Filed: Feb. 24, 2004
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: Opinions of the United 2004 Decisions States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit 2-24-2004 USA v. Melendez Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential Docket No. 03-1548 Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2004 Recommended Citation "USA v. Melendez" (2004). 2004 Decisions. Paper 985. http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2004/985 This decision is brought to you for free and open access by the Opinions of the United St
Summary: Opinions of the United 2004 Decisions States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit 2-24-2004 USA v. Melendez Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential Docket No. 03-1548 Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2004 Recommended Citation "USA v. Melendez" (2004). 2004 Decisions. Paper 985. http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2004/985 This decision is brought to you for free and open access by the Opinions of the United Sta..
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Opinions of the United
2004 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
2-24-2004
USA v. Melendez
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 03-1548
Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2004
Recommended Citation
"USA v. Melendez" (2004). 2004 Decisions. Paper 985.
http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2004/985
This decision is brought to you for free and open access by the Opinions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit at Villanova
University School of Law Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in 2004 Decisions by an authorized administrator of Villanova
University School of Law Digital Repository. For more information, please contact Benjamin.Carlson@law.villanova.edu.
NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 03-1548
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
LUIS ARTURO MELENDEZ,
Appellant
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
(D.C. Criminal Action No. 00-cr-00319)
District Judge: Honorable Joseph A. Greenaway, Jr.
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
October 30, 2003
Before: SCIRICA, Chief Judge, NYGAARD and AMBRO, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: February 24, 2004)
OPINION
AM BRO, Circuit Judge
Luis Arturo Melendez appeals his conviction of, and sentence for, knowing
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922 (g)(1) and
(2).1 He contends that: (1) the Government shifted its burden of proof to the defense, thus
violating his right to due process; (2) the District Court abused its discretion by admitting
evidence of his prior felony convictions; (3) and the District Court incorrectly calculated
his criminal history for the purpose of sentencing. We find that there was no shift of the
burden of proof and that Melendez waived his right to appeal the admission of his prior
convictions. We also conclude that the District Court correctly calculated Melendez’s
criminal history. Therefore we affirm.2
I. Factual Background
In May 2000 Melendez, a convicted felon, was charged with knowing possession
of a firearm. At trial, the only issue for the jury was whether he knew that he possessed
1
This statute provides in pertinent part:
(g) It shall be unlawful for any person –
(1) who has been convicted in any court of, a crime punishable by
imprisonment for a term exceeding one year;
(2) who is a fugitive from justice; . . .
to ship or transport in interstate or foreign commerce, or possess in or
affecting commerce, any firearm or ammunition . . . .
While we discern no evidence of Melendez being a fugitive, he does not challenge
that he was convicted under subsection (2) as well.
2
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
2
the firearm.3
The Government’s witness, Officer Nelson Rivera, testified that he observed
Melendez while patrolling a high-drug area in Jersey City. According to Officer Rivera,
Melendez would talk to pedestrians, open his canvas bag, close it, and engage in further
conversation. Suspecting that Melendez was selling stolen items or drugs, Officer Rivera
approached him. Rivera recounted that he overheard from about six feet away Melendez
telling his company that “I have to sell this gun.” At the time of arrest, Rivera found a
.357 caliber revolver in the canvas bag Melendez was carrying. The gun was registered to
Melendez’s girlfriend, a former Hudson County Sheriff’s Officer.
Melendez explained at trial that he went to his parents’ house to pick up clothes
that day and found the canvas bag while looking for something to carry the clothes.
Although the sleeve of a sweater was sticking out from the bag, Melendez claimed he did
not remove it because he was tired after his day at work. He claims that he put clothes in
the bag without finding out what was inside. Therefore, Melendez argues, the gun must
already have been in the bag and he did not know about it until his arrest.
