Filed: Aug. 14, 2008
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: Opinions of the United 2008 Decisions States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit 8-14-2008 Fisher v. Stafford Twp Bd Ed Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential Docket No. 07-1891 Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2008 Recommended Citation "Fisher v. Stafford Twp Bd Ed" (2008). 2008 Decisions. Paper 656. http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2008/656 This decision is brought to you for free and open access by the
Summary: Opinions of the United 2008 Decisions States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit 8-14-2008 Fisher v. Stafford Twp Bd Ed Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential Docket No. 07-1891 Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2008 Recommended Citation "Fisher v. Stafford Twp Bd Ed" (2008). 2008 Decisions. Paper 656. http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2008/656 This decision is brought to you for free and open access by the ..
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Opinions of the United
2008 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
8-14-2008
Fisher v. Stafford Twp Bd Ed
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 07-1891
Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2008
Recommended Citation
"Fisher v. Stafford Twp Bd Ed" (2008). 2008 Decisions. Paper 656.
http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2008/656
This decision is brought to you for free and open access by the Opinions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit at Villanova
University School of Law Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in 2008 Decisions by an authorized administrator of Villanova
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 07-1891
NANCIE FISHER, a/k/a NANCIE CHATSKO, on behalf of T.C.,
Appellant,
v.
STAFFORD TOWNSHIP BOARD OF EDUCATION,
Appellee.
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
Honorable Freda Wolfson
(Civ. A. No. 05-cv-2020)
___________
Submitted Pursuant to L.A.R. 34.1(a)
on July 22, 2008
Before: MCKEE, FUENTES and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.
(Opinion Filed: August 14, 2008)
___________
OPINION
FUENTES, Circuit Judge.
Appellant Nancie Fisher (“Fisher”) seeks reimbursement from appellee Stafford
1
Township Board of Education (the “Board”) for certain payments she made in connection
with the education of her disabled son, T.C., by the Board. Fisher contends that the
District Court erred in denying her claim for reimbursement because she is entitled to
such monies pursuant to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”) under
either one of two theories: (1) a theory that the Board failed to properly implement T.C.’s
Individual Education Program (“IEP”) and/or (2) the unilateral placement theory. For the
reasons below, we find that the District Court did not err, as Fisher is not entitled to
reimbursement under either theory.
I.
In the summer of 2001, T.C., a child diagnosed with both Pervasive
Developmental Disorder and autism, moved to the Stafford Township School District, a
public school district in New Jersey. For the 2001-2002 school year, T.C.’s IEP called for
T.C. to receive, inter alia, a personal aide for the full school day. The IEPs for 2002-2003
and 2003-2004 also provided that T.C. have an in-school aide, as well as 10 hours of at-
home tutoring per week at the Board’s expense. The aides were required to have received
specialized training from the LOVAAS Training Institute of UCLA (“LOVAAS”).
At the beginning of the 2001 school year, the Board was unable to find a
LOVAAS-trained personal aide for T.C., and so Fisher decided to keep T.C. out of school
until a proper aide was found. She eventually found a qualified person, Joseph Hagan,
who worked with T.C. at home for several months at Fisher’s expense, until Fisher
2
convinced the Board to hire Hagan as Fisher’s personal in-school aide in December 2001.
In August of 2002, Hagan resigned and was replaced by two new aides: Melissa Rogers,
who worked on Monday, Wednesday and Friday, and who also provided T.C. with at-
home tutoring, and Joanne Butterick, who worked on Tuesday and Thursday. Butterick
resigned after two weeks, and so Fisher decided to keep T.C. out of school on Tuesdays
and Thursdays until a new LOVAAS-trained aide could be found. For her part, Rogers
informed Fisher that she believed she should be paid a higher salary than was provided by
the Board in its collective bargaining agreement. Fisher agreed to supplement Rogers’
salary for the services she provided both in school and at home.
As of October 2002, the Board had not been able to replace Butterick. Fisher
made the unilateral decision to take T.C. out of school, and instructed Rogers to report to
Fisher’s home (at Fisher’s expense) on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays in order to
train yet another aide, Julie Mauro. Fisher soon succeeded in having Mauro hired by the
Board as T.C.’s in-school aide. Mauro also expressed concern with the salary paid by the
Board; Fisher’s request that Mauro be paid a higher starting salary was denied, and so
Fisher agreed to supplement Mauro’s salary. Mauro worked as T.C.’s in-school aide until
March 2004, when she resigned and was replaced by Jennifer Aljoe.
