NOT PRECEDENTIAL

              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                   FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                               _________

                              No. 17-3787
                              __________

IN RE: APPLICATION OF BIOMET ORTHOPAEDICS SWITZERLAND GMBH
       UNDER 28 U.S.C. 1782 FOR AN ORDER TO TAKE DISCOVERY FOR
                     USE IN A FOREIGN PROCEEDINGS


                   Biomet Orthopaedics Switzerland GmbH,

                                                       Appellant



             On Appeal from the United States District Court
                 for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
               (District Court No.: 2-17-mc-00158-CMR)
              District Judge: Honorable Cynthia M. Rufe


                          Argued July 10, 2018



                     (Opinion filed: August 6, 2018)



      Before: SHWARTZ, NYGAARD, and RENDELL, Circuit Judges
Michael P. Kornak [ARGUED]
Freeborn & Peters
311 South Wacker Drive
Suite 3000
Chicago, IL 60606

Arthur P. Fritzinger
Calli J. Padilla, Esq.
Cozen O’Connor
1650 Market Street
One Liberty Place, Suite 2800
Philadelphia, PA 19103
                           Counsel for Appellant



Matthew M. Wolf
John Nilsson       [ARGUED]
Robert J. Leider
Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer
601 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.
Washington, DC 20001

Robert R. Anderson
Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer
370 Seventeenth Street
Suite 4400
Denver, CO 80202

David A. Caine
Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer
3000 El Camino Real
Five Palo Alto Square, Suite 500
Palo Alto, CA 94306

Bruce P. Merenstein
Samuel W. Silver
John R. Timmer
Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis
1600 Market Street
Suite 3600
Philadelphia, PA 19103
                         Counsel for Appellee

                                          2
                                     O P I N I O N*


RENDELL, Circuit Judge:

      This case arises from a decade-long trade-secret dispute litigated on multiple

continents and involving two global competitors: Heraeus Kulzer GmBh and Biomet, Inc.

Heraeus previously obtained extensive discovery from Biomet through 28 U.S.C. § 1782,

which allows a party to procure Rule 26-style discovery for use in a foreign tribunal. The

German Court accepted Heraeus’s submissions and found in its favor at the first of two

separate stages of litigation. Biomet Switzerland now seeks similar § 1782 discovery to

mount a defense against Heraeus’s claims in the second stage. The District Court,

concerned that Biomet’s request was abusive of § 1782, quashed the subpoena issued

pursuant to § 1782.1 We will vacate and remand.

                                  I. BACKGROUND

      A. Facts

      Heraeus makes bone cement used in orthopedic surgery. In the 1970s, Heraeus

provided Merck with its proprietary formula (subject to confidentiality obligations and

restrictions on use) in order for Merck to distribute Heraeus’s bone cements in Europe.

Beginning in 1997, Heraeus supplied this bone cement to a joint venture between Merck


      *
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.
1
  As we explain, this case was previously assigned to Judge Schmehl, who granted the §
1782 application. Heraeus intervened and, without opposition, moved to have the case
reassigned to Judge Rufe, who quashed the subpoena.
                                            3
and Biomet. In 2004, Merck sold all of its joint venture shares to the Biomet Group

(which includes Biomet Switzerland), effectively giving Biomet all of Merck’s interest in

the distribution of Heraeus’s bone cement products in Europe. As a result, Heraeus

developed its own distribution entity in Europe and informed Biomet Group that it would

no longer allow it to distribute Heraeus bone cements.

       Meanwhile, Biomet-related entities had developed their own bone cements. These

entities enlisted Esschem, a Pennsylvania company, to create copolymers for use in

manufacturing the new bone cements.

       In 2008, Heraeus sued affiliates and employees of the Biomet Group in Germany

(“German Proceeding”), alleging that Biomet Defendants2 misappropriated trade secrets

and used them to guide Esschem in replicating the copolymers. Based on the way

Heraeus pleaded its claims, and German procedural law, the German Proceeding consists

of two stages. The first, which has now concluded, consisted of (1) the trade-secret

claims against Biomet Defendants other than Biomet Switzerland, and (2) a claim

seeking an order requiring Biomet Switzerland to surrender its certification documents as

the designated “responsible manufacturer”3 so that Heraeus could inspect them

(“certification-surrender claim”).



