NOT PRECEDENTIAL


                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                  ____________

                                     No. 11-1528
                                    ____________


                              M.D. PHILIP EDWARDS,
                                            Appellant

                                          v.

                                GEISINGER CLINIC
                                   ___________

                   On Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                              (D.C. No. 3-08-cv-01653)
                    District Judge: Honorable A. Richard Caputo
                                    ___________

                              Argued October 26, 2011

              Before:    FISHER, VANASKIE and ROTH, Circuit Judges

                               (Filed: January 23, 2012)

                                    ___________

                             OPINION OF THE COURT
                                  ___________


Ronald H. Surkin (ARGUED)
Gallagher, Schoenfeld, Surkin, Chupein & Demis, P.C.
25 West Second Street
Media, PA 19063
Counsel for Appellant
Jonathan B. Sprague (ARGUED)
Darren M. Creasy
Alfred J. Johnston
Post & Schell, P.C.
Four Penn Center
1600 John F. Kennedy Boulevard, 15th Floor
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Counsel for Appellee

VANASKIE, Circuit Judge.

       Philip Edwards appeals the District Court’s decision granting summary judgment

to the Geisinger Clinic (“Geisinger”) on his breach of employment contract claim.

Edwards contends that the District Court erred in finding that there was no genuine

dispute of material fact concerning whether he had an express employment contract for a

definite term with Geisinger. We reject Edwards’s argument and will affirm.

                                             I.

       We write primarily for the parties, who are familiar with the facts and procedural

history of this case, so we set forth only those facts necessary to our analysis. Edwards is

a licensed physician from the United Kingdom who specializes in interventional

radiology. Before 2006, Edwards had a temporary visa to work in Kentucky. In early

2006, while Edwards was working in Kentucky, the chair of Geisinger’s interventional

radiology department, Dr. Dominick Conca, began recruiting Edwards to work at

Geisinger’s clinic in Danville, Pennsylvania. During Edwards’s interviews with

Geisinger, Edwards and Conca discussed that Edwards wanted to obtain board

certification from the American Board of Radiology (the “ABR”), which Geisinger

requires new physicians to receive. To obtain board certification from the ABR, a


                                             2
physician must complete four years of uninterrupted employment at an approved

residency program.

       During Edwards’s interviews, Conca asked Edwards if he understood that he

“need[ed] to be here [at Geisinger] for at least four years and [that he] ha[d] to get [his]

boards” within six years, or else “Geisinger would have to review [his] situation.” (A.

227.) Edwards stated that he understood and indicated that he was seeking a position at

Geisinger in part to obtain board certification. Subsequently, Edwards and Conca had

several conversations both before and after Edwards accepted employment at Geisinger

to develop a program that would enable Edwards to obtain board certification within four

to six years.

       On July 5, 2006, Conca delivered to Edwards a formal offer letter. The offer letter

reiterates that “[b]oard certification . . . is a requirement for physicians in the Geisinger

Clinic.” (A. 260.) It further provides that Edwards “will be granted 4-6 years from the

date of employment to become board certified,” and that if he fails to obtain board

certification within six years, “continued employment . . . will need to be reevaluated.”

(A. 260.) The offer letter notes that Edwards’s offer is subject to executing a “Practice

Agreement,” but Edwards claims that Geisinger failed to enclose the Practice Agreement

with the offer letter. (A. 259.) Edwards contends that he reviewed the offer letter and

signed it on July 11, 2006 without receiving the Practice Agreement.

       Nine days later, Edwards signed Geisinger’s formal employment application. The

application states:



                                               3
              I . . . [u]nderstand that my employment and/or contract cannot
              be terminated for[] [a]dvocating for medically necessary and
              appropriate health care[;] . . . [f]iling a grievance on behalf of
              an enrollee of a managed care plan; . . . [p]rotesting a
              decision, policy or practice that I believe interferes with my
              ability to provide medically necessary and appropriate health
              care[;] . . . [h]aving a practice which includes a substantial
              number of patients with expensive medical conditions; or
              [o]bjecting to the provision of or refusing to provide health
              care services on moral or religious grounds.

(A. 264.)

       After Edwards signed his offer letter, Geisinger communicated with the ABR to

ensure that Edwards would be able to sit for the boards after four to six years. In this

regard, Geisinger sent Edwards’s offer letter to the ABR.

