OPINION AND ORDER

JAMES P. JONES, District Judge.

The defendant Tyree Lamar Slade, a/k/a Ovious McFly,1 has filed motions to reduce his sentence pursuant to the First Step Act of 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-391, § 404, 132 Stat. 5194, 5220 (2018) ("2018 FSA" or "Act"), which made retroactive certain provisions of the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, Pub. L. No. 111-220, § 2, 124 Stat. 2372, 2372 (2010) ("2010 FSA"). I find the defendant eligible for relief, and I will grant the motions.

I.

Section 2 of the 2010 FSA reduced the penalties for offenses involving cocaine base by increasing the threshold drug quantities required to trigger mandatory minimum sentences under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1). After the enactment of the 2010 FSA, a violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) must involve at least 280 grams of cocaine base, rather than 50 grams, to trigger the 10-years-to-life penalty range of 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A) and 28 grams of cocaine base, rather than five grams, to trigger the 5-to-40 years penalty range of 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B). The 2018 FSA provides that the court may, on motion of the defendant, the Director of the Bureau of Prisons, the attorney for the Government, or the court, impose a reduced sentence as if the 2010 FSA were in effect at the time the defendant's crime was committed. 2018 FSA § 404(b).

Both before and after the 2018 FSA, if the government gives appropriate notice prior to sentencing pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 851, and the defendant is found to have been previously convicted of one or more certain types of drug crimes, the minimum and maximum terms of imprisonment and minimum terms of supervised release are increased. 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A), (B).2

While a defendant whose crack cocaine drug crime was committed before August 3, 2010, may be eligible for reduction in sentence, 2018 FSA § 404(a), the Act provides that the court is not required to reduce any sentence, id. at § 404(c). Thus, the court must first consider whether the defendant is eligible for a reduction in sentence. Second, if the defendant is eligible for reduction, the court must determine whether, and to what extent, a reduction is warranted. Cf. Dillon v. United States, 560 U.S. 817, 827 (2010) (setting forth procedures for modifying sentences under retroactive guideline amendments). If eligible, a plenary resentencing is not appropriate, since the statute only authorizes the court to impose a "reduced sentence." 2018 FSA § 404(b).

II.

The defendant was indicted in this court on May 28, 2008, and charged with conspiring to possess with the intent to distribute and to distribute 50 grams or more of cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A), and 846. The United States filed an Information to establish the defendant's prior drug convictions pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 851, subjecting him to a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment to be followed by a 10-year term of supervised release.

On December 1, 2008, the defendant pleaded guilty pursuant to a written Plea Agreement. In the agreement, the United States agreed that only one conviction would apply under 21 U.S.C. § 851, subjecting Slade to a minimum term of 20 years imprisonment and a maximum of life, and a 10-year term of supervised release. The parties also stipulated that the defendant was a career offender. According to the Presentence Investigation Report ("PSR"), the defendant was held accountable for approximately 4.5 kilograms of cocaine base. He was determined to have a total offense level of 35 and a criminal history category of V, yielding a range of 262 to 327 months imprisonment under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual ("USSG").

On March 2, 2009, the defendant was sentenced under the advisory guidelines to 300 months imprisonment, to be followed by 10 years of supervised release. His appeal was unsuccessful. United States v. Slade, 371 F. App'x 421, 421-22 (4th Cir. 2010) (unpublished). Subsequently, the court reduced the defendant's sentence to 269 months imprisonment pursuant to the retroactive USSG Amendment 750. Order, Nov. 8, 2011, ECF No. 2691.

Thereafter, Slade filed a motion to vacate his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 on the ground that his convictions under North Carolina law no longer qualified as predicates for a career offender sentencing enhancement in light of United States v. Simmons, 649 F.3d 237 (4th Cir. 2011) (en banc). Following a response from the government, I denied the motion on the basis of Slade's waiver of collateral attack contained in his Plea Agreement. United States v. Slade, No. 1:08CR00024-005, 2014 WL 801332, at *5 (W.D. Va. Feb. 28, 2014), appeal dismissed, 600 F. App'x 185 (4th Cir. 2015) (unpublished). I later denied a reduction in Slade's sentence pursuant to retroactive Amendment 782. United States v. Slade, No. 1:18CR00024-005, 2015 WL 7313880, at *2 (W.D. Va. Nov. 20, 2015), aff'd, 645 F. App'x 296 (4th Cir.) (unpublished), cert. denied, 137 S.Ct. 343 (2016).

The Bureau of Prisons calculates Slade's current projected release date to be August 28, 2028. The Probation Office of this court estimates that he has served 10 years and nine months of his sentence.

III.