2
  Heraeus named as defendants Biomet, Inc., Biomet Switzerland, Biomet Europe B.V.,
and Biomet Deutschland GmbH, Dr. Thomas Kiewitt, and certain other parties.
3
  Under European law, a “responsible manufacturer” must be designated to bring any
medical device or product to market. A. 253. The responsible manufacturer must
comply with regulatory certification, registration, and licensing requirements. Biomet
Switzerland is the responsible manufacturer maintaining the certification documents for
the Biomet bone cements.
                                            4
       In the now-pending second stage, the German court is hearing (1) the remaining

claims against Biomet Switzerland for injunctive relief and declaration of liability (based

on the same trade-secret misappropriation allegations) and (2) Heraeus’s claim requesting

an order requiring Biomet Switzerland to waive its rights as the responsible manufacturer

under the certification documents (“certification-waiver claim”).

       In 2009, Heraeus sought § 1782 discovery from two Biomet-related entities and

Esschem, in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and the Northern District of Indiana.

Our Court and the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit agreed with Heraeus that it

was entitled to § 1782 discovery. Heraeus Kulzer GmbH v. Esschem, Inc., 390 F. App’x

88, 93 (3d Cir. 2010); Heraeus Kulzer, GmbH v. Biomet, Inc. (Heraeus Kulzer I), 

, 597–99 (7th Cir. 2011). Ultimately, on appeal, the German Court held that

Biomet Defendants other than Biomet Switzerland misappropriated some of Heraeus’s

alleged trade secrets and provided them to Esschem (“German Judgment”). In rendering

its ruling, the Court relied on some documents that Biomet produced to Heraeus through

the § 1782 request. Additionally, criminal charges were brought against Biomet

Switzerland’s former managing director. He was convicted of using Heraeus’s trade

secrets to obtain regulatory approval of Biomet’s bone cement.

       In 2014, three months after the German Judgment Heraeus obtained in the first

stage of litigation, and based in part on the § 1782 discovery it had obtained, Heraeus

sued Esschem in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. The complaint asserted the same

allegations as in the German proceeding. In support of its defense, Esschem obtained



                                             5
extensive discovery from Heraeus.4 The District Court appointed a Special Discovery

Master, to whom Heraeus submitted a proposed protective order for the discovery

documents. Esschem sought to share with Biomet’s outside counsel some documents

designated by Heraeus as “Confidential” or “Attorneys’ Eyes Only.” S.A. 384.5 The

Special Master rejected this request because the German Court had found that “Biomet”

had “misappropriated Heraeus’ trade secrets.” S.A. 386. The Special Master therefore

amended the Protective Order to say that “outside counsel and in-house counsel for

Biomet, Inc. and its affiliates, who are directly involved in this litigation, may not have

access to any materials or documents filed under seal in this litigation.” S.A. 365.

       The German Proceeding has now moved to the second stage. As a matter of

German law, the Judgment in the first stage is binding only on the other Biomet

defendants and not binding upon Biomet Switzerland, which may offer new evidence in

support of any defense. Likewise, Heraeus must re-prove its allegations, including its

claim that Biomet Switzerland is liable for the alleged use of trade secrets to guide

Esschem’s development of copolymers. Heraeus has signaled its intent to rely on

evidence it obtained via § 1782 in the first stage. Biomet now seeks to obtain for its

defense the discovery produced by Heraeus in the 2014 Esschem litigation.




4
  The District Court recently granted summary judgment in Esschem’s favor on statute-
of-limitations grounds. That order is now on appeal to our Court. Heraeus Medical
GmbH v. Esschem, Inc., 

(E.D. Pa. 2018), appeal filed, No. 18-1368
(3d Cir. Feb. 22, 2018).
5
  References to the Appendix are styled “A. __,” and references to Appellees’
Supplemental Appendix are styled “S.A. __.”
                                              6
       Biomet Switzerland therefore initiated this § 1782 action to obtain discovery,

requesting authorization to serve two law firms representing Esschem in the Esschem

case with document subpoenas, seeking production of all discovery produced in the

Esschem case. See A. 353, 359. Both firms (Greenberg Traurig, LLP and Fineman

Krekstein & Harris P.C.) have offices in Philadelphia, where the subpoenas were served

on them.

