Opinions of the United
2005 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


8-24-2005

Tahiraj v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 04-1521




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                                                              NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                     No. 04-1521


                                 ARDIAN TAHIRAJ,
                                             Petitioner

                                           v.

                         ALBERTO GONZALES,* ATTORNEY
                        GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES
                                             Respondent


                     PETITION FOR REVIEW OF AN ORDER
                   OF THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS
                            Agency No. A79-329-844


                                Argued: April 4, 2005


                Before: BARRY, AMBRO, and COWEN, Circuit Judges


                           (Opinion Filed: August 24, 2005)




   *
   Attorney General Alberto Gonzales has been substituted for former Attorney General
John Ashcroft, the original respondent in this case, pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 43(c).
Marco Pignone, III, Esq. (Argued)
Wilson & Pignone
117 South 17 th Street
Suite 908
Philadelphia, PA 19103

Counsel for Petitioner

Stacy S. Paddack, Esq. (Argued)
Anthony W. Norwood, Esq.
Douglas E. Ginsburg, Esq.
John D. Williams, Esq.
United States Department of Justice
Office of Immigration Litigation
Ben Franklin Station
P.O. Box 878
Washington, D.C. 20044

Counsel for Respondent




                                       OPINION




BARRY, Circuit Judge

      Ardian Tahiraj, a native and citizen of Albania, petitions for review of a February

9, 2004 final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”). The BIA dismissed

Tahiraj’s appeal from an Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) decision denying Tahiraj’s

applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention

Against Torture. The BIA also denied Tahiraj’s motion to remand the case to allow him

to submit additional evidence. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a), and



                                            2
will deny the petition.

                                                I.

          We will limit our factual discussion to those events relevant to our decision.

Tahiraj was born in Albania in 1970. According to his testimony, he formally joined

Albania’s Democratic Party on August 4, 1994, although he became an active supporter

of that party in 1990. In 1990, Tahiraj participated in a demonstration in his hometown of

Patos in support of a student movement. When government agents intervened to end that

demonstration, Tahiraj was struck by a government agent and lost consciousness. He

testified that he was arrested and brought to a police station, where he was interrogated

and mistreated by both a police officer and a member of the Sigurimi, Albania’s secret

police.

          Tahiraj also claimed that, beginning with the March 22, 1992 election, he served as

a campaign worker for the Democratic Party. He wrote propaganda, worked on the

campaign team of a party official, and served as an election observer. While campaigning

for the June 29, 1997 elections, Tahiraj asserted, he and his cousin, Zihni Delibashi, were

riding in a caravan of cars behind a police escort when the caravan was attacked by

machine gun fire and Delibashi was shot. Though the caravan had been transporting the

party official to a meeting, it turned back, returned the official to his office, and brought

Delibashi to a hospital.

          According to Tahiraj, he remained active in the Democratic Party, serving as an



                                                3
election monitor for an October 1, 2000 mayoral election. After refusing to certify that

election because of voting irregularities, Tahiraj was arrested by the police and allegedly

beaten, threatened, and held for one night. Tahiraj was again arrested by police on

October 16, 2000. He claimed that on this occasion he was beaten and held along with

other individuals who, like him, had peacefully protested a celebration for a former

dictator. During a ten-hour detention, the police cuffed him, urinated on his face, and

threatened to kill him if he “talked back”.

       Ultimately, Tahiraj obtained a fake passport and fled Albania on November 4,

2000, claiming that his life was in danger and that he would be killed if he returned.

Tahiraj testified that, after he left Albania, his wife received several threats after refusing

to reveal his whereabouts, including a threat that their son would be kidnaped.1 On June

25, 2001, Tahiraj applied for asylum with the former Immigration and Naturalization

Service (“INS”). After concluding that he had failed to prove eligibility for asylum, INS

referred the case to the IJ for a hearing.

       In a thirty-six page opinion, in which the most careful consideration was given to

the issues before him, the IJ denied Tahiraj’s application and ordered him removed. The

IJ stated that while he was not inclined to make an adverse credibility finding, he was

concerned with Tahiraj’s failure to corroborate certain aspects of his testimony.




   1
    Tahiraj’s wife, Majlinda, and son are now lawful permanent residents of the United
States, having won an immigrant visa through the Diversity Visa program.

                                               4
Specifically, the IJ observed that statements submitted by both Tahiraj and his wife failed

to mention the threats which were allegedly made to his wife after Tahiraj left Albania.

The IJ made “a favorable credibility finding with a caveat that the [IJ] has some

credibility concerns with regard to the alleged threats communicated through

respondent’s wife.” App. at 32-33.