Fisher filed a Complaint with the Department of Education in February 2004,
alleging that the Board had violated the IDEA and seeking reimbursement of the money
she had spent above and beyond the Board’s salary for Rogers and Mauro, as well as for
3
those periods of time when the Board did not provide a LOVAAS-trained aide and Fisher
was required to provide one at her own expense.1 Fisher claimed that the Board had
violated the IDEA because it failed to provide T.C. with the services required by his IEP,
as T.C. had gone for periods of time either without any aide at all, or without a properly
qualified aide. The Board responded that it was not aware of Fisher’s concerns, had seen
no evidence to demonstrate how much money Fisher had spent to supplement T.C.’s
education, and did not believe such supplementation was necessary.
The case was referred to an ALJ, who ultimately determined that the Board had not
violated the IDEA because it had no reason to believe that it was not providing for all of
the services required by the IEP. He further found that the Board contracted with T.C.’s
aides and paid their salaries; that none of the aides complained to the Board about those
salaries; that the aides did not threaten to resign based on the compensation they received;
and that the aides did not in fact resign due to their salaries. The ALJ also noted that
Fisher did not provide written notice to the Board that she was supplementing the aides’
salaries until December 13, 2003, when she noted in T.C.’s 2003-2004 IEP that she was
“paying $1200.00 a month for his therapist to attend school with him” [App. 12]; and that
even after Fisher made this claim, she did not provide the Board with documentation of
those expenditures. For these reasons, the ALJ found that Fisher had failed to comply
1
Recognizing a two-year statute of limitations on her claims, Fisher sought
reimbursement of educational expenses only for those one-on-one aide services provided
to T.C. after February 13, 2002.
4
with the regulations governing reimbursement (specifically, the notice requirement), and
that the Board had offered T.C. a free appropriate public education (“FAPE”) in
accordance with the IDEA.
Fisher then appealed to the District Court, which affirmed the ALJ’s decision. The
District Court noted that the ALJ had evaluated the case as if it was a unilateral placement
case. While it agreed that Fisher was not entitled to reimbursement under such a theory, it
suggested that the case was more “akin to those cases in which it is alleged that a district
has failed to fully implement an IEP.” Fisher v. Stafford Tp. Bd. of Educ., No. 05-cv-
2020, 2007 WL 674304 at *10 (D.N.J. February 28, 2007). The District Court proceeded
to conclude that any failure by the Board to provide LOVAAS-trained aides on
“unspecified days when T.C.’s aide was unavailable or did not report to work does not
constitute a denial of FAPE” because “these sporadic unexplained absences were, at most,
de minimis failures to fully implement TC’s IEP.”
Id. at *12. Other than these “de
minimis failures,” the District Court found no evidence that the Board failed to implement
T.C.’s IEPs. It also found no evidence in the record to support Fisher’s allegation that
LOVAAS-trained aides – either the aides hired by the Board or replacement aides, had
any of T.C.’s aides quit for financial reasons – would have been unavailable had she not
provided supplemental payments.
II.
We exercise plenary review of the District Court’s legal conclusions, as the
5
District Court ruled at summary judgment. Shore Regional High School Bd. of Educ. v.
P.S. on behalf of P.S., 381 F.3d 194, 199 (3d Cir. 2004). Both this Court and the District
Court must employ a “modified” de novo standard in reviewing the ALJ’s decision,
giving due weight to the ALJ’s decision and considering the ALJ’s factual findings to be
prima facie correct. Andrew M. v. Delaware County Office of Mental Health and Mental
Retardation,
490 F.3d 337, 344 (3d Cir. 2007).
III.
On appeal, Fisher argues that she is entitled to reimbursement for the payments she
made to T.C.’s aides on the two alternate theories considered by the District Court: (1) the
theory that the Board failed to properly implement T.C.’s IEPs, and (2) the unilateral
placement theory, as she contends that the Board did not provide T.C. with FAPE. We
address each in turn.
1.
Fisher contends that she is entitled to reimbursement because the Board failed to
properly implement T.C.’s IEP. A district has an obligation to implement a child’s IEP
under both federal and state law. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(4). A party seeking to challenge
the “implementation of an IEP must show more than a de minimis failure to implement all
elements of that IEP, and, instead, must demonstrate that the school board or other
authorities failed to implement substantial or significant provisions of the IEP.” Houston
Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Bobby R., 200 F.3d 341, 349 (5th Cir. 2000).