       B. Procedural History

       Biomet requested that its § 1782 application be forwarded to Judge Rufe, who

presided over Heraeus’s § 1782 application in the Esschem case. The case was assigned

to Judge Schmehl, who granted the application, and thereafter Heraeus successfully

intervened, moved to have the case reassigned to Judge Rufe and then moved to quash

the subpoenas. The District Court granted Heraeus’s motion to quash.

       The District court assumed arguendo that the § 1782 statutory factors had been

met, but concluded that the discretionary Intel factors (set out below) for granting a §

1782 application “weigh[ed] against enforcing the subpoena.” A. 6. In particular, the

Court determined that Biomet had not shown the German Court would be receptive to the

discovery in the form of “thousands of pages of documents” submitted “on the eve of its

appeal hearing,” and that the requests were unduly intrusive to Heraeus because the

discovery was subject to a protective order in the Esschem litigation. A. 6–7. The Court

also referred to the German proceeding as a “criminal” matter. A. 6. Further, the Court

noted that enforcing the subpoena would allow Biomet “surreptitiously” to “obtain

sensitive documents containing Heraeus’ proprietary information.” A. 7. The Court was

                                             7
concerned that enforcement would set a precedent allowing a party to demand that a law

firm produce an opposing party’s documents, something it deemed “inherently improper”

and akin to collusion. 

concluded that “Biomet should not be permitted to

use the § 1782 application to obtain Heraeus’ discovery from Esschem’s counsel in

circumvention of foreign discovery limits and procedures.” A. 8.

       This appeal followed.

                                      II. DISCUSSION

       The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1782. We

have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review the District Court’s ruling on a §

1782 discovery request for abuse of discretion. In re Chevron Corp., 

, 161

(3d Cir. 2011). “However, if ‘the district court misinterpreted or misapplied the law,’ or

if ‘the court relied on inappropriate factors in the exercise of its discretion, our review is

plenary.’” 

re Bayer AG, 

, 191 (3d Cir. 1998).

       Presented with a § 1782 application, a court first decides whether certain statutory

requirements are met, and if so, the court may then consider other discretionary factors to

determine whether to grant the application. Schmitz v. Bernstein Liebhard & Lifshitz,

LLP, 

, 83–84 (2d Cir. 2004).

       Here, the District Court assumed without deciding whether § 1782’s requirements

were met, but exercised its discretion based on Intel to quash the subpoena. On appeal,

Biomet contends that its application met § 1782’s requirements and the Intel factors

counseled an exercise of discretion. We agree that the Court misconstrued the nature of



                                               8
the proceedings and several of the Intel factors, and we will vacate and remand for the

Court to evaluate Biomet’s § 1782 application in light of this opinion.

       A. Section 1782 Requirements

       28 U.S.C. § 1782(a) provides that:

       The district court of the district in which a person resides or is found may
       order him to give his testimony or statement or to produce a document or
       other thing for use in a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal,
       including criminal investigations conducted before formal accusation. The
       order may be made pursuant to a letter rogatory issued, or request made, by
       a foreign or international tribunal or upon the application of any interested
       person and may direct that the testimony or statement be given, or the
       document or other thing be produced, before a person appointed by the
       court.

       We have observed that § 1782 “was designed to facilitate the conduct of litigation

in foreign tribunals, improve international cooperation in litigation, and put the United

States into the leadership position among world nations in this respect.” Bayer 

–92. Moreover, we consider the statutory requirements “modest prima facie

elements.” 

       Here, no one contests that two of § 1782’s three requirements are met: that the

discovery be “for use in a proceeding” in a foreign tribunal and that the application is

made by an “interested person.” The question raised by Heraeus, and which the District

Court did not pass on, is whether the law firm respondents in this matter, Greenberg

Traurig and Fineman Krekstein, are “person[s]” who “reside[] or [are] found” in the

Eastern District of Pennsylvania. That is, can the statute reach documents temporarily

held by a litigation opponent? Cf. 

n.6 (declining to “address the



                                             9
difficult question posed by [Respondent] whether § 1782 applies to documents only

temporarily present in the jurisdiction for the purpose of discovery in another case”).

