The question we must answer on this appeal is whether a sentence for money laundering under Sec. 2S1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines should be based on the total value of the funds involved in that offense or should it be based on the actual loss sustained by the victims. We reject Thompson's "actual loss" argument which is based on the measurement of the sentence for offenses involving fraud and deceit. See U.S.S.G. Sec. 2F1.1; United States v. Kopp, 951 F.2d 521 (3d Cir.1991). We hold instead that in imposing a sentence for money laundering pursuant to U.S.S.G. Sec. 2S1.1, the district court should determine its sentence based on the total value of the funds involved.

* Appellant Roscoe Thompson ("Thompson") appeals the sentence imposed after he pled guilty to the charges of money laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1956(a)(1)(B)(i)1 and conspiracy to defraud a financial institution, 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1344,2 in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 371.3 We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1291 and 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3742(a)(2). On appeal, Thompson argues that the district court's calculation of his sentence under U.S.S.G. Sec. 2S1.1(b)(2) is inconsistent with this Court's holding in United States v. Kopp, 951 F.2d 521 (3d Cir.1991).

The essential facts of this case are not in dispute. Thompson, Victor Thompson ("Victor") and co-defendant Benjamin Garland ("Garland") together intercepted and diverted funds that investors mailed to the New York securities firm of J.P. Morgan Securities, Inc. ("J.P. Morgan"). Their plan was executed in the following manner. During the period from July 18, 1991 through December 2, 1991, Victor, who was a J.P. Morgan employee, intercepted thirty-four checks sent to J.P. Morgan by various people throughout the United States. Victor forwarded these checks to Garland in Tarpon Springs, Florida, who mailed the stolen checks to Thompson in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

On October 9, 1991, Thompson opened an account at Pittsburgh National Bank (now PNC Bank) under the fictitious business name of J.P.M. Utility Auditors, Inc. ("JPM"). Thompson used the alias of Rudolph Sinclair to create the account. On the same day Thompson obtained a telephone answering service in JPM's name.

Between October 10, 1991, and December 6, 1991, Thompson deposited thirty-four stolen checks with a total value of $352,220.50 into JPM's checking account. The conspirators withdrew the funds by wire transfers, checks and automatic teller machine transactions. By means of these withdrawals, Thompson and Garland diverted the stolen funds to a series of other accounts with PNC Bank, Barnett Bank, Citibank and Charles Schwab, a discount brokerage firm.

Investigators from PNC Bank became aware of these illicit activities in January, 1992. PNC froze the funds that remained in the accounts and thereby prevented the withdrawal of $99,561.27 of the $352,220.50 that Thompson had stolen and deposited. These funds were eventually returned to the J.P. Morgan investors who were the victims of the scheme. Of the stolen funds, $252,659.23 was not recovered.

On April 15, 1993, a federal grand jury returned an eighty-two count indictment against Thompson and Garland.4 Under an agreement with the Government, Thompson pled guilty to Count One (conspiracy to defraud) and Count Fifty-One (money laundering) of the indictment. Thompson acknowledged committing the crimes charged in the remaining counts of the indictment, and stipulated that the conduct alleged in the entire indictment could be considered by the district court in imposing a sentence. Thompson also accepted the responsibility for paying restitution in the amount of $352,220.50.

Under the applicable money laundering provisions of U.S.S.G. Sec. 2S1.1(a)(2), Thompson's base offense level was 20. The district court found that the value of the funds involved in the money laundering scheme was $352,220.50. This resulted in a three-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. Sec. 2S1.1(b)(2)(D). Thompson received a three point downward adjustment for acceptance of responsibility. The district court also found that Thompson had a criminal history category of III.

After considering a range of 41 to 51 months, the district court sentenced Thompson to fifty months in prison on both the conspiracy and the money laundering counts, to be served concurrently, to be followed by two concurrent three year terms of supervised release. App. 100. Thompson was ordered to pay $252,693.23 in restitution and a $100 special assessment to the court. This appeal followed.

Thompson challenges the district court's interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines. The district court's interpretation of the Guidelines is an issue of law subject to plenary review. United States v. Deaner, 1 F.3d 192, 196 (3d Cir.1993). Section 2S1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines (Laundering of Monetary Instruments) provides, among other things, for a two level increase in offense level if the value of the funds laundered exceed $200,000. U.S.S.G. Sec. 2S1.1(b)(2)(C). The Sentencing Guidelines prescribe a three level increase in the offense level when the value of the funds laundered exceeds $350,000. U.S.S.G. Sec. 2S1.1(b)(2)(D).

Thompson argues that the district court erred by including the full $352,220.50 in calculating the "value of the funds" prescribed in U.S.S.G. Sec. 2S1.1 and should have excluded the $99,561.27 that was frozen by PNC Bank and subsequently returned to the J.P. Morgan investors. Thus, Thompson contends that the district court should have considered only the sum of $252,659.23 in calculating his sentence. If this were so, Thompson's offense level would be reduced by one point, which would accordingly result in the reduction of his sentence.