       Edwards’s temporary visa expired, requiring that he return to the United

Kingdom. Edwards and Geisinger communicated with United States immigration

authorities to obtain an H-1B visa to allow Edwards to return to the United States and to

work for Geisinger. Edwards alleges that both he and Geisinger needed to represent to

United States immigration authorities that he “had at least a three year employment

commitment” with Geisinger to obtain the visa. (A. 274.)

       In 2007, Edwards received his visa and moved from the United Kingdom to

Danville, Pennsylvania to begin working for Geisinger. One to two months after he

began working for Geisinger, he signed the Practice Agreement referenced in his original

offer letter. 1 The Practice Agreement provides that Edwards “acknowledge[s] that [his]


       1
         Edwards stated in his deposition that he is uncertain whether he signed the
Practice Agreement on July 11, 2006 or shortly after beginning to work for Geisinger, but
he believes that he most likely signed it after beginning to work for Geisinger. On
                                              4
employment with Geisinger is ‘at will’ and may be terminated at any time by either party

for any or no reason.” (A. 136.)

       Edwards contends that he did not see the “at will” language in the Practice

Agreement because Conca called him into his office and told him that a document needed

to be signed. He further asserts that Conca stated that it was “nothing important, but it

would help if we could just get it signed.” (A. 232.) Edwards notes that he “was given a

very short period of time” and “had a patient on the table,” so he flipped through the

Practice Agreement without reading it carefully, asked Conca which date he should write,

and dated it as July 11, 2006 according to Conca’s instructions. (A. 232-33.) He states

that he “would have been circumspect about accepting the position” if he had seen the at-

will provision before deciding whether to accept Geisinger’s offer. (A. 234.)

       In May 2008, Geisinger terminated Edwards’s employment. Edwards sued

Geisinger on September 4, 2008 for breach of contract, seeking declaratory relief,

specific performance, and a preliminary injunction. Edwards withdrew his request for a

preliminary injunction, and the District Court dismissed Edwards’s request for specific

performance. On September 13, 2010, Geisinger moved for summary judgment, arguing

that Edwards’s employment contract was at-will. The District Court agreed that




appeal, he contends that he signed the Practice Agreement shortly after beginning to work
for Geisinger. Because the District Court disposed of Edwards’s case on summary
judgment, we resolve this possible factual issue in favor of Edwards and accept for
purposes of this appeal that he signed the Practice Agreement after beginning to work for
Geisinger. See Gray v. York Newspapers, Inc., 

, 1078 (3d Cir. 1992) (we
view the facts “in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party” on a motion for
summary judgment).
                                             5
Edwards’s employment was at-will and granted summary judgment to Geisinger.

Edwards then filed this appeal.

                                              II.

       The District Court had diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332 and we have

appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review over district

court decisions granting summary judgment. See Farrell v. Planters Lifesavers Co., 

, 278 (3d Cir. 2000). Summary judgment is appropriate when the movant

demonstrates “that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a). As the parties agree, we apply Pennsylvania law because the parties’ dispute

concerns an employment contract in Pennsylvania.

       Edwards contends that the District Court erred in holding that his employment was

at-will because he contends that he and Geisinger entered into an express employment

contract for a definite term. He argues that he raised a genuine dispute of material fact of

whether he had an express contract for a definite term because (a) Geisinger emphasized

the ABR’s four-year residency requirement for board certification during recruitment

discussions and in its offer letter, (b) Geisinger did not include an at-will disclaimer in its

offer letter or in its employment application, (c) Geisinger’s employment application lists

restrictions to its right to terminate its employees, and (d) Geisinger represented to the

ABR and to United States immigration authorities that it committed to hire Edwards for a

definite term. We reject each of Edwards’s arguments, holding that Edwards has failed to




                                               6
raise a genuine dispute of material fact concerning whether he had an express

employment contract for a definite term. 2

                                             A.

       Pennsylvania law presumes that employment is at-will. See Scully v. US WATS,

Inc., 

, 505 (3d Cir. 2001). To overcome the presumption of employment at-

will, an employee “must show clear and precise evidence” that the parties intended to

enter an employment contract for a definite term. 

the parties’ intent, we

consider “the surrounding circumstances.” Marsh v. Boyle, 

, 493 (Pa.

Super. Ct. 1987). An employee’s “subjective expectation of . . . guaranteed employment

. . . based on employer practices or vague employer superlatives” does not demonstrate

an employment contract for a definite term. 