       Heraeus, in effect, asks that we look beyond the subpoena’s targets (the law firms)

to determine that because it, and not the law firms or even their client, Esschem, is the

real party in interest, Biomet’s request is foreclosed by statute. But the statute is clear. It

contains “no express mandate to consider a principal-agent relationship, or whether

documents being held by the subpoenaed party belong to a foreign party.” Kiobel v.

Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP, No. 17-424, 

, at *4 (2d Cir. July 10,

2018). We see no reason to abandon the plain text in this case.6

       B. Intel Factors

       The Supreme Court has identified four factors relevant to a Court’s discretionary

determination under § 1782:

       (1) whether “the person from whom discovery is sought is a participant in the

foreign proceeding,” and thus “the need for § 1782(a) aid generally is not as apparent as

it ordinarily is when evidence is sought from a nonparticipant in the matter arising

abroad”;




6
  To the extent that the District Court may consider whether a law firm holding discovery
documents obtained from a litigation opponent is the proper object of a § 1782
application, that inquiry is better considered in the discretionary Intel factors. See Intel
Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 

, 259–63 (2004) (refusing to read in
additional categorical requirements to § 1782 that are not based on the text, but allowing
such considerations to factor in as part of the district court’s analysis of the discretionary
Intel factors); Bayer 

–93, 196 (similarly refusing to impose an
additional requirement in the absence of support in the statutory text).
                                              10
       (2) “the nature of the foreign tribunal, the character of the proceedings underway

abroad, and the receptivity of the foreign government or the court or agency abroad to

U.S. federal-court judicial assistance”;

       (3) “whether the § 1782(a) request conceals an attempt to circumvent foreign

proof gathering restrictions or other policies of a foreign country or the United States”;

       (4) whether the request is “unduly intrusive or burdensome”

–65.

       Section 1782 “authorizes, but does not require, a federal district court to provide

judicial assistance to foreign or international tribunals or to ‘interested person[s]’ in

proceedings abroad.” 

(quoting 26 U.S.C. § 1782). A court should apply these

factors in support of § 1782’s “twin aims” of “providing efficient assistance to

participants in international litigation and encouraging foreign countries by example to

provide similar assistance to our courts.” 

(quoting Advanced Micro Devices,

Inc. v. Intel Corp., 

, 669 (9th Cir. 2002)).

       Here, the District Court’s analysis under the factors was cursory and conclusory.

Critically, it also relied upon an incomplete understanding of the pertinent facts

surrounding the German Proceeding. We will therefore vacate and remand for the Court

to conduct the analysis anew. Whether it will grant or deny the motion to quash given the

guidance we provide is a matter yet to be determined. We do not question the Court’s

expertise and experience on the background of this complex litigation, nor do we endorse

any view as to the merits of Biomet’s application. Rather, we seek to clarify a few

matters the District Court overlooked or misconstrued.

                                              11
       Guiding our analysis is the understanding that Biomet “cannot obtain the

discovery it needs in the legal system in which it [was] sued,” Heraeus Kulzer 

. “A party to a German lawsuit cannot demand categories of documents from his

opponent. All he can demand are documents that he is able to identify specifically—

individually, not by category.” 

could use German procedures to

request the specific documents it already has from the public Esschem filings, it could not

request a broader set of documents pertinent to its defense without being able to identify

those individual documents. The District Court failed to appreciate Biomet Switzerland’s

need for discovery, criticized its “delay” in seeking that discovery, and misconstrued the

nature of the German Proceeding. Quashing the subpoena flowing from Biomet’s § 1782

application on these grounds, as we explain further below, was an abuse of discretion.

       To begin, the Court erred in concluding that (1) Biomet had “delay[ed]” in

requesting the documents for the “criminal appeal hearing,” when “criminal proceedings”

had begun eight years before, and (2) “Biomet ha[d] not shown any likelihood that the

German court will be receptive to thousands of pages of discovery on the eve of its

appeal hearing, or even that the documents will be considered,” and thus enforcing the

subpoena would not provide “efficient assistance” to the foreign tribunal. A. 6–7.