       Despite crediting much of Tahiraj’s account, the IJ concluded that Tahiraj’s “brief

detentions” and attendant “mistreatment” in October 2000 did not support a finding of

past persecution and the detention in 1990 did not trigger the presumption of future

persecution because “it was perpetrated by a prior regime that is no longer in power.” 

The IJ also concluded that Tahiraj “has not proven that it is more likely than not

that he would be tortured by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of

a public official” should he return to Albania. 

In coming to this conclusion,

the IJ considered and relied on the Human Rights Watch Report for 2002 and the Country

Report on Human Rights Practices for 2001. See 

Although he believed it

was a “relatively close call,” the IJ found that Tahiraj would not be persecuted beyond

“mere harassment and brief detentions” should he return to Albania and participate in

opposition politics. 

       Returning to the issue of the continuing threats supposedly received by Tahiraj’s

wife, the IJ noted that there was no mention of any such threats in Tahiraj’s application

for asylum, in his wife’s letter, or in his sworn supplemental statement, which, he stated,



                                             5
he submitted prior to the hearing to provide “‘more details about [his] asylum claim’” and

“‘to inform the Court about new political developments in Albania which [we]re relevant

to [his] asylum claim.’” 

Having determined that Tahiraj’s testimony regarding

continuing threats should have been corroborated, the IJ concluded that he could not give

that testimony significant weight.

       On appeal, the BIA concluded that Tahiraj should have corroborated not only his

testimony regarding the continuing threats made to his wife, but also his testimony

regarding his two arrests and detentions in October 2000. 

(citing Abdulai v.

Ashcroft, 

(3d Cir. 2001)).

       He was able to obtain a June 2002 statement from his wife, a June 2002
       “certification” from an official in the Democratic Party, a June 2002
       declaration from the leader of the Democratic Party in his area until 1994
       and a member of Parliament in 1996, and testimony from his cousin who
       was wounded in the 1997 shooting incident. These are persons who should
       be familiar with some or all of the essential facts either directly or at least
       through other persons. Hearsay evidence is admissible in immigration
       proceedings.

. The BIA also concluded that in addition to his failure to corroborate the threats

and the October 2000 arrests and detentions, Tahiraj’s explanations for failing to do so

were “unconvincing”:

       Even though he testified that persons have threatened his wife, and even
       threatened to kidnap his son, to find out where he is, his only explanation
       for the lack of any reference to this as well as to the two arrests and
       detentions by his wife was that he did not ask her to write the whole story.
       In addition, it makes no sense that the Democratic Party official would
       mention the confrontation with the Socialist Party militants and the police
       during the 2000 election, but neglect to mention the subsequent arrest and

                                              6
        detention because he did not believe it to be “important.” Furthermore, the
        respondent did not claim that the member of parliament did not know about
        the respondent’s arrests in 2000, but claimed that the official was not asked
        to write “further information.” In short, several persons had the opportunity
        to refer to significant events in the respondent’s life, but failed to do so.

        Finally, the BIA denied Tahiraj’s motion for a remand to enable the IJ to consider

an affidavit from Tahiraj’s wife claiming that she had received threatening, anonymous

letters after Tahiraj left Albania, reasoning that Tahiraj had not adequately explained his

failure to obtain this statement prior to the hearing before the IJ. This petition for review

followed.

                                              II.

        The crux of Tahiraj’s argument to us is that, given the IJ’s favorable credibility

determination, the corroborating evidence he produced was sufficient to sustain his

burden of proof as to a well-founded fear of future persecution.2 We find this argument

unpersuasive.

        In Abdulai v. Ashcroft, 

, 551 (3d Cir. 2001), we held that the BIA

may require a credible applicant to provide evidence corroborating the specifics of his or

her testimony if it is “‘reasonable’ to expect the applicant to do so.” “[I]f it would be




   2
     The government contends that Tahiraj has waived any claim to eligibility for asylum
based on past persecution, withholding of removal, or protection under the CAT by
failing to raise any of these claims in his opening brief. In light of our disposition of this
case, we decline to address this issue.

                                              7
reasonable to expect corroboration, then an applicant who neither introduces such

evidence nor offers a satisfactory explanation as to why he or she cannot do so may be

found to have failed to meet his or her burden of proof.” 

denying

the applicant relief on this ground, the BIA must undertake a three-part inquiry:

         (1) an identification of the facts for which it is reasonable to expect
         corroboration; (2) an inquiry as to whether the applicant has provided
         information corroborating the relevant facts; and, if he or she has not, (3) an
         analysis of whether the applicant has adequately explained his or her failure
         to do so.

