Opinions of the United
2007 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


1-17-2007

USA v. Melton
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 05-4705




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                                                                 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                _______________

                                     No. 05-4705
                                   _______________

                           UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                           v.

                                  JAMES MELTON,
                                      a/k/a Jay-Mo,
                                   a/k/a John Melton,
                                   a/k/a Jason Melton
                                 a/k/a David McGahae

                                     James Melton,

                                                Appellant

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of New Jersey
                           (N.J. Criminal No. 00-cr-00384-7)
                      District Judge: Honorable Robert B. Kugler
                             _________________________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                 November 28, 2006

                    Before: RENDELL and AMBRO, Circuit Judges
                              PRATTER,* District Judge

                                (Filed January 17, 2007 )
                                     ____________

                               OPINION OF THE COURT
                                      ____________
      *Honorable Gene E.K. Pratter, United States District Judge for the Eastern District
of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
PRATTER, District Judge

       James Melton appeals for a second time his sentence following the jury verdict by

which he was found guilty of one count of conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent

to distribute more than 5 grams of cocaine base (crack) and more than 500 grams of

cocaine, and five counts of knowing and intentional use of a communication facility to

facilitate the distribution of cocaine and cocaine base.

       In connection with his sentencing, Mr. Melton’s base offense level was at 38 under

U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(1) because, according to the trial testimony, Mr. Melton’s conviction

involved more than 1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine. Another three-level enhancement

was prompted by his aggravating role in the offense (U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1), and a two-level

enhancement for using a minor to commit a crime (U.S.S.G. § 3B1.4). As a result,

Mr. Melton’s total offense level was 43, making life imprisonment a Guideline option.

However, the statutory maximum sentence for Mr. Melton’s conviction under 18 U.S.C.

§ 841(b)(1)(B) was 40 years, the sentence which the District Court imposed.

       On Mr. Melton’s initial appeal, this Court affirmed the conviction but remanded to

the District Court for re-sentencing in light of United States v. Booker, 

(2005). At his re-sentencing, Mr. Melton did not contest the factual findings in the

Pre-Sentence Report, but opposed several enhancements and invoked 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)

factors for a reduced sentence.




                                              2
         The District Court1 re-sentenced Mr. Melton to a 40-year sentence.

         Mr. Melton now challenges the reasonableness of his sentence on the following

grounds: (1) that his sentence violates the Sixth Amendment because it was based on facts

neither admitted by him nor found by the jury; (2) the District Court did not consider

sufficiently the § 3553(a) factors; and (3) the District Court did not consider “the

significantly harsher treatment under the Sentencing Guidelines of crack cocaine as

opposed to powder cocaine.” This Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742.

For the reasons discussed below, we will affirm the sentence.

         We review claims of legal error, such as those raised by Mr. Melton concerning

the possible implication of Booker, on a de novo basis. United States v. Pojilenko, 

, 246 (3d Cir. 2005).

         Mr. Melton contends that Booker precludes a judge from finding facts beyond

those determined by a jury to impose a sentence in excess of that authorized by the jury’s

verdict under the Guidelines. Mr. Melton’s argument is that this violates his Sixth

Amendment right to a jury trial. Therefore, Mr. Melton asserts, the District Court’s

findings of drug quantity, aggravating role, and use of minors violated his right to a jury

trial.

         In Booker, the Supreme Court held that “[a]ny fact (other than a prior conviction)


   1
    Judge Stephen Orlofsky, who initially imposed Mr. Melton’s sentence, left the
District Court in 2003 prior to this Court’s remand order. Judge Robert Kugler presided
over the re-sentencing.

                                              3
which is necessary to support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts

established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or

proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

(emphasis added).

The Court specified that “the constitutional safeguards that figure in our analysis concern

. . . only the required procedures for finding the facts that determine the maximum

permissible punishment; these are the safeguards going to the formality of notice, the

identity of the factfinder, and the burden of proof.” 

(internal citations and

quotation marks omitted). The remedy fashioned by the Court, however, was not a

requirement that sentencing facts be found beyond a reasonable doubt by a jury.2 Rather,

the Court remedied the constitutional violation by making the Guidelines advisory. 

In sum, as we have previously stated, “district courts may fact-find to increase

sentences beyond the Guidelines range provided they are within the statutory minimum

and maximum dictated by the United States Code, take into account the relevant

sentencing factors set out in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), and ultimately are ‘reasonable.’”

United States v. Gunter, 

, 243-44 (3d Cir. 2006).

  2
    The Court reasoned that “[a] system that would require the jury, not the judge, to
make the additional [drug quantity] finding is a system in which the prosecutor, not the
judge, would control the sentence . . . because it is the prosecutor who would have to
decide what drug amount to charge.” 

.
  3
    See also 

(“If the Guidelines as currently written could be
read as merely advisory provisions that recommended, rather than required, the selection
of particular sentences in response to differing sets of facts, their use would not implicate
the Sixth Amendment. We have never doubted the authority of a judge to exercise broad
discretion in imposing a sentence within a statutory range.”) (emphasis added).