       As a factual matter, the notion that Biomet delayed in seeking documents for a

“criminal appeal hearing” is incorrect. First, the German Proceeding’s second stage is

civil in nature. Nothing in the record before us points to a purely criminal proceeding.7


       Although Biomet Switzerland’s former managing director, Dr. Thomas Kiewitt,
       7

was convicted for using Heraeus’s Confidential Trade Secrets to gain regulatory approval
                                            12
Moreover, this stage is the first proceeding against Biomet Switzerland in particular. It is

not an appeal. Even if we were to assume that the German Court was going to consider

Biomet Switzerland’s director’s criminal appeal alongside Heraeus’s civil trade-secret

claims, that would not vitiate Biomet Switzerland’s claim that U.S.-style discovery will

assist it in the civil proceedings. Biomet Switzerland is not seeking discovery for the

criminal appeal, see A. 26–27 (stating in its § 1782 application that Biomet seeks

discovery to defend Heraeus’s certification-waiver and trade-secret claims in the second

stage), and the District Court was incorrect in finding that the discovery was for that

purpose

       Second, as to the supposed “delay,” Biomet has represented, before this Court and

the District Court, that it was unaware that Heraeus had produced documents that might

contradict its trade-secret claims until May 2017. Specifically, the redacted public

documents in the Esschem sanctions motions against Heraeus reflected that Heraeus

changed its copolymer specifications many times during the relevant period, and that it

may not be using the relevant specifications any longer. Biomet also avers that Heraeus’s

testing of Biomet entities’ bone cements showed that the copolymers in the Biomet

cements differed from those in Heraeus’s cements. According to Biomet, this kind of

evidence would undermine Heraeus’s claim that the copolymer specifications are

essential to producing its bone cements and thus merit trade-secret protection.

for Biomet’s bone cement, nothing in the record suggests that the criminal appeal hearing
was to be considered simultaneously with the second stage in the civil proceeding. In
fact, the parties have not made any documentary submissions pertaining to Dr. Kiewitt’s
appeal.

                                             13
       Whether the German Court will find this kind of defense persuasive is beyond our

purview. Surveying German law to determine a particular document’s admissibility or

probative value is exactly the kind of “speculative foray[] into legal territories unfamiliar

to federal judges,” that would be “in tension” with § 1782. Euromepa S.A. v. R.

Esmerian, Inc., 

, 1099 (2d Cir. 1995). Suffice it to say that Biomet

Switzerland did not, as the District Court suggested, wait eight years to begin building its

defense to Heraeus’s claims.8

       As to the District Court’s comments on the volume of the submission, even if

Biomet Switzerland were to submit “thousands of pages” on “the eve” of a hearing, the

District Court improperly placed the burden of persuasion on Biomet to show that the

German Court would be receptive, rather than tasking Heraeus to prove otherwise. See

(“[T]he party opposing discovery under section 1782 . . . has

the ‘burden of demonstrating offense to the foreign jurisdiction.’” (quoting Bayer 

)). In a pre-Intel case, we noted that “[a] grant of discovery that trenched

upon the clearly established procedures of a foreign tribunal would not be within section

1782.” John Deere Ltd. v. Sperry Corp., 

, 135 (3d Cir. 1985). Here, it is

undisputed that the German Court had cited documents Heraeus obtained with § 1782’s

aid in the German Judgment at stage one, and so it would appear that the German Court


8
 Moreover, even if Biomet had delayed in seeking U.S.-style discovery, in the German
system, a party may introduce new evidence at the appellate level. See Brandi-Dohrn v.
IKB Deutsche Industriebank AG, 

, 83 (2d Cir. 2012) (stating that § 1782
discovery was warranted where there was appeal imminent in Germany, and where there
were some circumstances under which the appellate court could hear new evidence).

                                             14
would not be offended by a similar U.S.-style discovery submission, but the burden here

would be on Heraeus to show the German court would not be receptive.9

       Biomet did not need to show that the German court would gladly receive a large

volume of documents; it only needed to establish that the court was generally “receptive

to [American] judicial assistance.” 

. Section 1782 does not require

a “document dump.” And of course, the German court retains the authority to disregard

irrelevant or cumulative evidence, or even to conclude that it will not admit any of the

submissions.

