NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                _______________

                               Nos. 14-4409 and 14-4519
                                  _______________

                           UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                                       v.
                                  JAY STOUT,
                                          Appellant in 14-4409
                                           ___

                           UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                                       v.
                              FLYING TIGERS, INC.,
                                           Appellant in 14-4519
                                _______________

                          On Appeal from the District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                (Crim. Nos. 5-12-cr-00394-001 and 5-12-cr-00394-002)
                     District Judge: Honorable Harvey Bartle III
                                   _______________

                   Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                   October 5, 2015

             Before: FUENTES, SMITH, and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges

                               (Filed: November 3, 2015)
                                   _______________

                                       OPINION
                                     ____________



 
  This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
FUENTES, Circuit Judge:

       Everyone who boards an airplane wants some assurance that the plane is safe. To

that end, Congress has passed statutes governing aircraft maintenance and inspection.

Some of those laws are administrative, such as those creating the Federal Aviation

Administration (“FAA”) and empowering it to regulate the nation’s skies. Others are

criminal, such as those making it illegal to commit fraud involving aircraft parts. In this

case, a jury convicted the defendants of participating in a scheme to evade the aircraft

inspection laws and then fabricating records to conceal their wrongdoing. We will affirm.

                                               I.

       Gilbert Stout founded Flying Tigers, Inc., in Marietta, Pennsylvania in 1975. The

company operated out of Donegal Springs Airport and specialized in performing

maintenance work on small aircraft. After Gilbert Stout retired, his son, Jay Stout,

became president of the company. Jay Stout’s son, Joel, occasionally worked at Flying

Tigers as a repair technician and inspector.

       In November 2007, a former Flying Tigers employee named Brian Cavada visited

an FAA inspector, James Pool, and claimed that someone at Flying Tigers had forged his

signature on inspection documents.       Inspector Pool raised the allegations with his

superiors, but the FAA declined to open an investigation at that time. Inspector Pool then

reached out to the Department of Transportation Inspector General’s Office (the

“DOT-IG”). Robert Brautigam, a DOT-IG special agent, began looking into the matter.

He eventually obtained a search warrant and collected evidence implicating the


                                               2
defendants in fraudulent activity.

         The government indicted Joel and Jay Stout, as well as Flying Tigers, in August

2012.1    It alleged that the defendants engaged in a pattern of billing customers for

inspections that, if they occurred at all, were conducted by persons who lacked licenses to

perform them. Joel Stout ultimately pleaded guilty and agreed to testify against his father.

The government then filed a superseding indictment against Jay Stout and Flying Tigers.2

It charged the defendants with conspiracy, fraud involving aircraft parts, mail fraud, wire

fraud, and obstruction of justice.3

         The jury returned verdicts of guilty, although it acquitted Jay Stout on two mail

and wire fraud counts that had been added in the superseding indictment. Stout received

a sentence of five years’ imprisonment, three years’ supervised release, a $2,000 fine,

over $500,000 in restitution, and an $800 special assessment.           Flying Tigers was

sentenced to one year of probation and a $5,600 special assessment.

                                            II.

         Defendants first seek to overturn their convictions by arguing that Agent

Brautigam lacked any authority to conduct a criminal investigation. Moreover, because

the government did not disclose the fact that the FAA initially declined to pursue

 1
   The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
 2
  The superseding indictment charged a third Flying Tigers employee, Howard Gunter,
who died before trial.
 3
   The statutory provisions criminalizing these offenses appear at 18 U.S.C. §§ 371,
38(a), 1341, 1344, and 1519, respectively.

                                             3
allegations of fraud at Flying Tigers, the defendants argue that it violated its obligations

under Brady v. Maryland, 

(1963). Neither contention has any merit.

         We begin with the assertion that Agent Brautigam lacked the authority to

investigate Flying Tigers.      Defendants rest their argument on several statutory and

regulatory provisions which they read as vesting investigative authority solely in the

FAA’s legal division.4 At the same time, they contend that the regulations governing the

DOT-IG empower that office only to investigate certain offenses relating to air carriers.5

Defendants’ interpretation of these provisions is simply wrong.