The United States argues that the defendant is ineligible for a reduction in sentence in light of the drug weight attributed to him at sentencing. The United States contends that because the offense involved at least 4.5 kilograms of cocaine base, as established by the PSR, it involved a drug quantity over the revised threshold of 280 grams established in the 2010 FSA. The government argues that Slade was thus properly sentenced to 300 months — within the statutory range of 20 years to life under § 841(b)(1)(A). The government contends that the court may rely on the drug weight found in the PSR, despite the principles announced in Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99 (2013), and Appendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), because it has been held that these principles are not applicable retroactively on collateral review. Alternatively, the government contends that even if Slade is eligible for a reduction below the statutory range set out in § 841(b)(1)(A), the court should not exercise its discretion to do so. It bases this argument in part on the ground that the court should at least take into account the drug weight found in the PSR, to reflect the serious nature of Slade's crime. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(A) (providing that in determining a sentence, the court should consider the need to reflect the seriousness of the offense). Slade contends that the principles announced in Alleyne and Appendi, even if held not to be retroactive when seeking collateral relief, are applicable here because § 404(b) is "a new statutory remedy that Congress expressly made retroactive." Reply 6, ECF No. 3708.

Pursuant to § 404, a defendant is eligible for reduction if he was convicted of a "covered offense" before the effective date of the 2010 FSA and is not otherwise excluded by the limitations of § 404(c).3 Slade was convicted of a covered offense since he was convicted pre-2010 FSA of "a violation of a Federal criminal statute, the statutory penalties for which were modified by [the 2010 FSA]." § 404(a). None of the exclusions of § 404(c) apply to him. Under the 2018 FSA, the quantity of drugs involved in the conviction are not a condition of eligibility, whether such quantity was charged in the indictment, found by a jury, admitted by the defendant, or determined in a presentence investigation report. See United States v. Boulding, No. 1:08-cr-65-01, 2019 WL 2135494, at *6 (W.D. Mich. May 16, 2019).

However, there is another condition relating to any sentence reduction under the 2018 FSA. The reduction must be "as if sections 2 and 3 of the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 (Public Law 111-220; 124 Stat. 2372) were in effect at the time the covered offense was committed." 2018 FSA § 404(b) (emphasis added). As the parties have recognized, determining the sentence that Slade would have received if sections 2 and 3 of the 2010 FSA were in effect turns on whether I rely on the drug weight attributed to him at sentencing or on the weight charged in the Indictment. I join many other district judges in finding that I cannot rely on the drug weight found at sentencing in light of Apprendi and Alleyne. See, e.g., United States v. Smith, No. 7:04-CR-0072-4, 2019 WL 2092581 (W.D. Va. May 13, 2019). However, I depart in some ways from the reasoning found in other cases and from that set out by the parties in this case.

The government is correct that neither Apprendi nor Alleyne are retroactive on collateral review. See United States v. Stewart, 540 F. App'x 171, 172, at n* (4th Cir. 2013) (unpublished) (noting that Alleyne has not been made retroactive on collateral review); United States v. Sanders, 247 F.3d 139, 146 (4th Cir. 2001) (finding that Apprendi is not retroactive on collateral review under the rule set out in Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989)). However, that does not end the analysis. Although a sentence reduction is a form of collateral review, see Wall v. Kholi, 562 U.S. 545, 551 (2011), it is not the case that nonretroactivity principles necessarily apply in sentence reductions. Instead, in Danforth v. Minnesota, the Supreme Court stated that the rule established in Teague, by which courts determine whether new constitutional rules of criminal procedure will apply to cases that have become final before the new rule was announced, "was meant to apply only to federal courts considering habeas corpus petitions challenging state-court criminal convictions." 552 U.S. 264, 279 (2008). Thus, a determination under Teague that a rule is not retroactive on collateral review "speaks only to the context of federal habeas." Id. at 281.

Determining whether new constitutional rules apply in the context of sentence reductions when the initial sentence became final before the new rule was announced is an inquiry distinct from that set out in Teague. United States v. Fanfan, 558 F.3d 105, 108 (1st Cir. 2009). In Fanfan, the First Circuit considered 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), which permits reduction of a sentence of imprisonment where the Sentencing Commission has lowered an advisory sentencing range, provided the reduction "`is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.'" Id. The court held that determining whether new rules apply to sentence reductions under § 3582(c)(2) "is analytically distinct from the question of retroactivity" set out in Teague. Id. The Supreme Court's reasoning in Dillon supports this approach. In Dillon, the Court held that the new rule established in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005) — that treating the Sentencing Guidelines as mandatory violated a defendant's Sixth Amendment right to be tried by a jury and have every element of an offense proved by the government beyond a reasonable doubt — does not apply in sentence reductions under § 3582(c)(2). Dillon, 560 U.S. at 828-830. In so holding, the Court did not apply Teague's retroactivity rule; rather, it considered the text and scope of § 3582(c)(2). Id. at 826.