       Next, the District Court stated that:

       Biomet should not be permitted to use the § 1782 application to obtain
       Heraeus’ discovery from Esschem’s counsel in circumvention of foreign
       discovery limits and procedures. At best, this is an uncomfortable use of
       the § 1782 application. At worst, it is a manipulation of the § 1782
       application to obtain untimely discovery from an opposing party.

A. 8 (footnote omitted).

       The District Court relied heavily on In re Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Antitrust

Litig., an unreported case from the Northern District of California, to cast Biomet’s

request in a negative light. MDL No. 1917, 

(N.D. Cal. Oct. 22,

2012); report & recommendation adopted by 

(N.D. Cal. Jan. 17, 2013).


9
 For this reason, we decline to speak to whether an “authoritative proof” standard, as
Biomet has urged us to adopt, is the appropriate inquiry under the second Intel factor.
The authoritative proof standard, used by the Second Circuit, would require the party
opposing a § 1782 application to present authoritative proof that the foreign tribunal
would not accept the evidence. See 

. Under any standard,
however, Heraeus has presented no evidence of offense to the German Court. Cf.
Heraeus Kulzer 

(“[T]here is nothing to suggest that the German court
would be affronted by Heraeus’s recourse to U.S. discovery . . . .”).
                                               15
In Cathode Ray, the Court concluded that a party’s § 1782 application flouted the third

Intel factor because the applicant did not try to use available Korean discovery processes,

and because Korea was the applicant’s chosen venue. 

Moreover, “[t]he

discovery that [applicant] seeks in the subpoena are not really documents of [the law

firm] Saveri & Saveri, although in their possession, but are really information from the

defendants. And some of the defendants are also defendants in Korea, where they are

thereby subject to Korea’s discovery processes.” 

(emphasis omitted).

       Reliance on Cathode Ray, however, was misplaced because the district courts in

the Ninth Circuit, unlike our Court, place the burden on the applicant to show that the

foreign tribunal would “welcome the proposed discovery.” 

more, the Court

interpreted § 1782 as “encompass[ing] a very limited and specific item of discovery.” 

never endorsed such a limitation on § 1782 requests.

       The District Court credited Heraeus’s assertion that Biomet is making a pretextual

request to “use the courts to access Heraeus’s Confidential Trade Secrets.” Heraeus Br.

at 32. Heraeus argues that Biomet Switzerland might abuse this information “through a

subsidiary beyond the power of the district court.” 

This contention is

unavailing, however, in light of the fact that many § 1782 cases, including Intel, arise out

of disputes between global commercial competitors seeking access to each other’s

information. See 

(“AMD and Intel are worldwide competitors in

the microprocessor industry.” (internal quotations omitted)). We see no reason to

foreclose potential 1782 aid just because trade secrets are involved. While we take

Heraeus’s concerns seriously, we also note that Heraeus gained access to wide swaths of

                                             16
Biomet’s potentially proprietary information through its own 1782 discovery requests in

the Northern District of Indiana and the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

       Relatedly, as to the Fourth Factor, the District Court concluded that enforcing the

subpoena would “allow Biomet to obtain sensitive documents containing Heraeus’

proprietary information,” and “undermine the very purpose of the protective order in the

Esschem litigation.” A. 7. Again, we understand the bases for the Court’s concern. But

it was erroneous “to turn down [Biomet]’s discovery request flat . . . without requiring

[Heraeus] to negotiate with [Biomet] over cutting down the request.” Heraeus Kulzer 

; see also 

(“[I]t is far preferable for a district

court to reconcile whatever misgivings it may have about the impact of its participation in

the foreign litigation by issuing a closely tailored discovery order rather than by simply

denying relief outright.”). Moreover, “[i]t may readily be agreed that discovery in one

lawsuit that is subject to a protective order may not necessarily, or even often, preclude

discovery in a subsequent lawsuit (with or without a protective order issued by the new

court).” Four Pillars Enters. Co., Ltd. v. Avery Dennison Corp., 

, 1078

(9th Cir. 2002).10


10
   Judge Shwartz disagrees that it was the responsibility of the District Court to propose
avenues for the requesting party to obtain the information it seeks. Indeed, a court may at
its discretion reject or modify a § 1782 request. See 

