his or her plea. 599 F.3d 854, 855-56 (8th Cir.2010) (per curiam). In fact, the court specifically held that "[t]he possibility [a defendant] would be charged under [18 U.S.C.] § 922(g)(9) is not a direct consequence." Id. at 855. Thus, the Eighth Circuit has determined that a trial judge need not advise a defendant of the possibility of future firearm restrictions prior to accepting a guilty plea. See id.
[¶ 42.] We hold that the possibility of a future restriction on the possession of a firearm is a collateral consequence of Outka's guilty plea. As a result, the magistrate court's failure to warn Outka about the possibility of a future firearm restriction is not a manifest injustice. The magistrate court did not abuse its discretion by denying Outka's motion to withdraw his plea.
[¶ 43.] Outka did not meet his burden to establish the existence of a manifest injustice by clear and convincing evidence. We affirm the denial of Outka's motion to withdraw his guilty plea.
[¶ 44.] GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and KONENKAMP, ZINTER and SEVERSON, Justices, concur.