Although sentence reductions pursuant to the 2018 FSA are based on 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(B), providing that "the court may modify an imposed term of imprisonment to the extent otherwise expressly permitted by statute," the Court's analysis in Dillon of whether Booker applies to sentence reductions under § 3528(c)(2) is nonetheless instructive in this case. In Dillon, the Court held that "proceedings under § 3582(c)(2) do not implicate the Sixth Amendment right to have essential facts found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt." 560 U.S. at 828. The Court reasoned that this right is not implicated because § 3582(c)(2) confines the extent of the sentence reductions it authorizes — it requires the court to take the defendant's original sentence as a given and reduce it by substituting only the Sentencing Guidelines amendment that gave rise to the reduction proceeding. Id. at 827-28. The Court found that "[t]aking the original sentence as given, any facts found by a judge at a § 3582(c)(2) proceeding do not serve to increase the prescribed range of punishment; instead, they affect only the judge's exercise of discretion within that range," which is permissible under Apprendi. Id. at 828-29; see also Fanfan, 558 F.3d at 110 ("Given the narrow scope of sentence modification proceedings, there is no concern that a district court in such a proceeding will make factual findings that in turn will raise a defendant's sentence beyond the level justified by the facts established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict.") (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

The same is not true for sentence reductions pursuant to the 2018 FSA. Section 3582(c)(1)(B) does not establish procedures like those in § 3582(c)(2) that narrow the scope of the sentence reduction. Instead, because statutory minimum and maximum sentences under the 2010 FSA are keyed to drug weight, it is that fact that confines the extent of any sentence reduction in the first instance. Thus, relying on the drug weight attributed to defendants at sentencing, rather than that charged in the indictment, affects more than the judge's discretion within a prescribed statutory range — it determines the prescribed range, and it may raise a defendant's sentence beyond the level otherwise justified by a guilty plea or jury verdict on the drug weight charged in the indictment. Therefore, it triggers the collective requirement of Apprendi and Alleyne that facts that increase the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximums and minimums be charged in the indictment. Accordingly, because the drug weight attributed to Slade at sentencing was not charged in his Indictment, I will not rely on it to determine his eligibility.

Thus, under the 2018 FSA, the defendant's new statutory sentencing range, with the § 851 Information, is 10-years-to-life imprisonment and at least eight years supervised release. 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B).

IV.

Slade seeks a reduced sentence of 168 months imprisonment or time served, below his career offender guideline range of 262 to 327 months. Slade argues that the court should vary from the career offender range because his prior offenses no longer serve as a basis for enhancing his sentence after United States v. Simmons. In addition, he argues that the career offender range is nonbinding and that federal practice and his rehabilitation while incarcerated warrant a variance below the guideline range. However, the government argues that the court should not reexamine Slade's career offender guideline range, and a reduction below Slade's present sentence of 269 months is not warranted in light of that range.

Because Slade is eligible for sentence reduction, and in accord with 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), I agree with the government that I should consider Slade's offense conduct, as well as any post-conviction rehabilitation or lack thereof, in determining whether or not to reduce his sentence and the extent of any such reduction. See Pepper v. United States, 562 U.S. 476, 480 (2011) (noting that it is "highly relevant — if not essential — to the selection of an appropriate sentence [to possess] the fullest information possible concerning the defendant's life and characteristics") (internal quotation marks, citation and alterations omitted).

I have carefully reviewed Slade's PSR, which includes his personal history and his offense conduct. Slade began selling drugs at an early age as a means of self-support. PSR ¶ 373. He fathered six children with three different women. Id. at ¶ 375. He left school in the eighth grade after his first adult criminal conviction for marijuana possession. Id. at 359, 386, 373. He rapidly collected three additional state drug trafficking convictions, for which he received short custody sentences.

In the present case, Slade was a lower-level member of a large, multi-year crack cocaine trafficking conspiracy.4 He participated from 2004 to 2005, while still in his early twenties. He was an associate of coconspirator Bryant Pride, sold for Pride and lived with Pride in a house that was used for "rocking up" powder cocaine. Id. at ¶ 158-60.

I have also considered the reports of his behavior while in federal prison. He has engaged in numerous educational programs and has received his GED. He has filed letters of recommendation from a prison teacher, who describes him as a "model inmate," and a correctional officer, who refers to him as "polite and respectful." ECF Nos. 3718-2, 3718-3. He is now 36 years old.

Considering all of these facts, and the factors contained in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), I find that Slade's sentence should be reduced to time served. While his crime was serious, his immaturity at the time, together with his post-conviction conduct, support such a reduction.

Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED as follows: