Filed: Jul. 09, 2003
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: Opinions of the United 2003 Decisions States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit 7-9-2003 Ramos-Ortiz v. Atty Gen USA Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential Docket No. 02-3277 Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2003 Recommended Citation "Ramos-Ortiz v. Atty Gen USA" (2003). 2003 Decisions. Paper 379. http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2003/379 This decision is brought to you for free and open access by the Op
Summary: Opinions of the United 2003 Decisions States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit 7-9-2003 Ramos-Ortiz v. Atty Gen USA Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential Docket No. 02-3277 Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2003 Recommended Citation "Ramos-Ortiz v. Atty Gen USA" (2003). 2003 Decisions. Paper 379. http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2003/379 This decision is brought to you for free and open access by the Opi..
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Opinions of the United
2003 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
7-9-2003
Ramos-Ortiz v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 02-3277
Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2003
Recommended Citation
"Ramos-Ortiz v. Atty Gen USA" (2003). 2003 Decisions. Paper 379.
http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2003/379
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
No. 02-3277
___________
JORGE RAMOS-ORTIZ,
Petitioner
v.
JOHN ASHCROFT, ATTORNEY GENERAL
OF THE UNITED STATES
Respondent
___________
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Agency No. A70 679 493
___________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
June 2, 2003
Before: BARRY, FUENTES and ROSENN, Circuit Judges
(Opinion Filed: July 9, 2003)
________________________
OPINION
________________________
FUENTES, Circuit Judge:
Petitioner Jorge Ramos-Ortiz (“Ramos”) appeals the Board of Immigration Appeals’
(“BIA”) decision to summarily affirm the denial of his application for asylum and
withholding of removal. The Immigration Judge (“IJ”) concluded that Ramos was not a
victim of past persecution and was not likely to be the subject of future persecution if he
returned to Guatemala. Because we find that the IJ’s decision is supported by substantial
evidence, we deny the petition for review.
I. Background
Because we write solely for the parties, our review of the factual background is
limited to that which is necessary to inform our opinion today. Ramos is an indigenous native
of Guatemala from the Huehuetenango region. He is currently 31 years old, unmarried, and
has no children. While in Guatemala, Ramos lived with his parents. His older brother had
been recruited into the military and was killed in battle against the guerillas. In 1989,
guerillas began coming to his parents’ home and taking provisions. In early 1990, the
guerillas entered the home at approximately 3 A.M. and demanded that Ramos join them.
Ramos’s father explained that he was ill and needed Ramos at home. The guerillas agreed
that Ramos could stay until his father recovered, but said that if Ramos did not join the
guerillas upon their return, they would kill him. Ramos decided to leave Guatemala rather
than join the guerillas. On his way to the Mexican border, Ramos was stopped by some
guerillas and detained for two days, without explanation. He escaped from this detention and
unlawfully entered the United States on or about May 10, 1990.
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In 1993, Ramos filed for asylum under 8 U.S.C. § 1158 and in 1998, the Immigration
and Naturalization Service (“INS”) issued a Notice to Appear, which charged that Ramos
was removable under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i) because of his illegal entry into the United
States. Ramos conceded that he was removable, but renewed his asylum application and
filed for withholding of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3) and, alternatively, for voluntary
departure under 8 U.S.C. § 1229c(b)(1). The IJ denied his application. Petitioner filed a
timely appeal with the BIA. The BIA affirmed without opinion and issued a final order of
removal.
Meanwhile, in March of 1996, the guerillas in Guatemala unilaterally ceased their
military operations. The government immediately ceased military operations as well, and the
two sides entered into peace negotiations which culminated in the signing of peace accords
on December 29, 1996. In March of 1997, the umbrella guerilla organization voluntarily
dissolved itself in order to devote its efforts to legitimate political activity. According to the
State Department’s 1998 human rights report, current conditions in Guatemala remain
difficult: there is a great deal of criminal activity, but the government appears to be
attempting to curb the violence and human rights violations.
II. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review
We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(2). The IJ’s opinion is the final agency
determination under 8 C.F.R. § 3.1(a)(7)(iii) (2002), because the BIA affirmed the IJ without
opinion. See Abdulai v. Ashcroft, 239 F.3d 542, 549 (3d Cir. 2001). The IJ’s determination
on an asylum applicant’s past persecution or well-founded fear of future persecution is a
3
factual question that we review under a substantial evidence standard. See Gao v. Ashcroft,
299 F.3d 266, 272 (3d Cir. 2002). In Senathirajah v. INS, the court noted that “[s]ubstantial
evidence is more than a mere scintilla and is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind
might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.”