54 (quotation marks omitted) (citing In re S-M-J-, 21 I. & N. Dec. 722 (1997)).

         Here, the BIA cited Abdulai and discussed each requirement. It specified the

particular aspects of Tahiraj’s testimony that one would reasonably have expected him to

corroborate, noted that Tahiraj had not provided the requisite corroboration, and

explained why his proffered reason for not providing corroboration was inadequate. This

case is, therefore, distinguishable from cases such as Mulanga v. Ashcroft, 

(3d Cir. 2003), where the IJ failed to explain what evidence would reasonably be

expected and neglected to provide the applicant with an opportunity to explain its

absence. See 

See also Voci v. Gonzales, 

, 617 & n.7 (3d Cir.

2005).

         Having determined that there was no technical problem with the BIA’s analysis,

we must review its conclusions. BIA precedent establishes that it is reasonable to expect

an applicant to corroborate “facts which are central to his or her claim and easily subject



                                               8
to verification,” such as “evidence of [the applicant’s] place of birth, media accounts of

large demonstrations, evidence of a publicly held office, or documentation of medical

treatment.” In re S-M-J-, 21 I. & N. Dec. at 725. “The Board has also stated that it is

generally reasonable to expect applicants to produce letters from family members

remaining in the applicant’s home country.” 

. “[A]n applicant’s

ability to obtain corroborating evidence may often depend on the social and political

circumstances of a given country.” 

55 n.9.

       The October 2000 arrests and detentions and the alleged threats were central to

Tahiraj’s claim of fear of future persecution, especially in light of the conceded

inadequacy of proof of past persecution. Furthermore, the corroborating evidence was

easy to obtain. Tahiraj asked his wife to write a statement and, wholly apart from the fact

that one would have expected her on her own to lead off with the threats made to her,

Tahiraj could simply have asked her to mention those threats and his arrests and

detentions in October 2000. The Democratic Party officials could also have been asked

to mention the October 2000 incidents. Tahiraj’s cousin testified in detail regarding the

June 1997 shooting and, again, could have been asked to testify as to the October 2000

incidents, even if his knowledge was based on hearsay.3

       Finally, we agree that Tahiraj’s explanations as to why he did not provide any



   3
     Tahiraj argues that the BIA erred in requiring him to corroborate his claim with
hearsay statements, but it did no such thing. The clear implication from the BIA’s
statement is that hearsay was one way Tahiraj could have tried to corroborate his claim.

                                             9
corroboration of these incidents are less than convincing. It is not enough to say that the

party officials did not deem these incidents to be important enough to include. Nor is

Tahiraj’s argument that it is generally difficult to obtain detailed statements from people

outside the country particularly persuasive, considering that he successfully obtained

statements from three people still living in Albania.4

       Tahiraj makes much of what he did produce: (1) his passport, (2) his family

certificate, (3) birth certificates for him and his wife and son, (4) his Democratic Party

membership card, (5) a certificate from the Patos branch of the Democratic Party, (6) a

newspaper article referencing the June 1997 shooting, (7) tax documents, (8) a declaration

by a former Democratic Party official stating that Tahiraj campaigned with him, (9) a

“certification” from a Democratic Party leader stating that Tahiraj was a member of the

electoral commission in October 2000 and that Tahiraj was “confronted” by police and

militants but “defended the votes for a fair process,” and (10) his wife’s letter, previously

discussed. None of this evidence, however, corroborates Tahiraj’s account of the arrests




   4
     Tahiraj explains only why he did not obtain corroborating evidence, not why he could
not. The test we upheld in Abdulai requires an applicant who fails to produce reasonable
corroborating evidence to explain why he or she “cannot” do so, not why he or she “did
not” do 

. In any event, our ability to review Tahiraj’s argument in this
regard appears to be largely foreclosed by the Real ID Act. The Act provides that “[n]o
court shall reverse a determination made by a finder of fact with respect to the availability
of corroborating evidence . . . unless the court finds . . . that a reasonable finder of fact is
compelled to conclude that such corroborating evidence is unavailable.” Real ID Act of
2005, § 101(e), Pub. L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat. 231, 305, to be codified at 8 U.S.C. §
1252(b)(4). We see no compelling reason to reverse any such findings in this case.

