Opinions of the United
2006 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


11-8-2006

Holodak v. Rullo
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 05-2141




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                                                             NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                   No. 05-2141


                           ROBERT G. HOLODAK, JR.,
                                          Appellant

                                        v.

                   MARY RULLO; SONY ELECTRONICS, INC.


             APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                    FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
                            D.C. Civil No. 01-cv-05371
                  District Judge: The Honorable John C. Lifland


                     Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                November 7, 2006


       Before: SCIRICA, Chief Judge, BARRY and ALDISERT, Circuit Judges

                         (Opinion Filed: November 8, 2006)


                                     OPINION



BARRY, Circuit Judge

      Robert Holodak appeals from an order of summary judgment entered against him.

We will affirm.

                                         I.
         Because we write for the parties, we mention only the facts pertinent to our

decision.1 Holodak applied for a position as a Sales Representative at Sony in 1992. The

application he completed stated that employment would be “at will.”2 He was hired as a

Sales Representative, and after two years in that position, was promoted to Sales

Manager. Upon his promotion, he received Human Resources Guides. The Forward to

the Guides stated, “The Human Resources Guides are not a contract nor guarantee of

employment.”3 (App. at 53.)

   1
     We will not consider factual issues Holodak has raised for the first time on appeal.
See Patterson v. Cuyler, 

, 929 (3d Cir. 1984) (“This prudential policy seeks
to insure that litigants have every opportunity to present their evidence in the forum
designed to resolve factual disputes.”).
   2
       The application provided:

         I understand that this employment application and any other documents,
         including policies, handbooks, guidelines, practices, benefits or manuals,
         are not intended to create any contractual obligation which in any way
         conflicts with Sony Corporation of America’s policy that the employment
         relationship between the Company and each employee is at-will and can be
         terminated, with or without cause, and with or without notice, at any time,
         at the option of either the Company or the employee. I further understand
         that any oral or written statements to the contrary are expressly disavowed
         and should not and cannot be relied upon. Exceptions to this policy may
         only be made with the prior written approval of the Executive Vice
         President, Human Resources.

(App. at 469.)
   3
       Later in the Guides, it was stated:

         The employment relationship between the Company and its employees is
         “at will.” It is a relationship that can be terminated at any time for any
         reason by either party. Notice may or may not be given by either party.
         The relationship is not contractual.
                                              2
       In October 1999, Mary Rullo became Holodak’s direct supervisor. Rullo and

Holodak did not get along, and Holodak told her he was seeking a new position at Sony

outside her division. Holodak also informed her he had decided to stop drinking.4

       The next month, Sony announced the formation of a new division named e-

Solutions. Initially, Go Kobayashi acted as its head. Kobayashi envisioned creating a

liaison position between e-Solutions and the marketing organization at Sony and asked

the President of Consumer Marketing, Fujio Nishida, if he could suggest candidates.

Nishida, in turn, asked the President of Retail Sales, Anthony Piazza. Piazza met with

Holodak and suggested that he speak with Nishida about the position.

       During a meeting on December 10, Holodak lost his temper with two subordinates.

He discussed the incident with Rullo, who chastised him and allegedly threatened to ruin

his career. Holodak filed a formal complaint with Sony’s Human Resources Department.

The next day, Rullo met with Human Resources about Holodak. She mentioned that

Holodak “was giving up drinking” or that he “was trying to give up drinking,” and asked

Human Resources to address this. Human Resources arranged for Holodak to attend a




       It is to be noted that Employment Applications, guidelines, policies,
       handbooks, manuals, benefit perquisites, compensation plans or other
       practices do not constitute a contract with the Company. Oral statements
       are disavowed and cannot be relied upon.

(App. at 63.)
   4
    Holodak acknowledges having a problem with alcohol but states that he stopped
drinking in June 1998 and began attending Alcoholics Anonymous meetings.
                                            3
mandatory Employee Assistance Program (“EAP”).5

       On December 23, Nishida met with Holodak about the liaison position at e-

Solutions, and they met a second time in mid-January. Nishida subsequently

recommended Holodak to Kobayashi. The structure of e-Solutions, however, was in its

formative stages, and Kobayashi never formally offered Holodak a position.