6
Here, Fisher contends that the record demonstrates that T.C. was without a
qualified aide for five weeks in October of 2002. She also reiterates her argument that the
aides hired by the Board would not have remained but for Fisher’s additional payments,
and that the Board would not have been able to find qualified replacements if those aides
had resigned. Fisher contends that these constitute failures on the part of the Board to
properly implement T.C.’s IEPs, and that such failures were not de minimis.
Fisher’s statement that T.C. was without an appropriate aide for a full five weeks
is misleading. While it is true that Butterick, who had been scheduled to serve as T.C.’s
in-school aide on Tuesdays and Thursdays, resigned and was not replaced for five weeks,
it is also clear that Rogers, who had been hired to serve as T.C.’s in-school aide on
Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, was still employed by the Board and available for
work on those days. Dissatisfied with the situation, Fisher made a unilateral decision to
pull T.C. from school for the entire five-week period, despite the fact that there was a
Board-provided, LOVAAS-trained aide available to T.C. in school three days a week.
There is no evidence that the Board was aware that Butterick was going to resign and
could have begun its search for a replacement earlier. Moreover, it does not seem
unreasonable that it might take a few weeks to find a suitable replacement. For these
reasons, we do not believe that the District Court erred when it held that the Board’s
inability to provide T.C. with a LOVAAS-trained aide for a total of ten days in September
and October of 2002 was a de minimis occurrence.
7
We also agree with the District Court that Fisher’s argument that the aides hired by
the Board for T.C. would not have remained but for Fisher’s supplemental payments is
pure speculation, as is the contention that the Board would not have been able to find
appropriate replacements for those aides if they had resigned. While it is clear that Fisher
played an active role in recruiting aides for T.C., there is simply no evidence that the
Board would have been unable to comply with the IEPs and provide similarly suitable
aides without Fisher’s assistance.
Given that Fisher has not demonstrated that the Board failed to properly implement
T.C.’s IEPs, it is clear that she is not entitled to reimbursement under this theory.
2.
Fisher’s alternate argument is that she is entitled to reimbursement on a unilateral
placement theory. The District Court noted that in a typical reimbursement case, a parent
who has withdrawn his or her child from public school and unilaterally placed him or her
in private school while challenging the child’s IEP seeks reimbursement for the private
school tuition. Here, however, Fisher seeks reimbursement for her unilateral decision to
supplement the salaries of certain of T.C.’s aides, despite the fact that she did not
challenge the IEP itself during the period that the expenditures were made. We therefore
agree with the District Court that this does not appear to be a case involving unilateral
placement, see Fisher, 2007 WL 674304 at *10, and we do not think Fisher can properly
assert a claim for reimbursement on such a theory.
8
Nonetheless, we note that the first step in determining whether a parent is entitled
to reimbursement under a unilateral placement theory is whether the school district
provided the child with FAPE. N.J.A.C. §6A:14-2.10(a); Shore Regional, 381 F.3d at
198-99 (3d Cir. 2004).2 If the school did provide FAPE, the parent is not entitled to
reimbursement. Fisher’s only argument that the Board did not provide FAPE – in
addition to the argument, rejected above, that T.C. did not receive FAPE because the
Board failed to implement the IEPs – is that the aides’ services were not “free” because
she was providing supplemental payments. See Appellant’s Br. at 27. However, we
again find no evidence to support Fisher’s contention the Board furnished suitable aides
only because those aides also received supplemental payments from Fisher.
Consequently, we conclude that the Board did provide T.C. with FAPE, and Fisher
may not receive reimbursement under a unilateral placement theory.3
IV.
2
FAPE is defined as “special education and related services that (A) have been
provided at public expense ... without charge; (B) meet the standards of the State
educational agency; (C) include an appropriate ... education in the State involved; and (D)
are provided in conformity with the [IEP].” 20 U.S.C. §1401(8).
3
As we have determined that the Board provided T.C. with FAPE, we need not
reach the second and third steps of the unilateral placement analysis – namely, whether
the unilateral placement was appropriate, whether Fisher complied with the notice and
reevaluation requirements of the IDEA and New Jersey regulations so as to warrant
reimbursement. Shore Regional, 381 F.3d at 198-99.
9
We find all additional arguments raised by Fisher to be without merit.4 For the
reasons stated above, we conclude that Fisher is not entitled to reimbursement, and we
affirm the decision of the District Court.
4
We note that Fisher included in her statement of issues on appeal a short
statement that the District Court abused its discretion by permitting the Board to file an
out-of-time response to Fisher’s summary judgment motion, Appellant’s Br. at 2, but
failed to provide any discussion or analysis to support such a statement in either her initial
or her reply brief. As such, we consider the issue waived.
10