                                              10
and detentions in October 2000 or the continuing threats made to his family. Moreover,

besides his wife’s statement that Tahiraj “has even been hit and mishandled,” none of the

evidence describes physical abuse, arrest, or detention of any kind. Indeed, even Tahiraj

does not allege that he was injured, much less that he suffered injuries requiring medical

treatment. See 

; Chen v. Ashcroft, 

, 234-35 (3d Cir.

2004).

         We also reject Tahiraj’s argument that the BIA erred when it denied his motion to

remand. The BIA treats motions to remand as motions to reopen. In re Coelho, 20 I. &

N. Dec. 464, 471 (1992). “A motion to reopen proceedings shall not be granted unless it

appears to the Board that evidence sought to be offered . . . was not available and could

not have been discovered or presented at the former hearing.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1);

see also INS v. Doherty, 

, 323 (1992) (listing “failure to introduce previously

unavailable, material evidence” as one of “at least” three independent grounds on which

the BIA might deny a motion to reopen); In re Coelho, 20 I. & N. Dec. at 472 (same,

citing 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2 and Doherty). Because Tahiraj has not demonstrated that his

wife’s follow-up affidavit was previously unavailable, we conclude that the BIA properly

denied Tahiraj’s motion.

                                              III.

         For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is denied.




                                              11
                                       Tahiraj v. Gonzales
                                          No. 04-1521


AMBRO, Circuit Judge, dissenting

       I join my colleagues in commending the Immigration Judge (“IJ”) for his excellent

opinion and especially for his willingness to acknowledge that he “believes that the

findings in this matter are a relatively close call . . . .” In re Tahiraj, A79-329-844, at 33

(IJ Sept. 20, 2002) (“IJ Op.”). That being said, it is the Board of Immigration Appeals’

(“BIA”) decision we review. The BIA avoided wrestling with the difficult issue of

whether Tahiraj was entitled to asylum based on all of the events in Tahiraj’s past by

deciding that it did not have to consider some of them. For that and the other reasons

noted below, I respectfully dissent.

       I.     The BIA could not reasonably expect Tahiraj to corroborate his two

              detentions in 2000.

       The BIA concluded that Tahiraj should have corroborated his testimony regarding

his two detentions in October 2000. In re Tahiraj, A79-329-844, at 2 (BIA Feb. 9, 2004)

(“BIA Op.”). It reasoned that Tahiraj

       was able to obtain a June 2002 statement from his wife, a June 2002

       “certification” from an official in the Democratic Party, a June 2002

       declaration from the leader of the Democratic Party in his area until 1994

       and a member of Parliament in 1996, and testimony from his cousin who



                                               12
       was wounded in the 1997 shooting incident. These are persons who should

       be familiar with some or all of the essential facts either directly or at least

       through other persons. Hearsay evidence is admissible in immigration

       proceedings.

v. Ashcroft, 

(3d Cir. 2001), we wrote that “if it would be

reasonable to expect corroboration [of a credible asylum applicant’s claim], then an

applicant who neither introduces such evidence nor offers a satisfactory explanation as to

why he or she cannot do so may be found to have failed to meet his or her burden of

proof.” 

51. However, before denying the applicant relief on this ground, the BIA

must undertake a three-part inquiry:

       (1) an identification of the facts for which it is reasonable to expect

       corroboration; (2) an inquiry as to whether the applicant has provided

       information corroborating the relevant facts; and, if he or she has not, (3) an

       analysis of whether the applicant has adequately explained his or her failure

       to do so.

54 (quotation marks omitted) (citing In re S-M-J-, 21 I. & N. Dec. 722 (1997)).

Further, in Dia v. Ashcroft, 

, 253 (3d Cir. 2003) (en banc), our Court



                                              13
recognized that

       we have cautioned [that] “[i]t is obvious that one who escapes persecution

       in his or her own land will rarely be in a position to bring documentary

       evidence or other kinds of corroboration to support a subsequent claim for

       asylum. It is equally obvious that one who flees torture at home will rarely

       have the foresight or means to do so in a manner that will enhance the

       chance of prevailing in a subsequent court battle in a foreign land.

       Common sense establishes that it is escape and flight, not litigation and

       corroboration, that is foremost in the mind of an alien who comes to these

       shores fleeing detention, torture and persecution.”

(quoting Senathirajah v. INS, 

, 215-16 (3d Cir. 1998)) (second set

of internal quotation marks omitted).

       I believe that the BIA did not satisfy Abdulai’s first requirement as to Tahiraj’s

two detentions in 2000. It could not reasonably expect Tahiraj to corroborate these

events. See 

(“At most, an applicant must provide corroborating

evidence only when it would be reasonably expected.” (first emphasis added, second

emphasis in original)).