157 F.3d 210, 216 (3d Cir. 1998) (quoting
Turcios v. INS,
821 F.2d 1396, 1398 (9th Cir. 1987)). Thus, we should affirm the IJ’s
decision if the record contains adequate evidence to support his decision. See
id.
III. Discussion
Ramos has applied for both asylum under § 208 and withholding of removal under §
241(b)(3). Under 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a), an asylum seeker must establish that he is entitled
to refugee status. A refugee is defined as a person who is unable to return to his or her
country because of past persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution due to his or her
race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. 8 §
1101(a)(42)(A). In INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, the Supreme Court held that the well-founded
fear element of the definition of a refugee requires that the asylum seeker demonstrate that
there is a “reasonable possibility” that he will be exposed to persecution upon his return. 480
U.S. 421, 440 (1987) (adopting language of INS v. Stevic,
467 U.S. 407, 424-25 (1984),
which pointed out that “it is enough that persecution is a reasonable possibility”). As the IJ
also noted, an applicant for withholding of removal under § 241(b)(3) must demonstrate a
“clear probability” of persecution based on one of the five protected grounds. See
Stevic, 467
U.S. at 430. Withholding of removal is a higher standard for a refugee to meet. See
Senathirajah, 157 F.3d at 215 (an alien must show that it is more likely than not that he will
4
be subjected to persecution upon his return to qualify for withholding of removal, but even
if he fails to meet this standard, he may qualify for a grant of asylum at the Attorney-
General’s discretion if he shows that he has a well-founded fear of persecution which
requires only that he show that persecution is a reasonable possibility on his return). The
persecution must be committed by either the government or forces the government is unable
or unwilling to control. See Gao, 299 F.3d at 272. A well-founded fear of persecution has
both a subjective and an objective element: the alien must have a genuine fear or returning
to his home country, and that fear must be objectively reasonable, that is, a reasonable person
in his circumstances would fear persecution upon his return. See
Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S.
at 430-31.
Ramos has not established that he experienced past harm rising to the level of
persecution for the purposes of the statute. In Fatin v. INS, this court held that persecution
must be defined narrowly. 12 F.3d 1233, 1240 (3d Cir. 1993). In particular, persecution is
only extreme conduct. See
id. All treatment that is unjust, unfair, or unlawful does not rise
to the level of persecution. See
id. Threats alone are generally not sufficient to constitute past
persecution; instead, only those threats that are so menacing in themselves that they cause
significant actual suffering or harm rise to the level of persecution. See Lim v. INS,
224 F.3d
929, 936 (9th Cir. 2000); Boykov v. INS,
109 F.3d 413, 416-17 (7th Cir. 1997).
Ramos was subjected to visits by the guerillas in which they demanded food and
supplies, was threatened if he did not agree to join the guerillas, and was detained by
guerillas for two days on his way out of the country. Ramos points to Chang v. INS, 119
5
F.3d 1055 (3d Cir. 1997) and Matter of Itazula, 20 I & N Dec. 149 (BIA 1990), to argue that
harsh prison conditions or the threat of harsh prison conditions may be enough to show harm
rising to the level of past persecution. In Chang, the court addressed whether an alien’s fear
of a year or more of prison as a result of the alien’s choice to break his country’s law could
qualify as fear of
persecution. 119 F.3d at 1066-67. In Matter of Itazula, the alien also feared
being placed in prison upon his return, and the BIA held that the harsh prison conditions he
faced, including regular physical and psychological torture, rose to the level of persecution.
20 I. & N. Dec. at 153.
The instant case is distinguishable because Ramos is not facing any prison time upon
his return to Guatemala, and, therefore, he has no reason to fear harsh conditions in the
Guatemalan prison system. Moreover, the two days of imprisonment he suffered at the hands
of the now disbanded guerilla forces did not include the physical or psychological torture
outlined in Itazula. See also Skalak v. INS, 944 F.2d 364, 365 (7th Cir. 1991) (“brief
detentions and mild harassment” by themselves are not persecution); Al-Saher v. INS,
268
F.3d 1143, 1146 (9th Cir. 2001) (five or six day long detention without beatings, torture or
threat was not persecution). Thus, there was reasonable and sufficient evidence to support
the IJ’s conclusion that Ramos did not face persecution by means of harsh prison conditions
if he was returned to Guatemala.
In addition, the cumulative harm Ramos was subjected to was not sufficient to
constitute past persecution under Matter of O-Z- & I-Z-, 22 I. & N. Dec. 23 (BIA 1998). In
O-Z- & I-Z-, the BIA held that the aggregation of the various incidents suffered by the
6
petitioner, including multiple beatings, multiple written threats, vandalizing, and degradation
and intimidation of his son were, taken together, persecution. Although the treatment Ramos
received at the hands of the guerillas was unfortunate, there is sufficient evidence to support
the IJ’s conclusion that, even in the aggregate, the guerillas’ treatment of Ramos did not rise
to the level of persecution.