(“[U]nduly
intrusive or burdensome requests may be rejected or trimmed.”); In re Ex Parte Glob.
Energy Horizons Corp., 647 F. App’x 83, 87 (3d Cir. 2016) (“We realize, of course, that
the district court could have modified the [§ 1782] motion, however, it was under no
obligation to do so.”); 

(“[W]e find no error in the court’s decision
to deny rather than merely limit discovery. Although we have expressed a preference for
narrowly tailored discovery orders where possible, the district court did not abuse its
discretion in deciding that no such order was possible in this case.”). Moreover, Biomet
                                             17
       We also note that Heraeus did not proffer any empirical evidence that Biomet’s

request would be too burdensome, particularly when the files are already packaged for

discovery in the Esschem case. “A specific showing of burden is commonly required by

district judges faced with objections to the scope of discovery.” Heraeus Kulzer 

; cf. Grider v. Keystone Health Plan Cent., Inc., 

, 139–40 (3d

Cir. 2009) (“The Federal Rules do not prohibit general objections, but if the general

objection is interposed in an attempt to insulate from discovery a large quantity of

material that includes otherwise discoverable material when only some of the material

may be protectible, the objection is inconsistent with the aim of discovery . . . .”).

       The particulars of a protective order in this case, or a modification to the existing

protective order in the Esschem litigation, are matters for the District Court to consider in

the first instance. Although Biomet volunteered to enter into a protective order, it did not

have the opportunity to negotiate with Heraeus or brief for the District Court the

parameters of such an order. On this appeal, Biomet refers us to what Heraeus and

Biomet agreed to regarding Heraeus’s § 1782 requests in the Northern District of Indiana:

(1) “Once materials are designated as confidential, Heraeus may only use them in the

German proceedings and in this § 1782 action, and may only disclose them to authorized

individuals specified in the protective order” and (2) permitting “Heraeus to use certain

documents in the German proceedings provided that the documents were treated as

was fully aware that a protective order existed that blocked its access to the requested
material and it had the opportunity to negotiate with Esschem and its counsel about
access or to seek modifications to the protective order entered in the Esschem litigation. It
chose not to, and it is not incumbent upon the District Court to propose that it should
have done so.
                                              18
confidential by the German courts.” Heraeus Kulzer, GmbH v. Biomet, Inc. (Heraeus

Kulzer II), 

, 555 (7th Cir. 2018). We will remand to the District Court to

consider whether a more tailored request, and the imposition of conditions on the use of

and access to information, might address its and Heraeus’s concerns.

       In doing so, we bear in mind the Seventh Circuit’s comment in Heraeus Kulzer I

about Heraeus’s request, that even if it were overbroad:

       [I]t doesn’t follow that Heraeus is not entitled to any discovery. It’s
       not as if its demands were frivolous; it obviously needs a good deal
       of discovery in order to prepare its case against Biomet. If it’s asking
       for too much, the district court can and should cut down its request,
       but not to nothing, as it did. That was unreasonable, and therefore
       

.

       Similarly here, although Intel does not require the District Court to “trim[]”

onerous requests, 

, it was not an appropriate use of discretion to

grant the motion to quash, particularly when Heraeus was able to obtain expansive §

1782 discovery with the Court’s blessing.

       On remand, it will be within the District Court’s discretion to grant or deny the

motion to quash the subpoena.11 In light of our analysis, we anticipate that the District

Court will request more specificity from Biomet regarding its volunteered protective

order and the scope of its application. We recognize that a blanket application and some

incomplete information about the nature of the proceedings placed the District Court in


11
  We note that although the proceeding before the District Court was a motion to quash,
the Court treated it as if it was ruling on the § 1782 application itself, effectively
reversing Judge Schmehl’s order, and we have analyzed it under § 1782 as well.
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the uncomfortable position of sanctioning what may have been a fool’s errand to present

evidence in Germany. Nonetheless, Biomet is entitled to have its application considered

with a more fulsome view of the proceedings and the law, and we leave to the Court’s

sound discretion whether the application should be granted.

                                  III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we will vacate the District Court’s order and remand for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.




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