       In February 2000, Sony named Robert Ashcroft to head e-Solutions in place of

Kobayashi. Holodak advised Ashcroft that he had interviewed with Kobayashi and

remained interested in a position at e-Solutions. Ashcroft agreed to speak with Holodak

but told him he needed time to evaluate the needs of the new organization. He did not

offer Holodak a position. According to Ashcroft, he knew nothing of Holodak prior to

their meeting or of any problems Holodak might have been having with alcohol.

       The organizational structure Ashcroft eventually created for e-Solutions did not

contain the liaison position Kobayashi had contemplated. It did, however, include a

director-level sales position, a job Holodak contends corresponds substantively to the

liaison position.

       In May 2000, Holodak received his performance review for the prior year by

telephone. Rullo allegedly scheduled it for 5:00 a.m. PST on a day she knew Holodak

would be in California. In July 2000, Holodak found a position with a company called



   5
   While EAP is a benefit designed to assist Sony employees and ensure continued
employment, EAP participants may not pursue transfers or promotions for a period of six
months.
                                            4
WebMiles and resigned from Sony.

                                             II.

       Holodak filed suit in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey

against Sony and his supervisor, Rullo, alleging five separate causes of action. Sony and

Rullo filed a motion for summary judgment, and Holodak cross-moved for summary

judgment on four of the counts. The District Court granted defendants’ motion for

summary judgment and denied Holodak’s cross-motion.

       Holodak now appeals. He alleges that the District Court erroneously granted

summary judgment to Sony on his claim under the Americans with Disabilities Act and

his claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

       We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review over a

District Court’s conclusions of law, and review its findings of fact for clear error. Fed.

Home Loan Mortg. Corp. v. Scottsdale Ins. Co., 

, 443 (3d Cir. 2003).

Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to

interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there

is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a

judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). We view the facts in the light most

favorable to the party opposing the motion.6

                                             III.


   6
    Because we are required to assume that all of Holodak’s factual allegations are true,
we need not address his argument that the District Court made erroneous findings of fact.
                                               5
       The facts alleged by Holodak are insufficient, as a matter of law, to support a

claim of discrimination under the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. §§

12101-12213; indeed, Holodak has failed to establish the elements of even a prima facie

case of discrimination. Even if he had, however, Sony has offered legitimate, non-

discriminatory justifications for the company’s treatment of him, and he has not shown

that these justifications were pretextual.

       Under the ADA, “[n]o covered entity shall discriminate against a qualified

individual with a disability because of the disability of such individual in regard to job

application procedures, the hiring, advancement, or discharge of employees, employee

compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment.”

42 U.S.C. § 12112(a). A qualified individual with a disability is a person “with a

disability who, with or without reasonable accommodation, can perform the essential

functions of the employment position that such individual holds or desires.” 42 U.S.C. §

12111(8).

       Holodak’s claim under the ADA appears to be that Rullo told Human Resources

he had a drinking problem, and that as a result of her statements, he was forced into EAP

and others were led to believe that he was an alcoholic, thereby derailing his candidacy

for a position within e-Solutions.

       The familiar analytical framework of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 

(1973), for resolution of suits brought under Title VII guides the resolution of

claims brought under the ADA. Newman v. GHS Osteopathic, Inc., 

, 157 (3d

                                              6
Cir. 1995). The McDonnell Douglas analysis proceeds in three stages. As applicable

here, Holodak must first establish a prima facie case of discrimination. McDonnell

. If he succeeds in establishing a prima facie case, the burden

shifts to Sony “to articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employee’s

rejection.” 

meets this burden, Holodak must then prove by a preponderance

of the evidence that the legitimate reasons offered by the defendant are merely a pretext

for discrimination. 

The ultimate burden of persuading the trier of fact that

Sony intentionally discriminated against him remains at all times with Holodak.

       To establish a prima facie case of discrimination, Holodak was required to show

that (1) he is a member of a protected category; (2) he applied for and was qualified for a

job for which the employer was seeking applicants; (3) despite his qualifications, he was

rejected; and (4) after his rejection, the position remained open and the employer

continued to seek applicants. McDonnell 

.