         In the first place, defendants fail to distinguish between the FAA’s administrative

powers and the government’s concurrent authority to investigate and prosecute criminal

conduct. Contrary to defendants’ arguments, Congress has empowered the DOT-IG “to

conduct, pursuant to Federal criminal statutes, investigations of allegations that a person

or entity has engaged in fraudulent or other criminal activity relating to the programs and

operations of the Department or its operating administrations.” 49 U.S.C. § 354(a).

DOT-IG officials are also empowered to execute search warrants and to make arrests.6

Agent Brautigam was not acting as a “rogue agent” when he began scrutinizing

defendants’ conduct.       Instead, he was exercising investigative authority explicitly

entrusted to him by statute.


 4
     See 49 U.S.C. § 46101; 14 C.F.R. §§ 305.5, 305.11.
 5
     See 14 C.F.R. § 385.20.
 6
     See 5 U.S.C. App. 3 § 6(e)(1), (3).

                                              4
         Likewise, we are not persuaded that the DOT-IG acted improperly by investigating

Flying Tigers after the FAA declined to do so. The relevant statute specifies that agency

heads have no authority to prevent inspectors general from pursuing alleged wrongdoing.7

The FAA’s legal division itself referred the Cavada allegations to the DOT-IG for further

action.8 This is to say nothing of the fact that the DOT-IG ultimately partnered with the

U.S. Attorney’s Office and obtained a search warrant from a federal magistrate judge.9

Where defendants see flagrant abuses of power, we see a statutorily authorized

investigation that evolved through the normal procedural channels.10

         We also fail to see any violation of the government’s Brady obligations. To make

out such a claim, the defendants must show that “(1) evidence was suppressed; (2) the

evidence was favorable to the defense; and (3) the evidence was material to guilt or

punishment.” Simmons v. Beard, 

, 233 (3d Cir. 2009). Assuming for the



 7
   See 

(“Neither the head of the establishment nor the officer next in rank below
such head shall prevent or prohibit the Inspector General from initiating, carrying out, or
completing any audit or investigation . . . .”).
 8
     See App. Vol. III at 381, 397, 399.
 9
    For this reason we find defendants’ citation to our decision in University of Medicine
& Dentistry of New Jersey v. Corrigan, 

(3d Cir. 2003), totally unpersuasive.
Defendants cannot show that their prosecution occurred ultra vires when it was brought
by the proper law enforcement officials at the Justice Department. Moreover, Corrigan
itself recognized “the broad discretion [that an] inspector general enjoys when
determining [whether] audits and investigations are appropriate.” 

 10
    Defendants argue that the remedy for Agent Brautigam’s supposed malfeasance is to
exclude “the fruit of wanton due-process violations and illegal searches.” (Defs.’ Br. at
11.) Defendants waived this argument by not raising it before the District Court. United
States v. Burnett, 

, 131 (3d Cir. 2014), cert. denied, 

(2015).

                                             5
sake of argument that the government did not disclose all of the details surrounding the

decision to open an investigation, the defendants fail to explain how the bureaucratic

back-and-forth between the DOT-IG and the FAA bears on any of the Brady factors.

       Defendants fare no better by asserting that their fraud is punishable only through

civil penalties. Indeed, their argument implies that Congress has immunized aircraft

repairmen from all criminal liability relating to their work. This is obviously not the case,

especially given that Congress looked beyond the FAA’s administrative powers and

separately criminalized the offense of fraud relating to aircraft parts. It is true, of course,

that Congress sometimes changes the law by reclassifying criminal conduct as a

regulatory offense. But insofar as defendants are claiming that Congress did so here, we

have said that we require proof that “Congress intended to work an implied repeal of

existing federal criminal statutes.” United States v. Boffa, 

, 932 (3d Cir.

1982). Defendants have offered no such evidence. Thus, defendants are incorrect when

they contend that criminal sanctions are not permitted in this case.

                                             III.

       Defendants also challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting their

convictions.   Our review in this context is “highly deferential.”          United States v.

Caraballo-Rodriguez, 

, 430 (3d Cir. 2013) (en banc). We will set aside a

jury’s verdict on the ground of insufficient evidence only if “no rational trier of fact could

have agreed with the jury.” Cavazos v. Smith, 

, 4 (2011).