                                              4
       Here, the sentencing judge did not impose a sentence in excess of that authorized

by the statute under which Mr. Melton was convicted. Thus, Mr. Melton’s 40-year

sentence is not “in excess of that authorized by the jury’s verdict.” In other words, in this

instance, as it happens, the jury found beyond a reasonable doubt the facts which

determined the maximum possible sentence.

       The jury found Mr. Melton guilty of conspiracy to distribute and possess with

intent to distribute more than 5 grams of cocaine base. The District Court found that

Mr. Melton was responsible for 1.5 kilograms of cocaine base, corresponding to a base

offense level of 38.

       The District Court’s findings with respect to the quantity of drugs, the aggravating

role (3-level enhancement), and the use of a minor (2-level enhancement), effectively

increased Mr. Melton’s sentence from a possible Guidelines maximum of 87 months to

possible life imprisonment. Mr. Melton was sentenced to 40 years, meeting, but not

exceeding, the statutory 40-year maximum sentence for violations of 18 U.S.C.

§ 841(b)(1)(B). While the impact of the District Court’s conclusions is significant, with

respect to the Sixth Amendment Booker is not implicated.

       Turning to Mr. Melton’s arguments concerning the District Court’s finding of drug

quantity, that finding is a factual finding which this Court reviews for clear error. United

States v. Gibbs, 

, 203 (3d Cir. 1999). With respect to the standard of proof,

this Court and others have held, post-Booker, that such facts pertinent for an application



                                              5
of the Sentencing Guidelines are to be found by a preponderance of the evidence.4 United

States v. Cooper, 

, 330 (3d Cir. 2006); United States v. Miller, 

,

362-63 (3d Cir. 2005).

       The District Court adopted the findings of the Pre-Sentence Report, which, in turn,

was based on trial testimony establishing that Mr. Melton sold approximately 2 kilograms

of crack cocaine per month over the course of 13 months. The Report thus recounted that

“the amount of cocaine base, or ‘crack cocaine,’ attributable to James Melton’s

involvement in the offense is more than 1.5 kilograms.” There is sufficient evidence to

support a finding by a preponderance of the evidence that Mr. Melton possessed and

distributed at least 1.5 kilograms of cocaine throughout the course of the conspiracy.

Moreover, at the re-sentencing hearing, Mr. Melton did not contest the factual findings in

the Pre-Sentence Report.

       We next review the District Court’s factual determinations concerning

Mr. Melton’s role in the offense and his use of a minor in connection with the offending

conduct, which are likewise reviewed for clear error. United States v. Brown, 

, 818 (3d Cir. 2001).

       The Guidelines’ aggravating role adjustment provides for a three-level increase in

the offense level “[i]f the defendant was a manager or supervisor (but not an organizer or




  4
    In any event, the District Court suggested that Mr. Melton was responsible for more
than 1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine “under any standard of evidence.”

                                             6
leader) and the criminal activity involved five or more participants or was otherwise

extensive.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b). Thus, while the criminal activity must involve five or

more participants, the defendant need not have actually supervised five participants. See

        Mr. Melton claims that there were only two other participants in his offense,

namely Earl Wynn and Vanessa Morton. However, in addition to Earl Wynn and Ms.

Morton, the testimony at trial showed that Alonzo Wynn, Patrick Stewart, Kevin Daniels,

Hondo, Tee, Dirt and Randy were also involved, making a group of at least nine.

        Mr. Melton also claims that he was merely “an independent buyer and seller of

cocaine,” which does not warrant a role adjustment. However, the Pre-Sentence Report

contains uncontested findings that Mr. Melton “worked in conjunction with Earl Wynn in

finding sources of cocaine for the organization,” and assisted in cooking the cocaine and

bagging the crack cocaine. The Report also contains uncontested findings that

Mr. Melton was responsible for the day-to-day operations of the 4 Street drug set,

including supervision of other individuals who worked in “shifts.”

        Based on the testimony presented at Mr. Melton’s trial and the information in the

Report, which Mr. Melton did not contest, there is sufficient evidence to support a finding

by a preponderance of the evidence that Mr. Melton participated in a supervisory or

managerial role, making the three-level enhancement appropriate.

        Under the Guidelines a two-level increase in offense level is imposed “[i]f the



                                              7
defendant used or attempted to use a person less than eighteen years of age to commit the

offense or assist in avoiding detection of, or apprehension for, the offense.” U.S.S.G.

§ 3B1.4. In this case, the District Court primarily based its finding that Mr. Melton used

at least one minor to commit the offense on the trial testimony of Earl Wynn, the alleged

leader of the drug conspiracy in question. Mr. Melton claims this testimony was too

vague, conjectural and unsubstantiated to support the finding.

       Mr. Wynn specifically testified that “juveniles or younger guys” worked daytime

shifts on the 4 Street set during the summer. Mr. Wynn also testified that one individual,

Hondo, was currently “[a]bout 15 or 16,” making him aged 13 or 14 at the time of the

conspiracy, and another, Tee, “is a juvenile, I know that for sure.” The District Court

stated at sentencing: “There is no question in my mind also that there were juveniles

employed in this conspiracy. At least two, maybe more juveniles employed in this.”