       My colleagues write that “Tahiraj argues that the BIA erred in requiring him to

corroborate his claim with hearsay statements, but it did no such thing. The clear



                                             14
implication from the BIA’s statement is that hearsay was one way Tahiraj could have

tried to corroborate his claim.” Maj. Op. at 9 n.3. However, the four statements that the

BIA speculated Tahiraj might have further corroborated his two detentions in 2000 would

have all been hearsay.5 Further, there appears to be no other evidence of the two

detentions in 2000 that Tahiraj could have been reasonably expected to present.6 Thus, as

the four statements that the BIA speculated could corroborate Tahiraj’s two detentions in

2000 would have been hearsay, and no other reasonable avenue of corroboration even

exists, the BIA did require him to corroborate his claim with hearsay statements. While it

is true that hearsay is permissible in immigration proceedings, that the type of evidence

that the BIA expected from Tahiraj was hearsay is relevant to whether the BIA’s

expectation of that evidence was reasonable.


   5
    First, second, and third: written statements from Tahiraj’s wife or either of the two
Democratic Party (“DP”) officials—who were in Albania when Tahiraj appeared before
the IJ, and who did not directly witness either of the detentions—would have been
hearsay within hearsay. Cf. Fed. R. Evid. 805. Such statements would have been
Tahiraj’s wife’s and the DP officials’ out-of-court statements (the first level of hearsay)
about Tahiraj’s out-of-court statements to them (assuming any were ever even made)
describing the detentions (the second level of hearsay). Fourth: Tahiraj’s cousin—who
arrived in the United States from Albania in 1998, two years before the detentions in
2000—would know about the detentions only from out-of-court statements by Tahiraj or
his family (as the BIA implicitly acknowledged, BIA Op. at 2-3). Testimonial statements
describing such statements would have been hearsay.
   6
    The only people other than Tahiraj with firsthand knowledge of what occurred during
the detentions in 2000 are Tahiraj’s captors, and surely he cannot be reasonably expected
to bring them here from Albania to give the IJ non-hearsay testimony about how they
beat, urinated on, and threatened to kill Tahiraj. See In re S-M-J-, 21 I. & N. Dec. at 725
(“Unreasonable demands are not placed on an asylum applicant to present evidence to
corroborate particular experiences (e.g., corroboration from the persecutor).”).

                                            15
       Furthermore, there is no evidence that Tahiraj ever told his wife, his cousin, or the

DP officials anything about the two detentions in 2000 or that they otherwise knew

anything about them. The BIA merely speculated that “[t]hese are persons who should be

familiar with some or all of the essential facts either directly or at least through other

persons.” BIA Op. at 2 (emphasis added). It was not reasonable for the BIA to expect

Tahiraj to present evidence, the existence of which was pure speculation. Cf. 

(“‘Unless the BIA anchors its demands for corroboration to evidence which

indicates what the petitioner can reasonably be expected to provide, there is a serious risk

that unreasonable demands will inadvertently be made. . . . What is (subjectively) natural

to demand may not . . . be (objectively) reasonable.’” (quoting Qui v. Ashcroft, 

, 153-54 (2d Cir. 2003))).

       The primary reason the BIA unreasonably expected corroboration of the two

detentions in 2000 is this: because neither the BIA nor our Court has ever required an

alien to present the type of statements the BIA demanded, Tahiraj had no way of knowing

that he had to present such statements. Neither the IJ, the BIA, my colleagues, nor the

Government has cited a case in which the BIA or our Court has ever required an alien to

present the type of statements the BIA described. How could it have been reasonable for

the BIA to expect Tahiraj to read its mind and predict that it would change the law and

require of him what it has never required of any asylum applicant before: statements

about hearsay statements the BIA speculated the applicant made.



                                              16
       Even this new twist would not be so significant were it not that in most, if not all,

previous asylum cases where corroboration of an asylum applicant’s credible testimony

was a potential issue, the BIA or our Court could have required such statements but did

not. If the BIA and the majority are right about what the law is, then in what case could

not the BIA or our Court have stated: “The events the alien credibly testified he

experienced sound horrible. We speculate that he must have told some people about

them. Because we do not have statements from those people about the statements we

speculate the alien made to them, we will deny the applicant eligibility for asylum.”?

Neither the BIA nor our Court has ever made such a statement. Thus I believe the BIA

has pushed the requirement of corroboration too far.

