NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                                   ________________

                                      No. 17-3768
                                   ________________

                 TRYG INSURANCE, a/s/o Toms Confectionery Group;
                        TOMS CONFECTIONERY GROUP

                                             v.

                       C.H. ROBINSON WORLDWIDE, INC.;
                   NATIONAL REFRIGERATED TRUCKING, LLC;

                             C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc.,
                                                      Appellant
                                   ________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of New Jersey
                        (D. C. Civil Action No. 3-15-cv-05343)
                      District Judge: Honorable Michael A. Shipp
                                   ________________

                       Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                  on October 5, 2018

               Before: SHWARTZ, SCIRICA and ROTH, Circuit Judges

                              (Opinion filed: April 19, 2019)

                                   ________________

                                       OPINION ∗
                                   ________________


∗
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
ROTH, Circuit Judge



         Toms Confectionary Group, a Danish chocolate company, and Tryg Insurance, its

insurer, brought suit against transportation company C.H. Robinson Worldwide (CHRW)

after a shipment of Toms’ miniature chocolate liqueur bottles was damaged in transit.

The central question in this case is whether CHRW is a carrier or a broker. Under the

Carmack Amendment to the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, a carrier is liable for

damages incurred during a shipment of goods, whereas a broker—someone who merely

arranges for transportation—is not liable. 1 Following a bench trial on the issue of

liability, the District Court ruled that CHRW was a carrier rather than a broker and

therefore liable for the damages caused to the miniature chocolate liqueur bottles.

CHRW urges us to hold that it is instead a broker. Because we find no error in the

District Court’s determination that CHRW held itself out as a carrier and thus qualified as

such under the Carmack Amendment, we will affirm.

                                                 I

         Toms hired CHRW in July 2013 to transport a shipment of miniature chocolate

liquor bottles from Levittown, Pennsylvania, to Cranbury, New Jersey. Unbeknownst to

Toms, CHRW subcontracted with National Refrigerated Trucking, LLC, (NRT) to

transport the chocolate; the agreement between CHRW and NRT contained a

confidentiality clause. Due to a malfunction of NRT’s truck’s refrigeration system, the


1
    49 U.S.C. § 14706.
                                             2
chocolate melted and was destroyed. Non-party Coregistics, the recipient of the damaged

chocolate, completed a non-conformance report on the day of delivery, July 16, 2013,

and Toms submitted a claim to CHRW shortly thereafter. CHRW did not accept the

claim or pay the loss. Tryg later paid Toms the value of the cargo less Toms’ deductible

under its insurance policy.

       Tryg and Toms brought suit against CHRW for breach of contract of motor

carriage. 2 In the course of pre-trial proceedings, the parties stipulated that the amount of

damages was $124,034.31. The parties also agreed that CHRW could only be held liable

if it were a “carrier” as opposed to a “broker.” The court held a bench trial on the issue

of liability on May 4, 2017. At trial, Toms called its Customer Service Representative,

Michael Bastholm, and CHRW called its Risk Manager for the North American Surface

Transportation Division, Christopher McLoughlin. The parties also entered into evidence

deposition testimony from an Account Executive at CHRW, Janet Hays, who was

Bastholm’s point of contact. The District Court found that CHRW possessed a broker’s

license and not a motor carrier’s license, and did not own trucks or other equipment to

transport cargo. Nevertheless, based on the testimony and the shipment documents, the

court held that CHRW had held itself out as a carrier and was therefore liable for the

damages. CHRW now appeals.




2
 Plaintiffs also named NRT as codefendants, but NRT failed to appear. The District
Court entered a default judgment against NRT and found NRT and CHRW jointly and
severally liable. Only CHRW appealed, and so our decision here pertains only to
CHRW.
                                              3
                                             II 3

       The statutory text makes clear that being a carrier entails more than just physically

picking up shipments and transferring them to a different location. The definition of

“carrier” includes “motor carriers,” which are defined as “person[s] providing motor

vehicle transportation for compensation.” 4 The term “transportation” is then defined to

include “services related to” (including “arranging for”) the movement of property. 5

Thus, the definition of “carrier” encompasses entities that perform services other than

physical transportation.