       A reviewing court generally owes “great deference” to the credibility

determinations of the trial court. United States v. Brothers, 

, 853 (3d Cir.

1996). To the extent the District Court chose to credit the testimony of Earl Wynn over

that of Mr. Melton on this issue, there is no clear error, and there is evidence sufficient to

support a finding by a preponderance of the evidence that Mr. Melton “used” at least one

minor in the commission of the crime at issue.

       The second issue Mr. Melton raises on appeal is whether the District Court

properly considered all of the statutory sentencing factors and whether the sentence was



                                              8
reasonable. Specifically, Mr. Melton contends that the District Court did not properly

weigh and analyze two factors in particular, 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2) and (6): the

characteristics of the defendant and circumstances at the time of the offense, and

sentencing disparities among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty

of similar conduct.

       In Booker, the Supreme Court held that the standard of review for sentencing

decisions was reasonableness. 

. As the party challenging the

sentence, Mr. Melton bears the burden of establishing that the sentence is unreasonable.

(citing United States v. Talley, 

, 788 (11th Cir.

2005)).

       To determine if the district court acted reasonably in imposing a sentence, the

appellate court must first be satisfied the district court exercised its discretion by

considering the relevant factors. 

. The record must demonstrate

that the trial court gave meaningful consideration to the § 3553(a) factors, but the court

need not discuss and make findings as to each factor if the record makes clear the court

took the factors into account. 

to ensuring the trial court considered the section 3553(a) factors, the

reviewing court must also “ascertain whether those factors were reasonably applied to the

circumstances of the case.” 

so, this Court applies “a deferential standard,”

since “the trial court is in the best position to determine the appropriate sentence in light



                                               9
of the particular circumstances of the case.” 

reviewing court evaluates only

whether the sentencing court imposed the sentence “for reasons that are logical and

consistent with the factors set forth in section 3553(a).” 

contends that he “was brought up in a ‘drug culture’ . . . in which an

older person involved in supervising him was tantamount to an older brother or father-

figure.” These circumstances, argues Mr. Melton, compromised his “free will and

decision-making capacity,” and should have been considered by the District Court.

Mr. Melton also claims that the sentencing court failed to consider disparities between

Mr. Melton’s sentence and the sentences of his co-conspirators and other, similarly

situated defendants.

       The transcript of Mr. Melton’s re-sentencing hearing shows that the District Court

actively and actually considered all of the § 3553(a) factors, including the nature and

circumstances of the offense, Mr. Melton’s history and characteristics, and the sentences

of Mr. Melton’s co-conspirators. All of Mr. Melton’s co-defendants and defendants in

related cases received less than 18 years of incarceration, far less than the sentence

imposed on Mr. Melton. The District Court, however, stated that it imposed a 40-year

sentence on Mr. Melton in order “to reflect the seriousness of the offense and to promote

respect for the law and provide just punishment for the offense.” The District Court

noted that the need “to protect the public from further crimes of this defendant” was “the

most important factor in [drug conspiracy] cases” and, while acknowledging



                                             10
Mr. Melton’s participation in prison educational programs, stated that this was not

“a terribly important factor.” As the Government states in its brief, “Judge Kugler viewed

Melton not as a victim of the drug culture, but rather as a perpetrator of it.” The

sentencing court also noted that the other co-defendants in the related cases had

cooperated with the government, while Mr. Melton certainly did not.

       Mr. Melton contends that the District Court should have taken into account the

harsher treatment of crack cocaine as opposed to powder cocaine under the Sentencing

Guidelines. Mr. Melton’s Base Offense Level was 14 points higher because the crime

involved crack cocaine rather than powder cocaine. Accordingly, argues Mr. Melton, his

sentence is unreasonable because there is no reasonable basis for this disparity. This

Court recently held that district courts must treat the crack cocaine Sentencing Guideline

as advisory rather than mandatory, and that district courts had discretion to sentence at

less than the minimum Guidelines range, although not at less than the minimum statutory

penalty. 

.5

       Here, the District Court recognized the risk of a disparity but refused to reduce

Mr. Melton’s sentence based on this differential because it found that “crack cocaine is an

incredibly serious crime and needs to be punished accordingly.” As this Court noted in

Gunter, “the District Court is under no obligation to impose a sentence below the




  5
    Gunter provides a thorough summary of the policy history and debate, and authority
on this issue.

                                             11
applicable Guidelines range solely on the basis of the crack/powder cocaine differential.”

Here, the District Court did not err as a matter of law. Unlike the sentencing

court in Gunter, the District Court sentencing Mr. Melton chose not to take the

discrepancy into account as an exercise of its discretion, rather than as a result of an

erroneous belief as was the case in Gunter that the Guidelines range was mandatory. We

also conclude that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to decrease

Mr. Melton’s sentence on this basis.

       Therefore, we will AFFIRM the sentencing order.




                                              12