       As to prong one, the ADA defines a “disability” as: “(A) a physical or mental

impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of [an]

individual; (B) a record of such an impairment; or (C) being regarded as having such an

impairment.” 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2). Holodak invokes the “regarded as” definition of

disability. An individual is “regarded as” having a substantially limiting disability when

his employer believes he has an impairment that limits him in major life activities. Sutton

v. United Airlines, Inc., 

, 489 (1999).

       While alcoholism can, we believe, rise to the level of a disability, there is no

                                              7
evidence that Ashcroft perceived Holodak as having a drinking problem. Ashcroft

testified not only did he not know that Holodak had participated in EAP, but he did not

know that Holodak was or was known to be an alcoholic. “An employer cannot be said to

have regarded an individual as disabled when the person charged with making the adverse

employment decision lacked knowledge of the employee’s condition.” Olson v. GE

Astrospace, 

, 953 (3d Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also

Rinehimer v. Cemcolift, Inc., 

, 380 (3d Cir. 2002) (“[T]o establish

discrimination because of a disability, an employer must know of the disability.”).

       We note as well that because Sony never created the liaison position, it did not

“reject” Holodak or keep the job “open” for other “applicants.” While Ashcroft did

ultimately establish a director-level sales position, that position differed substantially

from the liaison position. The sales position involved “develop[ing] a sales program and

direct[ing] the sales force to achieve volume objectives for the organization’s products”

and “[t]rack[ing] sales performance against objectives and inform[ing] management of

results.” (App. at 17.) The occupant of the liaison position, in contrast, would have

worked with product groups and the sales and marketing organizations at Sony in order to

post product information online and forecast sales.

       Even if Holodak had set forth a prima facie case, Sony came forward with

nondiscriminatory reasons for its actions that Holodak was unable to discredit. See

Fuentes v. Perskie, 

, 764-65 (3d Cir. 1994). Summary judgment was properly

granted.

                                               8
                                           IV.

       Holodak’s argument that Sony breached the implied covenant of good faith and

fair dealing must also fail. Holodak worked for Sony “at will,” without an employment

contract. Generally, “[i]n the absence of a contract, there is no implied covenant of good

faith and fair dealing.” Noye v. Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 

, 433 (App.

Div. 1990).

       Regardless of whether employment is “at will,” however, an implied obligation of

good faith and fair dealing attaches to any contractual aspects of an employment

relationship. Nolan v. Control Data Corp., 

, 429 (App. Div. 1990).

Holodak contends that Sony management acted in bad faith by sending him to EAP

against company policy, neglecting to investigate his complaints against Rullo,

sabotaging his candidacy for a position within e-Solutions, and conducting his annual

review at an inconvenient time. He argues that these actions violated contractual

obligations derived from Sony’s Human Resources Guides and a training program

entitled “Civil Treatment for Managers.”

       To determine whether a contract can be implied from statements published in an

employee handbook, we consider “the reasonable expectations of the employees.”

Woolley v. Hoffmann-La Roche, 

, 298 (1985); Witkowski v. Thomas J.

Lipton, Inc., 

, 392 (1994). To do this, we must examine the definiteness and

comprehensiveness of the policies as well as the context of the manual’s preparation and

distribution. 

. A company, however, may prevent an

                                            9
employment guide from creating an implied contract by including a “clear and prominent

disclaimer.” 

; Nicosia v. Wakefern Food Corp., 

,

412, (1994).

       We conclude that the document at issue here did not rise to the level of contracts.

It is significant, we believe, that Holodak signed a job application which stated, “I

understand that this employment application and any other documents, including policies,

handbooks, guidelines, practices, benefits or manuals, are not intended to create any

contractual obligation . . . .” App. at 469. The Sony Human Resources Guides contained

a prominent disclaimer providing that the “Human Resources Guides are not a contract

. . . .” App. at 53. Furthermore, Sony neither authored the booklet entitled “Civil

Treatment for Managers” nor adopted it as policy; Sony simply used it to train its

employees. Under the circumstances, Holodak could not reasonably have expected

statements found in these documents to be enforceable obligations. Because there was no

contract, there was nothing into which a term of fair dealing could be implied.

                                             V.

       We will affirm the order of the District Court.




                                        10