Thompson's argument that the district court applied the Guidelines incorrectly is premised upon his interpretation of this Court's decision in United States v. Kopp, supra. Kopp involved a defendant who made fraudulent representations to obtain a $13,750,000 bank loan. Kopp pled guilty to procuring a loan by fraudulent misrepresentations, in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1344. 951 F.2d at 522. At sentencing, the district court applied the fraud and deceit provisions of U.S.S.G. Sec. 2F1.1(b)(1).5 Section 2F1.1 determines the sentence by reference to the measurable "loss" that results from the fraud and deceit.

Although it was uncontroverted that Kopp made fraudulent representations to obtain the loan, he did offer the bank a deed as collateral. The bank ultimately sold the property for $14,500,000, $750,000 more than the face value of the loan. Id. at 524. Nonetheless, the district court calculated the "loss" under Sec. 2F1.1(b)(1) at $13,750,000, the full face value of the loan. We vacated the judgment and sentence of the district court, holding that in fraudulent loan application cases "the loss is the amount of loan not repaid at the time the offense is discovered, reduced by the amount the lending institution has recovered, or can expect to recover, from any assets pledged to secure the loan." Id. at 535.

Kopp is clearly distinguishable from the present case. As contrasted with Kopp, the present appeal concerns the application of Sentencing Guideline Sec. 2S1.1(b)(2) not Sec. 2F1.1(b)(1). Section 2S1.1(b)(2) computes the base level according to the "value of the funds" involved in the money laundering scheme, not according to the "loss" incurred. As the Tenth Circuit has held, when considering the impact of fraud on individual victims it is the loss which governs the measure of the sentence imposed, whereas in considering a money laundering offense, such as the one here, the amount of the loss is not the measure of the sentence. Rather, it is the value of the funds involved in the money laundering transaction. This is so because "[t]he harm from such a transaction does not generally fall upon an individual, but falls upon society in general. Thus, the measure of harm under Sec. 2S1.1 is the total amount of the funds involved." United States v. Johnson, 971 F.2d 562, 576 (10th Cir.1992).

Although the Commentary to Sec. 2S1.1 does not expressly define "the value of the funds," it states that "[t]he amount of money involved is included as a factor because it is an indicator of the magnitude of the criminal enterprise, and the extent to which the defendant aided the enterprise." The Commentary to Sec. 2S1.1 makes no reference to "loss" and contains no cross-references to Sec. 2F1.1. The Commentary's statement that the "amount of money involved is included as a factor" can only refer to the "value of the funds" language of Sec. 2S1.1(b)(2). The Commentary's reference to "the amount of funds involved" in the money laundering scheme and Sec. 2S1.1(b)(2)'s reference to "the value of the funds" hence should be read synonymously.

It is uncontroverted that Thompson deposited $352,220.50 in laundered funds in PNC Bank in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1956. The sum of $352,220.50 is plainly the "amount of money involved" in this case and gives the clearest "indicator of the magnitude of the criminal enterprise."

The Money Laundering Control Act's6 ("the Act") reference to "value" also supports our interpretation of "the value of the funds" under Sec. 2S1.1(b)(2). Among other things, the sentencing provisions of that Act permit a district court to impose a sentence of "twice the value of the property involved in the transaction." Under 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1956(c)(3), "The term 'transaction' ... with respect to a financial institution includes the deposit, withdrawal, transfer between accounts ... through, or to a financial institution, by whatever means effected." These are the very acts to which Thompson pled guilty. Nowhere in the Act does the term "loss" appear.

The provisions of the Act to which we have referred look only to the value of the laundered funds that were transacted by and through a financial institution. Neither the Act nor U.S.S.G. Sec. 2S1.1(b)(2) provide for any mitigation of punishment if the victims of the money laundering scheme recoup some, or even all, of their losses. Accordingly, we hold that the calculation of "the value of the funds" under Sec. 2S1.1(b)(2) includes the aggregate of all funds involved in the money laundering scheme without regard to either the "actual loss" which the victim suffered or the return of any monies to the victims. In the instant case, the district court determined that the value of the funds involved in Thompson's unlawful activities was $352,220.50.

Our reading and our interpretation of the money laundering and fraud provisions of the Guidelines is consistent with that of other courts that have addressed this issue. Every court of appeals that has reviewed sentences imposed under U.S.S.G. Sec. 2S1.1(b)(2) and discussed sentences imposed under U.S.S.G. Sec. 2F1.1(b)(1) has held that "value of funds" under Sec. 2S1.1 is not limited to or the same as the concept of "loss", which is the measure of culpability found in Sec. 2F1.1. See United States v. Johnson, 971 F.2d 562, 576 (10th Cir.1992); United States v. Taylor, 984 F.2d 298, 303 (9th Cir.1993); United States v. Tansley, 986 F.2d 880, 884 (5th Cir.1993); United States v. Barrios, 993 F.2d 1522, 1524 (11th Cir.1993).

Because we reject Thompson's contention that Sec. 2S1.1(b)(2)'s reference to "the value of the funds" relates to the actual loss suffered by victims of the money laundering scheme, we will affirm the district court's sentence of May 25, 1994 imposed upon Thompson.