MACKEY K. HANCOCK, Justice.
Appellant, Ruben Garcia, appeals his conviction for capital murder
Appellant does not contest the sufficiency of the evidence. Rather, his contention relates only to the evidence in support of his argument that the trial court erred in failing to give a sua sponte instruction to the jury on the lesser-included charge of murder. Therefore, we will briefly discuss the underlying facts as is necessary to properly address the issue raised.
The incident that gave rise to appellant's indictment and subsequent conviction took place on October 1, 2009. On that day, appellant was residing at the home of Rudy Vela, one of the people appellant was convicted of killing, in Lubbock, Texas. Appellant and Vela attended a pool tournament at a local night spot. Before going into the club for the tournament, appellant and Vela smoked marijuana in Vela's car. As the evening progressed, appellant drank with various people attending the tournament. After the tournament was over, appellant and Vela, along with most of the other tournament participants, went to a nearby restaurant/bar and continued drinking. Subsequently, appellant and Vela returned to Vela's home where a number of other individuals came for an impromptu party. During this party, appellant consumed more alcohol and smoked more marijuana.
Eventually, appellant got into an altercation with one of the party participants. According to the testimony at trial, appellant had to be pulled off of Chris "Goose" Guzman. After being separated from Guzman, appellant went into the house from the game room and returned carrying a large knife. Guzman fled the scene and appellant was talked into giving up the knife.
A while later, appellant obtained another knife. Several witnesses testified that they saw appellant stabbing Vela. Vela died as a result of these stab wounds. Another victim, Jessica Hernandez, died as a result of stab wounds. However, there was no eyewitness testimony from any of the participants that they saw appellant stab Hernandez.
The trial court's charge to the jury included a charge on self-defense as to both decedents and as to each individually. The court's charge did not contain a charge on the lesser-included offense of murder as to either of the decedents. After the trial court prepared its charge to the jury, it inquired of counsel for appellant about any objections or requested issues. Appellant's counsel stated he had "no objection to the form of the charge."
During closing arguments, appellant's trial counsel argued that the jury should find that appellant acted in self-defense when he stabbed Vela and Hernandez since appellant had been attacked and, from his perspective, was in danger of imminent death. The jury rejected this argument and found appellant guilty of capital murder.
Appellant's sole issue before this Court is that the trial court erred causing appellant egregious harm by not sua sponte charging the jury on the lesser-included offense of murder. We disagree and will affirm the trial court's judgment.
The issue before the Court is whether we will require a trial court to sua sponte give a lesser-included offense charge, when the same is neither requested by appellant nor the failure to include such charge is objected to by appellant. Appellant's position is that the trial court is required to give the lesser-included offense charge and that the failure to give the lesser-included charge of murder in this case caused egregious harm and, therefore, the judgment of conviction will have to be reversed. See Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex.Crim.App. 1985). The State contends that appellant should not be allowed to claim that the trial court committed error by failing to include the lesser-included offense charge because the doctrines of estoppel, procedural default, or waiver apply to appellant's failure to either request the lesser-included charge or to object to the trial court's failure to include the lesser-included charge.
When reviewing a claim of charge error, the reviewing court begins with a determination of whether the trial court committed error. See Mann v. State, 964 S.W.2d 639, 641 (Tex.Crim.App.1998). Only after finding that the trial court committed error does the reviewing court enter into a determination of harm that might require reversal. Id. Therefore, our first question is, when is the trial court
The content of the court's charge is governed by article 36.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. See TEX.CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14 (West 2007). The article provides that the trial judge deliver to the jury "a written charge distinctly setting forth the law applicable to the case." Id.; see Delgado v. State, 235 S.W.3d 244, 247 (Tex.Crim.App.2007). How does the court determine the law applicable to the case? It is upon this question that appellant's issue rests, because if the lesser-included offense of murder is not part of the "law applicable to the case," then there is no error in the court's charge. See Tolbert v. State, 306 S.W.3d 776, 779 (Tex.Crim.App.2010).
The record reveals that appellant pursued a dedicated trial strategy of a self-defense theory to defeat the State's case. This can be ascertained by reviewing trial counsel's voir dire, opening statement, and closing argument. In all three of these phases of the proceeding, trial counsel either visited at length with the jury panel about the issue of self-defense (voir dire), discussed the application of self-defense as related to the State's case and proposed evidence (opening statement), or applied the law of self-defense to the facts that the jury had heard (closing argument). Additionally, the court's charge was presented to appellant's trial counsel for review and, after reviewing the same, trial counsel had no objection to the form of the charge. Specifically, the charge did not contain any lesser-included offense of murder and appellant neither requested its inclusion nor objected to the charge because the lesser-included offense was absent.
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals faced this same question in the Tolbert case. Tolbert was a capital murder case where the trial court failed to sua sponte instruct the jury on the lesser-included offense of murder. Id. at 777. The court determined, after reviewing the facts, that appellant had embarked on an "all or nothing" strategy because the evidence concerning the robbery element of the capital murder charge could have supported a finding that appellant did not decide to rob the victim until after she had murdered him. Id. Such a finding would have resulted in an acquittal on the capital murder charge and, without the submission of the lesser-included offense of murder, appellant would have essentially walked away a free person. Id. at 780. The jury, however, convicted appellant and, on appeal, for the first time she raised the issue of the trail court's failure to sua sponte instruct the jury on the lesser-included offense of murder. Id. at 778. The intermediate appellate court reversed the trial court's judgment and found that the failure of the trial court to sua sponte grant a jury instruction on the lesser-included offense caused appellant to suffer egregious harm. See Tolbert v. State, No. 05-07-00920-CR, 2008 WL 2747189, at *5-6, 2008 Tex.App. LEXIS 5245, at *14-15 (Tex.App.-Dallas, July 16, 2008) (not designated for publication). Upon reviewing the intermediate court's approach, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals faulted the court of appeals for assuming that the trial court erred in not sua sponte instructing the jury on the lesser-included charge of murder. See Tolbert, 306 S.W.3d at 778. Instead, the first inquiry, as stated above, should be did the trial court err.
So, in our case, did the trial court err in failing to sua sponte instruct on murder as a lesser-included offense? The record indicates that it did not. This is because the decision to pursue a self-defense approach to the State's case is that of the appellant's. See Tolbert, 306 S.W.3d at 781 (citing with approval Delgado's, 235
Having overruled appellant's sole issue, the trial court's judgment is affirmed.