Opinions of the United
2005 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


1-6-2005

USA v. Abdus-Shakur
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 04-2248




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                                                              NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                  __________

                                      No. 04-2248
                                      __________

                         UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                                     v.
                    JELANI KAMAU ABDUS-SHAKUR, Appellant
                                 __________

                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of New Jersey
                                (D.C. No. 04-CR-00045)
                    District Judge: The Honorable Robert B. Kugler

                                       _________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                 December 17, 2004
                                    _________

                   Before: NYGAARD and GARTH, Circuit Judges.
                            and POLLAK,* District Judge.

                                (Filed January 6, 2005)


                                       ________

                                       OPINION
                                       ________




      *
       Honorable Louis H. Pollak. Senior District Judge for the United States District
Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
POLLAK, District Judge:


       Jelani Kamau Abdus-Shakur pled guilty to forging a district court order

compelling the Bureau of Prisons (BOP) to recognize his name change, in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 505 and 2. The District Court sentenced him to 21 months in prison in

accordance with U.S.S.G. § 2J1.2, Obstruction of Justice. Abdus-Shakur appeals his

sentence, arguing that this guideline is not appropriate and that the District Court should

have sentenced him under U.S.S.G. §1B1.2(a), Fraud.2 We will affirm.

       We have jurisdiction to hear this appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. §

3742(a)(1). Our review of the district court's interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines

is plenary. United States v. Thomas, 

, 255 (3d Cir. 2003). Determinations of

fact are reviewed for clear error. 

we “‘give due deference to the district

court's application of the guidelines to the facts.’”Id. (quoting 18 U.S.C. §§ 3742(e)).




                                              I.

       In March 2001, appellant received a final judgment from the Superior Court of

Cumberland County authorizing him to change his name from Chance Venable to Jelani




       2
        The full title of the guideline section is “Larceny, Embezzlement, Other Forms of
Theft; Offenses Involving Stolen Property; Property Damage or Destruction; Fraud and
Deceit; Forgery; Offenses Involving Altered or Counterfeit Instruments Other than
Counterfeit Bearer Obligations of the United States.”

                                              2
Kamau Abdus-Shakur. On October 11, 2002, while serving a prior federal sentence,

Abdus-Shakur filed a motion to vacate his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. That

action, assigned to Judge William H. Walls, was mistakenly captioned Chance Venable v.

United States of America. Appellant subsequently filed a motion and proposed order

requesting that the District Court: (1) acknowledge his name change, (2) order the BOP to

do the same, and (3) amend existing court and BOP records to reflect the change. In a

letter to Abdus-Shakur, Judge Walls responded, “We will add you name change to the

docket, but cannot retroactively change all of our records to reflect your new name.”

Judge Walls did not order the BOP to recognize Abdus-Shakur’s name change or to

amend their records. On or about December 29, 2002, appellant forged Judge Wall’s

signature on the proposed order compelling the BOP to recognize the name change and

submitted it directly to the BOP.

       The Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) prepared by the probation office

identified U.S.S.G § 2J1.2, Obstruction of Justice, as the appropriate guideline to apply in

this case. The base offense level under this section is 12, which was reduced by two

levels for appellant’s acceptance of responsibility. Based on his criminal history category

of IV, Abdus-Shakur was eligible to be sentenced to 15 to 21 months imprisonment.

       Abdus-Shakur objected to PSR’s application of the § 2J1.2 Obstruction of Justice

guideline and suggested that the § 2B1.1 Fraud guideline was more appropriate. The base

offense level under that section is 6. The addendum to the PSR stated, in part:



                                             3
       The background commentary to U.S.S.G. § 2J1.1 notes that one of the offenses
       included in this section is altering court records. The defendant clearly attempted
       to alter an ‘Order’ of the United States District Court by forging Judge Walls’
       name in order to have the BOP acknowledge his legal name change and that
       various records be amended to reflect the name change. ... [C]onceptually, it seems
       that the use of U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 for a forgery offense would involve a financial
       loss (hence the loss table). Where no loss applies, conceptually it makes more
       sense to use U.S.S.G. § 2J1.2 for the forgery of a judge’s signature.

       Abdus-Shakur was sentenced on April 23, 2004. At sentencing, he renewed his

objection and argued that the District Court should sentence him under §2B1.1. After

careful consideration, the District Court disagreed. In making that determination, the

Court explained:

       I think in order to use the 2B1.1 you need a sense of fraud, a classic common law
       fraud attempting to defraud somebody. And I don’t think we have that in this case.
       The purpose of this was not to gain the property of anyone else. It is not monetary
       in any way. The purpose of this was to deceive the Bureau of Prisons. I think its
       important as the government has shown that Judge Walls had initially denied the
       request of the defendant for this name change. (App. 48).

The District Court then sentenced Abdus-Shakur to 21 months imprisonment and two

years supervised release.

                                             II.

       For convictions under 18 U.S.C. § 505, the Statutory Index lists both § 2B1.1,

Fraud, and § 2J1.2, Obstruction of Justice, as applicable guidelines. Where more than one

guideline section is referenced for a particular statute, “the court will determine which of

the referenced guideline sections is most appropriate for the offense conduct charged in

the count of which the defendant was convicted.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.2, Application Note 1.



                                              4
       Section 2B1.1 is contained in Part B of the Guideline Manual, which is entitled

“Basic Economic Offenses.” The introductory commentary states, “These sections

address basic forms of property offenses: theft, embezzlement, fraud, forgery,

counterfeiting ... insider trading, transactions in stolen goods, and simple property damage

or destruction.” (Emphasis added). Furthermore, offense level increases under this

section are determined, in large part, by the amount of pecuniary loss or harm that results

from the offense. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1(b)(1). In contrast, Abdus-Shakur’s offense did not

involve property or money of any kind. See United States v. Cowan, 

, 1364

n.5 (10th Cir. 1997) (rejecting application of the fraud guidelines because defendant’s

forgery of a judicial signature was “not designed to defraud [anyone] of property”). Cf.

United States v. Davis, 26 Fed. Appx. 100, 

at *1 (4 th Cir. 2001)

(unpublished) (applying the fraud guideline where defendant’s forgery of a judicial

signature “did not interfere with any judicial proceedings, but rather was an attempt to

defraud the creditor of its property.”) (Emphasis added). Because appellant’s forgery did

not involve property or financial harm, we agree with the District Court that his conduct

does not fall under § 2B1.1.

       Abdus-Shakur argues that the obstruction of justice guideline is inappropriate

because his forgery did not interfere with any judicial proceeding. We disagree. As the

background commentary for § 2J1.1 states, “Numerous offenses of varying seriousness

may constitute obstruction of justice [including] ... “altering court records.” By forging



                                              5
Judge Walls’ signature on the proposed order after the judge had refused to grant him

relief, Abdus-Shakur altered the court’s ruling on that motion. The District Court was

therefore correct in applying the § 2J1.2 guideline for obstruction of justice and its order

will be affirmed.3




       3
        Originally, we had marked this appeal C.A.V. pending United States v. Booker
and United States v. Fanfan, Nos. 04-104, 04-105, because the Appellant claimed that
there were implications involving Blakely v. Washington, 

(2004).
Subsequent to our reviewing the briefs in this matter, the Government filed a
memorandum, with no response from the Appellant, which satisfies us that Blakely had
no effect on Shakur’s sentence. We have thereupon affirmed the judgment of sentence,
and in doing so, withdraw the C.A.V. designation.

                                              6