On cross-examination, the Government questioned Melendez about what happened
to the clothes in the bag. He testified that the Jersey City Police Department took them
into its possession. When the Government asked Melendez if it would have been
3
Melendez stipulated that he had a prior felony conviction and that the firearm found in
his possession had traveled in interstate commerce
3
important for him to keep the clothes so he could present them to the jury, the defense
counsel objected. The counsel argued that the question suggested that Melendez had to
prove his innocence. The District Court overruled the objection and explained that,
although Melendez had “no burden to establish his guilt or innocence,” cross-examination
about those items was proper since he was asserting that those items were in the bag.
Melendez then testified that, when he went to the Police Department to pick up his
personal items, he inquired about the clothes. He claimed he was told that he would get
them back after the trial. In Officer Rivera’s report as to what items were in the canvas
bag, he only listed the gun and the ammunition. However, Rivera conceded that plastic
bags also were inside the bag. He further conceded that there could have been clothes but
claimed that he did not remember any.
The Government demonstrated the gun in the bag in front of the jury and pointed
out that it was “pretty heavy.” Melendez rejoined that he did not notice the weight of the
bag because he was tired and because he picked up heavy items every day.
The Government filed a motion in limine to admit evidence of Melendez’s prior
felony convictions to attack his credibility. The District Court denied the motion in part
and granted it in part, ruling that the Government could use evidence of Melendez’s two
prior convictions for impeachment purposes. Melendez introduced this evidence on
direct examination by admitting that he pled guilty to receiving stolen property in 1992
and again in 1993. No more facts were elicited about the convictions.
4
During its summation, the Government again displayed the gun in the bag,
reiterating how heavy the gun was. Melendez moved for mistrial, and the motion was
denied.
The jury found Melendez guilty. The District Court sentenced him to 92 months in
prison, considering his prior conviction and sentence. Melendez appeals both his
conviction and sentence.
II. Standard of Review
We review the scope of cross-examination for abuse of discretion. United States v.
Werme, 939 F.2d 108, 117 (3d Cir. 1991). We also review the denial of a motion for
mistrial for abuse of discretion. United States v. Resko,
3 F.3d 684, 688 (3d Cir. 1993).
Likewise, the District Court’s decision to admit evidence is reviewed for abuse of
discretion. United States v. Johnson,
302 F.3d 139, 152 (3d Cir. 2002). We exercise
plenary review in determining whether the District Court misapplied the Sentencing
Guidelines. United States v. McNeill,
887 F.2d 448, 454 (3d Cir. 1989).
III. Discussion
A.
Melendez first argues that when the Government questioned him as to the
whereabouts of the clothes and demonstrated the gun in the empty bag, the burden was
shifted to him to disprove an element of the crime – his knowledge of the gun in the bag.
Thus, Melendez contends, this shift of the burden violated his due process right. We
5
disagree.
The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution requires
the Government to “prove every element of criminal offense beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 512 (1979). Melendez contends that the
Government’s question suggested that he had some burden of preserving evidence. He
also claims that, because the Government mischaracterized the condition of the bag by
demonstrating the gun in it without additional clothes, the burden of proof was
improperly shifted to him. We do not agree, however, that the question and the
demonstration relieved the Government of its burden of proving M elendez’s knowledge.
First, Melendez explained to the jury that he tried to retrieve his clothes but was
told by the Police Department that he would get them back after the trial. As the District
Court noted, his testimony, if believed, showed to the jury that “he took more than
adequate steps to try to recover his property.” We also reject Melendez’s contention that
the way the gun and the bag were modeled in front of the jury created the type of unfair
prejudice that requires mistrial because the jury was well aware of his testimony about the
additional clothes. Furthermore, as the District Court correctly called attention, the
Government was modeling what Melendez was doing at his parents’ home before he put
any additional items in the bag to make a point that he must have noticed the gun’s weight
(two to three pounds). It was irrelevant whether he put the clothes in the bag afterward.
Thus, the motion for mistrial was properly denied.
6
Besides, the jury instruction clearly conveyed the correct standard. The District
Court instructed the jury that “[t]he burden of proving [the] guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt remains with the United States throughout the case and never shifts to a defendant.”