       Additionally, it is reasonable to expect an asylum applicant to corroborate only

“facts which are . . . easily subject to verification . . . .” In re S-M-J-, 21 I. & N. Dec. at

725. In S-M-J, the BIA enumerated examples of facts that are easily subject to

verification: “evidence of [the applicant’s] place of birth, media accounts of large

demonstrations, evidence of a publicly held office, or documentation of medical

treatment.” 

implied that facts are easily verified if they can be shown to be

true by existing documentary evidence, such as official documents issued by governments

or other usually reliable non-governmental organizations, reliable media accounts, or

other documents from credible sources not created for litigation purposes. The narrative

statements describing hearsay statements that the BIA speculates Tahiraj made are none



                                               17
of these things. That the two detentions in 2000 were not easily subject to verification

further supports that it was unreasonable for the BIA to require corroboration of them.

See 

corroboration of an applicant’s particular experiences is

not required unless the supporting documentation is of the type that would normally be

created or available in the particular country and is accessible to the alien . . . .”).

       The majority is correct Abdulai noted that “[t]he Board has also stated that it is

generally reasonable to expect applicants to produce letters from family members

remaining in the applicant’s home 

. However, we were quick

to add that “[i]n setting out this summary of the Board’s case law, we express no opinion

as to whether we agree that it is ‘reasonable’ to expect applicants for asylum or

withholding of removal to corroborate these types of information.” 

55 n.9.

       More importantly, the BIA precedent that we cited in Abdulai as potentially

requiring letters from family members, In re M-D-, 21 I. & N. Dec. 1180 (BIA 1998), is

vastly different from this 

. In M-D-, an asylum applicant from

Mauritania claimed as follows: the military came to his house and arrested him and his

family because of their ethnicity; he was separated from his family and detained for over

a year and his family was forced to go to Senegal; after his release, he joined up with his

family in a Senegalese refugee camp and lived with them for eleven months; and he then

came to the United States, but his family remained in the camp. 

       The BIA held that the applicant had insufficiently corroborated his claim. 

1184. It reasoned that “there is no evidence to confirm the respondent’s purported

Mauritanian nationality, a central element of his claim. No passport, birth certificate, or

identification card has been submitted . . . .” 

In contrast to M-D-, to

demonstrate his nationality and the nature of his involvement with the Democratic Party,

Tahiraj presented, among other things, his passport, his family certificate, birth

certificates for him, his wife and son, his DP membership card, a certificate from the

Patos branch of the DP, a declaration by a former DP official stating that Tahiraj

campaigned with him, and a “certification” from a DP leader stating that Tahiraj was a

member of the electoral commission in October 2000 and that he was “confronted” by

police and militants but “defended the votes for a fair process.”

       The BIA in M-D- also wrote that “the respondent has submitted no supporting

evidence from his family, . . . . We find it reasonable to expect some corroboration of the

respondent’s identity, arrest, and detention, or at least of the family’s forcible expulsion

from Mauritania.” 

(emphases added). This means, in effect, corroboration

from family members of events they had witnessed or experienced (the alien’s arrest and

detention, or the family’s expulsion from the country). There is no evidence that

Tahiraj’s family members had any knowledge of (let alone witnessed or experienced) his

two detentions in 2000. Furthermore, in contrast to M-D-, Tahiraj did present

corroborating evidence from his family members of events they witnessed or experienced.

He presented his cousin’s in-court, specific, detailed, credible testimony about the 1997



                                             19
shooting, and his wife’s brief statement indicating that “in the course of [Tahiraj’s]

political activity [he] has often found himself under the pressure and threats of Socialist

Party supporters. He sometimes even has been hit and mishandled by them in front of his

family.” 7

       Moreover, “[w]here the record contains general country information, and an

applicant’s claim relies primarily on personal experiences not reasonably subject to

verification, corroborative documentary evidence of the asylum applicant’s particular

experience is not required.” M-D-, 21 I. & N. Dec. at 1182 (quoting S-M-J-, 21 I. & N.