       In this case, the government presented more than enough evidence for a reasonable


                                              6
jury to convict the defendants.      With respect to the conspiracy charge, Joel Stout’s

testimony was especially powerful. He admitted that, at his father’s instruction, he signed

Brian Cavada’s name to inspection certifications.11 He told the jury that he witnessed

another Flying Tigers employee signing certifications for aircrafts the employee had not

inspected.12 He also identified numerous instances in which Jay Stout appears to have

forged his family members’ signatures on aircraft inspection documents.13

         The evidence as to fraud involving aircraft parts, mail fraud, and obstruction of

justice was equally compelling. Two different airplane owners provided information to

the jury indicating that inspection documents they received from Flying Tigers were

fraudulent.14    The parties stipulated that the defendants used the U.S. mail to send

invoices to their customers, and the government introduced evidence tending to show that

some of those invoices were part of defendants’ scheme. Finally, one of Flying Tigers’

customers testified that a log book he had provided to Jay Stout for inspection appeared to

have been tampered with in order to conceal the defendants’ wrongdoing.15

         We conclude that the evidence was sufficient for a reasonable jury to have

convicted the defendants.



 11
      App. Vol. III at 520-22.
 12
      

 13
      

551-52.
 14
      See App. Vol. IV at 720-26, 772.
 15
      See App. Vol. III at 459-62; App. Vol. V at 863-66.

                                              7
                                             IV.

       Defendants next assert that their convictions should be overturned because the

five-year statute of limitations had run. When, as here, “the government has filed a

superseding indictment, the day on which the original indictment was filed controls for

statute of limitation purposes, provided that . . . the superseding indictment does not

materially broaden or substantially amend the charges.” United States v. Oliva, 

, 324 (3d Cir. 1995). Defendants’ argument therefore depends on the correctness of

their view that the second indictment meaningfully differed from the first.16

       We need not reach the merits of this issue in order to conclude that defendants’

position is unavailing. First, expiration of the statute of limitations is an affirmative

defense that defendants waived by not raising in the District Court. See United States v.

Karlin, 

, 92-93 (3d Cir. 1986). Second, Jay Stout was acquitted of the two

counts that were added in the superseding indictment. Any error resulting from the

inclusion of time-barred counts in the charging instrument was therefore harmless. See

United States v. Atiyeh, 

, 373 (3d Cir. 2005).17

 16
     There were two main differences between the indictments. First, the superseding
indictment added one count each of mail fraud and wire fraud. Second, the superseding
indictment expanded the duration of the alleged conspiracy. Compare App. Vol. II at
96 ¶ 13 (alleging a conspiracy that lasted from October 2006 through October 2009), with

¶ 13 (alleging a conspiracy lasting from October 2003 through January 2010).
 17
    While Defendants argue that the inclusion of time-barred counts in the superseding
indictment constitutes plain error, they fail to show, at least with respect to Jay Stout, that
the purported error affected the outcome of the proceedings. United States v. Andrews,

, 517 (3d Cir. 2012). While the government acknowledges that $800 of
Flying Tigers’ special assessment is attributable to conviction on arguably time-barred
counts, any objection on that issue was waived by failing to raise it in the District Court.

                                              8
                                              V.

         Lastly, the defendants contend that the District Court erred by failing to give

aiding and abetting instructions to the jury on certain charges. They make this argument

notwithstanding the fact that the Court did give an aiding and abetting instruction on the

obstruction of justice charge.18

         We see no error in the District Court’s instructions.       In the first place, the

government presented its case as to the non-obstruction offenses on a theory of principal

liability.19   Moreover, because the defendants did not object to the jury instructions

below, we review only for plain error, United States v. Tai, 

, 313

(3d Cir. 2014), and we discern none.

                                             VI.

         The jury convicted the defendants of participating in a fraudulent scheme to evade

the inspection regime that Congress and the FAA have enacted to keep aircraft pilots and

passengers safe. Those convictions rest on adequate evidence and occurred following a

trial in which the defendants received all the legal process they were due.

         We therefore will affirm the judgments of the District Court.




 18
      See App. Vol. VII at 1512-13.
 19
    See 18 U.S.C. § 2(a) (“Whoever commits an offense against the United States or aids
[or] abets [the same] . . . is punishable as a principal.”).

                                              9