Even if the past harm had been sufficient enough to constitute past persecution, it was
not based on a protected ground for asylum purposes. Ramos argues that the guerillas
targeted him because of his political opinions. Although he is correct that imputed political
opinions can be sufficient to establish persecution based on political opinion, he has not
established that the guerillas targeted him due to political opinions which he explicitly stated
or which were imputed to him. See Balasubramanrim v. INS, 143 F.3d 157, 165 n. 10 (3d
Cir. 1998). Rather, the evidence supports the IJ’s conclusion that he was targeted because
he was an able bodied male the guerillas were able to reach.
As explained in INS v. Elias-Zacharias, guerillas’ attempts at forcible recruitment do
not rise to the level of past persecution unless the recruitment is specifically meant to be
persecution for political opinions. 502 U.S. 478, 483 (1992). Ramos has not offered any
evidence that the guerillas near his town knew of his political opinions; in addition, he did
not have any conversation about politics with the guerillas who detained him. Thus, Ramos
did not establish that any of the guerillas knew of his political opinions or targeted him as a
result of those opinions.
7
In addition, Ramos does not appear to have been targeted either as a result of his
ethnicity or as a result of his membership in a particular social group. The guerillas appear
to have attempted to recruit Ramos because he was an able bodied man within their reach
rather than because of his ethnicity or social group membership. In Pedro-Mateo v. INS, the
court examined precisely this issue in Guatemala, and held that the indigenous majority in
the guerillas’ area was not a social group for asylum purposes. 224 F.3d 1147, 1150 (9th Cir.
2000). Similarly, in Sanchez-Trujillo v. INS, the court held that “[m]ajor segments of the
population of an embattled nation at risk” due to the general violence are not a distinct
“social group” for asylum purposes.
801 F.2d 1571, 1577 (9th Cir. 1986). Finally, the court
in Vides-Vides v. INS held that the dangers faced by members of a particular social group
must be appreciably different than those faced by the population as a whole.
783 F.2d 1463,
1469 (9th Cir. 1986). As the case law points out, the IJ correctly concluded that Ramos’
ethnicity and social group were not the reason for the treatment he received from the
guerillas.
Ramos also argues that mixed motives can be sufficient to establish past persecution
based on a protected ground even if the protected ground is only part of the reason for the
persecution. See In re S- P- 21 I. & N. Dec. 486, 492 (BIA 1996) (noting that asylum may
be granted if the applicant provides evidence that the persecutors acted out of some improper
motive, even if there were also legitimate motives for their actions). Because Ramos has not
presented evidence sufficient to compel the finding that Ramos suffered persecution on any
8
protected basis, there is not sufficient evidence to overturn the IJ’s rejection of a mixed
motive theory.
In addition, because conditions in the country have changed drastically since he left
in 1990, Ramos could not establish a well-founded fear of future persecution. See Chang v.
INS, 119 F.3d at 1065 (noting that the petitioner “need only show that he has a subjective fear
of persecution that is supported by objective evidence that persecution is a reasonable
possibility”). According to the 1998 State Department’s Country Report for Guatemala, in
1996 the umbrella guerilla group and the government signed peace accords which have been
successfully implemented. Although the country remains poor and the government faces
challenges in its attempts to control crime, these conditions do not rise to the level of an
objectively supported well-founded fear of persecution. Thus, the IJ correctly concluded
that Ramos did not face a well-founded fear of future persecution.
However, under 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1)(iii)(B), the IJ also has discretion to grant
asylum to aliens who were the victims of past persecution but do not have a well-founded
fear of future persecution if the aliens can establish that they have a reasonable fear of “other
serious harm” that is serious enough to equal the severity of harm that would constitute
persecution. See Krastev v. INS, 292 F.3d 1268, 1271 (10th Cir. 2002). However, because
Ramos was not a victim of past persecution for asylum purposes, 8 C.F.R. §
208.13(b)(1)(iii)(B) is not applicable to his case.
9
IV. Conclusion
We affirm the IJ’s decision because Ramos has not presented evidence to support the
conclusion that he was a victim of past persecution on account of protected grounds, nor has
he shown that he is likely to be subject to future persecution if he returns to Guatemala,
particularly given the dissolution of the guerilla forces in the years since he left the country.
_____________________________
TO THE CLERK OF THE COURT:
Kindly file the foregoing Opinion.
/s/ Julio M. Fuentes
Circuit Judge
10