Dec. at 725). The BIA conceded that the Tahiraj did corroborate his two detentions in

2000 with general country information: “The background evidence shows that the police

have arrested and abused Democratic Party members with the Democratic Party alleging

that 21 of its supporters, local government officials, and former national party officials



   7
     Tahiraj’s wife’s statement was not intended to be a comprehensive account of the
experiences on which Tahiraj based his asylum claim. Its is only eight sentences long,
and four of them relate to Tahiraj’s decision to flee from Albania and his travel to the
United States, as evidence of his date of entry for purposes of the one year filing deadline
for asylum applications. Thus, it is plausible that Tahiraj’s wife would not mention the
two detentions in October 2000.
        She also did not mention that men fired machine guns at Tahiraj and his cousin
during a 1997 Democratic Party campaign trip. See infra Part II. Tahiraj’s corroborated
his testimony about the 1997 shooting with a newspaper article and his cousin’s specific,
detailed, and credible testimony. Thus the 1997 shooting appears to have occurred. This
is an event one might expect Tahiraj’s wife to include if she was reciting all of Tahiraj’s
experiences that were important to his asylum claim, yet she did not. Therefore, as the
1997 shooting apparently did occur and Tahiraj’s wife did not mention it in her statement,
it is quite plausible that the detentions in October 2000 occurred, even though she did not
mention them in her statement.

                                             20
were killed from 1997 to 1998[,] which generally corroborates the respondent’s testimony

about his two arrests.” BIA Op. at 2. That Tahiraj corroborated his two detentions in

2000 with general country information further supports that it was unreasonable for the

BIA to require further corroboration of them.

       Finally, as for Tahiraj’s testimony regarding his two detentions in 2000, the IJ

found it credible. Tahiraj gave specific and detailed testimony about the following: his

position with the Democratic Party; his concerns about the October 1, 2000 election

irregularities; his October 2, 2000 arrest and interrogation about why he refused to sign

off on the election results; how police beat and threatened him during the October 2

detention; the demonstration on October 16, 2000 and his subsequent arrest and detention,

during which a police man who recognized him from the incident on October 2 urinated

and threw the urine in his face and threatened to kill him if he talked back. IJ Op. at 11-

13.

       In In re Y-B-, 21 I. & N. Dec. 1136 (BIA 1998), the BIA required corroborative

evidence because the asylum applicant’s testimony was “general and vague.” Id at 1139.

By contrast, Tahiraj’s testimony about his two detentions in 2000 was neither general nor

vague. In Y-B-, the BIA stated that “the weaker an alien’s testimony, the greater the need

for corroborative evidence.” 

for corroboration is inversely proportional to

strength of testimony, if an asylum applicant’s testimony is sufficiently strong, there is no

need for corroboration. That Tahiraj gave specific, detailed, and credible testimony about



                                             21
his two detentions in 2000 (neither the IJ, the BIA, nor the majority claims otherwise) is

still further support that it was unreasonable for the BIA to require corroboration of

them.8

          II.    The BIA’s justification for not considering the 1997 shooting is not

                 valid.




          Both Tahiraj and his cousin credibly testified that in 1997 they, as well as a deputy

of the DP, were on a campaign trip when men fired shots at their car with machine guns.

Tahiraj’s cousin was injured by one of the five bullets that hit the car and went to the

hospital for treatment. Tahiraj credibly testified that, because the police did nothing

about the shooting after he reported it, he believed the gunmen were Socialist Party



   8
       The majority writes in a footnote that

          our ability to review Tahiraj’s argument in this regard appears to be largely
          foreclosed by the Real ID Act. The Act provides that “[n]o court shall
          reverse a determination made by a finder of fact with respect to the
          availability of corroborating evidence . . . unless the court finds . . . that a
          reasonable finder of fact is compelled to conclude that such corroborating
          evidence is unavailable.” Real ID Act of 2005, § 101(e), Pub. L. No. 109-
          13, 119 Stat. 231, 305, to be codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4). We see no
          compelling reason to reverse any such findings in this case.

Maj. Op. at 10 n.4 (emphases added). Neither Tahiraj nor I argue that the BIA erred in
finding that corroborating evidence of the two detentions in 2000 was “available” (though
I suspect such a finding would be speculative). Rather, even assuming such corroborating
evidence was “available,” the BIA could not reasonably expect Tahiraj to present such
evidence.


                                                 22
members. IJ Op. at 10. Further, Tahiraj corroborated his and his cousin’s account with a

newspaper article referencing the 1997 shooting.

       The BIA held that, in deciding whether Tahiraj had established past persecution or

a well-founded fear of future persecution, it would not consider the 1997 shooting

because

       the testimony of [Tahiraj] and his cousin regarding [it] does not indicate

       that he was singled-out by the attackers on account of his political opinion.

       The shots came from the rear and struck the last car of the police escorted

       convoy. The only person wounded was his cousin, who was sitting directly

       behind the elected Democratic Party . . . official riding in [the] front seat

       who appears to have been the target of the attack.