       As the District Court correctly stated, in determining whether a party is a carrier or

a broker, the crucial question is whether the party has legally bound itself to transport

goods by accepting responsibility for ensuring the delivery of the goods. 6 If an entity

accepts responsibility for ensuring the delivery of goods, then that entity qualifies as a

carrier regardless of whether it conducted the physical transportation. Conversely, if an

entity merely agrees to locate and hire a third party to transport the goods, then it is acting




3
  On appeal from a bench trial, we review the District Court’s findings of fact for clear
error and review its conclusions of law de novo. VICI Racing, LLC v. T-Mobile USA,
Inc., 

, 282-83 (3d Cir. 2014).
4
  49 U.S.C. § 13102(3), (14). In 1995, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce
Commission Termination Act, Pub. L. No. 104–88, 109 Stat. 803, which merged the
formerly separate classifications of common and contract carriers into one classification
of motor carriers. M. Fortunoff of Westbury Corp. v. Peerless Ins. Co., 

,
132 (2d Cir. 2005).
5
  49 U.S.C. § 13102(23).
6
  Essex Ins. Co. v. Barrett Moving & Storage, Inc., 

, 1301 (11th Cir. 2018).
                                              4
as a broker. 7 This distinction “tracks longstanding common-law rules” and derives from

the “commonsense proposition that when a party holds itself out as the party responsible

for the care and delivery of another’s property, it cannot outsource its contractual

responsibility by outsourcing the care and delivery it agreed to provide.” 8 The

Department of Transportation, which is responsible for interpreting the Interstate

Commerce Act (of which the Carmack Amendment is a part), has similarly instructed

that motor carriers are not brokers just because they “arrange or offer to arrange the

transportation of shipments which they are authorized to transport and which they have

accepted and legally bound themselves to transport.” 9 In sum, if a party has accepted

responsibility for transporting a shipment, it is a carrier.

       The District Court did not clearly err in determining, based on the testimony

presented at trial, that CHRW held itself out as a carrier. 10 As Toms and CHRW had no

standing contract, the court assessed their relationship using the parties’ course of dealing

and communications, in particular between Bastholm and Hays. 11 Hays, the CHRW


7
  See, e.g., 

Nipponkoa Ins. Co. v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc., 

, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 18, 2011); CGU Int’l Ins., PLC v. Keystone Lines
Corp., C-02-3751, 

, at *2 (N.D. Cal. May 5, 2004).
8
  Essex Ins. 

; see also 

in either “the Carmack
Amendment’s language nor its legislative history [to] indicate[] that Congress intended
this principle to operate differently in the interstate-transportation context”).
9
  49 C.F.R. § 371.2(a).
10
   The testimony and documentary evidence distinguish this case from cases like
Travelers Indemnity Co. v. SS “HANJIN KWANGYANG”, 92 Civ. 5763, 

(S.D.N.Y. Sept. 8, 1995), where the only pieces of evidence that an entity acted
as a carrier instead of a broker were the complaint and the listing of the entity as a carrier
on the bill of lading. 

11
   McLoughlin, CHRW’s Risk Manager, testified that he never had any contact with
anyone at Toms.
                                               5
Account Executive, indicated to Bastholm, the Toms employee, that CHRW could

arrange to ship Toms’ goods and “ma[d]e it sound like it[ was] seamless.” Bastholm

communicated with Hays to schedule shipments and request shipment quotes, and at no

point did CHRW make clear that it was acting only as a broker. Bastholm’s

understanding, based on his course of dealing with Hays, was that CHRW took

responsibility for the goods and arranged for their transportation. The parties had an

agreement for CHRW to transport the goods, and that is what Toms paid CHRW to do.

       The documents submitted into evidence at trial provide further support for the

District Court’s holding. The Bill of Lading and the packing list, both prepared by non-

party Assured Packing Inc., identified CHRW as “carrier,” a designation to which

CHRW did not object. 12 CHRW’s invoice to Toms contained line items for “line haul”

and a “fuel surcharge” for 30 miles, the distance between Levittown and Cranbury,

consistent with an entity acting as a carrier. The invoice did not refer to brokerage

commissions or NRT’s role in the transportation. Moreover, despite CHRW’s testimony

that it had done business with Toms for several years, CHRW could produce no

document or communication in which it identified itself to Toms as a broker. In fact,

CHRW did not claim it was a broker instead of a carrier until after the start of this




12
  While NRT also appears on this document, that does not negate CHRW’s role as a
carrier.
                                              6
litigation. 13 While CHRW’s Terms and Conditions suggest that CHRW is a non-asset

based transportation provider, they do not make clear that CHRW is only a broker, and in

any event the Terms and Conditions are only referred to, not included, on the invoice.

       CHRW argues that (1) it did not give its consent to be listed as a carrier on the bill

of lading, (2) it never took physical possession of the cargo, (3) it entered into an

independent contractor relationship with NRT, and (4) Toms’ failure to investigate

CHRW’s services was inexcusable. None of these arguments will suffice to call into

question the District Court’s fact-intensive inquiry into the parties’ course of conduct and

communications or overturn the court’s conclusion that CHRW held itself out as a carrier

and should be held liable. We therefore will affirm the judgment of the District Court.




13
  The International Surveyors & Adjusters (USA) report on the incident, dated
December 4, 2013, does include the information that CHRW “appointed” NRT to
conduct the physical transportation, but this knowledge reached Toms long after the
incident and does not affect the question of whether CHRW held itself out to Toms as a
carrier. A337.
                                              7