. Likewise,

“comments which merely evince an employer’s hope that the employee will remain” are



       2
         In Edwards’s opening brief, he also contends that he provided additional
consideration to Geisinger, primarily by moving from the United Kingdom to
Pennsylvania to accept Geisinger’s offer. However, Edwards claims elsewhere in his
brief that he relies only on an express contract theory and not on an implied contract
theory, even though additional consideration may support a finding of an implied contract
to retain the employee for a reasonable period of time. See, e.g., Cashdollar v. Mercy
Hosp. of Pittsburgh, 

, 74 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1991) (holding that additional
consideration is a factor in determining whether there is an implied contract of
employment); Scullion v. EMECO Indus., Inc., 

, 1359 (Pa. Super. Ct.
1990) (including additional consideration as a factor in determining whether an employee
had an implied contract to be employed for a reasonable time period). At oral argument,
Edwards again stated that he was relying only on an express contract theory, and clarified
that he raised an additional consideration argument only to illustrate the circumstances
surrounding his employment contract with Geisinger. Because Edwards argues only that
he had an express contract, we do not address whether he may have provided sufficient
additional consideration to Geisinger to create an implied contract for a reasonable period
of time.
                                             7
inadequate to prove a contract for a definite term. 

(quoting Veno

v. Meredith, 

, 579 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1986)).

       As an initial matter, we believe that Geisinger and Edwards demonstrated their

mutual intent for Edwards to be an employee at-will when they both willingly signed the

Practice Agreement. See, e.g., Schoch v. First Fid. Bancorporation, 

, 661

(3d Cir. 1990) (an agreement stating that an employee is at-will “is difficult to reconcile”

with the employee’s later attempt to characterize his or her employment as terminable for

cause only). Edwards counters that he did not notice the Practice Agreement’s at-will

term because he reviewed the Practice Agreement quickly. However, “[i]gnorance of the

contents of a document or failure to read before signing is no defense to a contractual

obligation under Pennsylvania law.” Tose v. First Pa. Bank, N.A., 

, 900 (3d

Cir. 1981), overruled on other grounds by Griggs v. Provident Consumer Disc. Co., 

(1982). Although we decline to decide whether the at-will term in the Practice

Agreement is enforceable as a contractual obligation, we believe that Schoch v. First

Fidelity Bancorporation and Tose v. First Pennsylvania Bank, N.A. nonetheless support

recognizing the Practice Agreement’s at-will language as evidence of the parties’ mutual

intent and understanding.

                                            B.

       Turning to Edwards’s arguments, we agree with the District Court that Geisinger’s

statements concerning employment for four to six years during recruitment discussions

and in Edwards’s offer letter were too vague to establish an express contract for a definite

term. See 

(“vague” employer statements do not establish a

                                             8
contract of employment for a definite term). We believe that Conca’s statements during

recruitment, such as Conca’s question of whether Edwards understood that he “need[ed] .

. . to be here [at Geisinger] for at least four years and . . . to get [his] boards,” explained

Geisinger’s board certification requirement and expressed Geisinger’s hope that Edwards

would work for four to six years to obtain board certification. (A. 227.) We do not

believe that Geisinger’s statements demonstrated that it intended to guarantee at least four

years of employment.

       Likewise, although the offer letter includes a paragraph stating that Edwards “will

be granted 4-6 years from the date of employment” to receive board certification, the

same paragraph begins with a disclaimer that board certification is a requirement for

working for Geisinger. (A. 260.) The offer letter then concludes by implying that

Edwards will risk losing his employment if he fails to receive board certification within

four to six years. Accordingly, the “will be granted” language in the offer letter appears

to clarify Geisinger’s board certification requirement rather than to promise employment

for a definite term.

       Further, we reject Edwards’s argument that Geisinger implied that it was

guaranteeing employment for a definite term by failing to include an at-will disclaimer in

its offer letter or in its employment application. As explained in Section 

,

Pennsylvania law presumes that employment is at-will. See 

.

Accordingly, the absence of an at-will disclaimer does not indicate that the parties

contracted for employment for a definite term.



                                                9
       Next, we reject Edwards’s argument that Geisinger’s employment application

suggests employment for a definite term. Although the employment application provides

a list of certain circumstances under which Geisinger may not terminate Edwards’s

employment, the application does not state that it alters the employment relationship for

any other circumstances. Indeed, the application’s list of enumerated circumstances

suggests that Geisinger reserved the right to terminate Edwards for all other reasons.