The jury was also instructed that “the defendant is presumed to be innocent of the crime
unless and until the United States proves his guilt of the crime beyond reasonable doubt,”
and that if “you have a reasonable doubt as to the defendant’s guilt, you must find him not
guilty.” The District Court further charged the jury that “the defendant is under no
obligation to prove his innocence and likewise has no burden to present evidence.”
Thus, we reject Melendez’s contention that the jury would have believed that he
had to prove his innocence because the Government questioned him regarding the
whereabouts of his clothes and demonstrated the canvas bag without additional items in
it.
B.
Next, Melendez challenges the District Court’s in limine ruling that allowed the
Government to use his prior convictions for impeachment purposes. 4 We conclude that
4
The District Court ruled that evidence of Melendez’s prior convictions of receiving
stolen property would be admissible under Federal Rule of Evidence 609(a)(1) or (2),
alternatively. The Rule provides in pertinent part:
Rule 609. Impeachment by Evidence of Conviction of Crime
(a) General rule. For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness,
(1) evidence that a witness other than an accused has been convicted of a crime
shall be admitted, subject to Rule 403, if the crime was punishable by death or
imprisonment in excess of one year under the law under which the witness was
convicted, and evidence that an accused has been convicted of such a crime shall
7
Melendez waived his objection to this ruling because he himself introduced the prior
convictions evidence during his direct examination.
In Ohler v. United States, the Supreme Court held that “a defendant who
preemptively introduces evidence of a prior conviction on direct examination may not on
appeal claim that the admission of such evidence was error.” 529 U.S. 753, 760 (2000).
The Court noted that, even after the trial court’s favorable ruling, the Government must
still decide whether to impeach a defendant with his/her prior convictions evidence by
gauging risk of possible reversal on appeal from its use.
Id. at 758. Such a right to
decide would be denied if a defendant introduced the conviction on direct examination.
Id. at 758. Accordingly, the Supreme Court concluded that a defendant cannot “short
circuit that decisional process by offering the conviction herself (and thereby removing
the sting) and still preserve its admission as a claim of error on appeal.”
Id.
In this case, Melendez, as noted, confronted the issue of his prior convictions
during his direct examination by admitting that he pleaded guilty to receiving stolen
property in 1992 and in 1993. Thus, he cannot complain on appeal that the prior
convictions evidence was erroneously admitted.
be admitted if the court determines that the probative value of admitting this
evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect to the accused; and
(2) evidence that any witness has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted if it
involved dishonesty or false statement, regardless of the punishment.
8
C.
Melendez also challenges the District Court’s sentencing calculation, arguing that
it erroneously assigned three criminal history points to his prior conviction for which he
was sentenced to “time served,” not to a specific period of time. Again we disagree.
The United States Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines”) direct the sentencing
court to “add three points for each prior sentence of imprisonment exceeding one year and
one month.” U.S.S.G. §4A1.1 (a). The District Court assessed three points based on
Melendez’s prior conviction of making terroristic threats, for which he was sentenced to
time served – 448 days in prison.
Melendez claims that the sentence of time served should not be counted for the
purpose of his criminal history calculation because he was not subject to a mandatory
minimum sentence of one year and one month and because his sentence was mere
“happenstance.” However, contrary to Melendez’s argument, the Guidelines do not
require a mandatory minimum sentence of one year and one month, nor do they mandate
sentencing of a specific period of time to be counted as criminal history points. Morever,
Melendez’s claim that the sentence could have been shorter if he had been sentenced
earlier is irrelevant. The term of imprisonment actually imposed on a prior conviction,
here 448 days, should be treated as the term intended by the sentencing court. United
States v. Rodriguez-Lopez, 170 F.3d 1244, 1246 (9th Cir. 1999) (holding that defendant’s
prior sentence to time served was properly placed into the sentencing calculation because
9
that was the actual time served). Here, Melendez was in prison for 448 days and was
sentenced to the same period of time. Therefore, the District Court correctly applied the
Guidelines when it assigned three criminal history points to M elendez’s prior sentence.
* * * * *
We affirm the District Court’s judgment and sentence.
10