BIA Op. at 2 (emphasis added). The BIA erred because, for it to consider the shooting as

some evidence that Tahiraj was eligible for asylum, Tahiraj did not need to show he was

“singled-out” on account of his political opinion. Rather, he had to show the shooting

was to some extent “because of” his political opinion. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A) &

(b)(1)(B)(i); 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). Even if Tahiraj was not “singled-out” by the

gunman, he was put in danger because of his political opinion as (1) he put himself in the

dangerous situation (the DP campaign trip) because of his political opinion (pro-DP), and

(2) the gunmen created the danger because of their motive to suppress the pro-DP



                                             23
political opinion. Thus the BIA should have considered the 1997 shooting incident as

some evidence of past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution.

       III.   We should remand to the BIA.

       The BIA did not consider whether Tahiraj’s two detentions in 2000 and the 1997

shooting give him a well-founded fear of future persecution and thus make him eligible

for asylum. Because the BIA’s reasons for not considering these events were not legally

valid, and because we may not raise this issue sua sponte and decide it de novo, we

should remand so that the BIA may have the first opportunity to address the issue. See

INS v. Ventura, 

, 15-16 (2002) (holding that the Ninth Circuit erred in

addressing an issue not yet addressed by the BIA and stating that “[a] court of appeals ‘is

not generally empowered to conduct a de novo inquiry into the matter being reviewed and

to reach its own conclusions based on such an inquiry.’ Rather, ‘the proper course,

except in rare circumstances, is to remand to the agency for additional investigation or

explanation.’” (quoting Fla. Power & Light Co. v. Lorion, 

, 744 (1985))).

       It is worth noting, however, that Tahiraj’s two detentions in 2000 and the 1997

shooting may, in fact, give him a well-founded fear of future persecution. The question is

whether he would face a “reasonable possibility” of persecution if he were to return to

Albania. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(i)(B). If so, his fear of persecution is “well-founded.”

8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(i). “One can certainly have a well-founded fear of an event

happening when there is less than a 50% chance of the occasion taking place.” INS v.



                                            24
Cardoza-Fonseca, 

, 431 (1987). Even a 10% chance of persecution can be

sufficient to establish a well-founded fear. 

Knezevic v. Ashcroft, 

, 1212 (9th Cir. 2004).

       Persecution does not encompass all treatment our society regards as unfair or even

unconstitutional, but it does include “threats to life, confinement, [and] torture . . . so

severe that they constitute a threat to life or freedom.” Fatin v. INS, 

, 1240

(3d Cir. 1993). Persecution must be “committed by the government or forces the

government is unable or unwilling to control.” Gao v. Ashcroft, 

, 272 (3d

Cir. 2002). Persecution must be on account of one of the statutorily enumerated bases,

one of which is political opinion. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1) & (b)(2)(i)(A). Tahiraj

credibly testified that because of his political opinion he was detained and beaten multiple

times, received a death threat, had urine thrown on his face, and was shot at by the

government or by forces the government was unable or unwilling to control. Thus, he

may have established past persecution (which would trigger a presumption of a well-

founded fear of future persecution, 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1)).

       But Tahiraj’s best claim is that, aside from whether the two detentions in 2000 and

the 1997 shooting constitute persecution, these events give him a well-founded fear of

future persecution.9 If these events would make a reasonable person conclude that, were


   9
    Tahiraj testified that, in addition to the two detentions in 2000 and the 1997 shooting,
after he left Albania his wife received several threats after refusing to reveal his
whereabouts, including a threat that their son would be kidnapped. While the BIA was

                                              25
Tahiraj to return to Albania, he would face a significant chance of experiencing treatment

that did rise to the level of persecution, then he could be eligible for asylum.

                                        * * * * *

       The BIA could not reasonably expect Tahiraj to corroborate his two detentions in

2000, and thus it should have considered them when it reviewed his asylum claim.

Further, the BIA’s justification for not considering the 1997 shooting is not valid. I

would thus remand for the BIA to consider whether these incidents give Tahiraj a well-

founded fear of future persecution. In this context, I respectfully dissent.




likely permitted to demand corroboration of the threats that his wife personally
experienced, it did not have to do so. See Gao v. Ashcroft, 

, 272 (3d Cir.
2002) (citing 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a)) (“Testimony, by itself, is sufficient to meet [the]
burden [of showing a well-founded fear of future persecution] if ‘credible.’”); 

(“‘[C]orroboration is not required to establish credibility.’” (quoting
Senathirajah v. INS, 

, 215-16 (3d Cir. 1998) (emphasis added)). If the BIA
had allowed these continuing threats to be considered, Tahiraj’s claim of a well-founded
fear of future persecution would be even better.

                                             26