       We believe that the declarations in the job application are most like policy

statements in employee handbooks, which form a contract under Pennsylvania law only

when the parties’ intent is clear and an employee reading the handbook “could reasonably

believe that a contract [for a definite term] did exist.” DiBonaventura v. Consol. Rail

Corp., 

, 870 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1988). Pennsylvania courts typically find that

an employee handbook rebuts the presumption of employment at-will only when the

employer has included unambiguous language indicating its intent to create a relationship

terminable only for just cause. See Luteran v. Loral Fairchild Corp., 

, 214

(Pa. Super. Ct. 1997) (“The handbook must contain a clear indication that the employer

intended to overcome the at-will presumption.”). Indeed, the Pennsylvania Superior

Court held in Luteran v. Loral Fairchild Corp. that even language stating that the

employer would “discharge for just cause” did not establish an express or implied

contract that could be terminated only for just cause. 

Much as in Luteran,

Geisinger’s employment application includes no language stating that it creates more

than an at-will relationship. Instead, the employment application appears more like an



                                            10
aspirational statement of employer and employee expectations, which does not establish

an express contract under Pennsylvania law.

       Finally, Edwards contends that Geisinger expressed its intent to enter into a

contract for a definite term by communicating to the ABR that Edwards was participating

in its four-year board certification program and by sponsoring Edwards for a three-year

H-1B visa. Edwards’s argument concerning the ABR fails because he does not

demonstrate that Geisinger ever represented to the ABR that it was guaranteeing four

years of employment. Edwards relies primarily on just one facsimile by Geisinger’s

recruiter forwarding Edwards’s offer letter to the ABR. Edwards contends that the ABR

interpreted the offer letter “as a representation that both Edwards and Geisinger

committed to the ABR four year program requirement,” presumably because the ABR

noted that Edwards would work for Geisinger from October 1, 2006 to September 30,

2010. (Appellant’s Br. 10.) The ABR’s interpretation of Geisinger’s offer letter

facsimile is not relevant to proving that Geisinger intended to guarantee four years of

employment. Further, even if the ABR’s interpretation was relevant, the ABR’s notation

stating that Edwards would work at Geisinger from October 1, 2006 to September 30,

2010 does not demonstrate that it understood Geisinger as guaranteeing four years of

employment. At most, it demonstrates that the ABR anticipated that Edwards would

work for Geisinger for four years.

       Likewise, we reject Edwards’s argument that he and Geisinger entered into an

express employment contract for a definite term when Geisinger agreed to sponsor

Edwards’s H-1B visa. An H-1B visa is a temporary work visa that lasts up to three years

                                            11
with the possibility of renewal. See 20 C.F.R. § 655.750(a)(1) (2008). As Edwards

appears to acknowledge, an H-1B visa does not guarantee employment for the visa’s

maximum duration. Indeed, the Immigration and Nationality Act expressly contemplates

that an employer may dismiss a worker with an H-1B visa before the end of the visa’s

maximum duration. See 8 U.S.C. § 1184(c)(5)(A) (stating that an employer must pay

return expenses if it dismisses an employee “before the end of the period of authorized

admission”). Accordingly, sponsorship of an H-1B visa alone does not imply that the

employer-sponsor has guaranteed employment for the visa’s duration. See, e.g., Woods v.

Era Med LLC, 

, 818 (E.D. Pa. 2010) (holding that an employer’s

sponsorship of an employee’s O-1 visa does not establish an employment contract for a

definite term).

       Although Edwards argues that Geisinger and Edwards “represent[ed] to the

immigration authorities in the United States that Edwards had at least a three year

employment commitment,” he fails to provide evidence of any actual communications.

(Appellant’s Br. 10.) Instead, he asserts that he believes that Geisinger “had to represent

to the immigration authorities in the United States that Dr. Edwards had at least a three

year employment commitment, as the visa is for a minimum three year period.” (A. 274.)

We do not believe that Edwards’s conclusory allegation that Geisinger must have

represented to United States immigration authorities that it would employ Edwards for

three years raises a genuine dispute of material fact. Accordingly, because Edwards has

failed to raise any genuine dispute of material fact supporting his claim that he had an



                                            12
express employment contract for a definite term, we agree with the District Court’s grant

of summary judgment to Geisinger.

                                           III.

      For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s order.




                                           13