Filed: Dec. 26, 2012
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: United States v. Lacy, 50 M.J.[8] Appellants co-accused, LTC Lethers, was tried and, convicted by a military judge alone of larceny of military property in Iraq, and was sentenced to eleven months confinement, a sentence approved by the, same convening authority who acted on appellants case.
CORRECTED COPY
UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
Before
KERN, YOB, and ALDYKIEWICZ
Appellate Military Judges
UNITED STATES, Appellee
v.
Sergeant First Class MICHAEL W. PLEASANT, JR.
United States Army, Appellant
ARMY 20100781
Headquarters, 82d Airborne Division
Gary J. Brockington, Military Judge
Major Daniel J. Sennott, Acting Staff Judge Advocate (pretrial)
Colonel Lorianne M. Campanella, Staff Judge Advocate (post-trial)
For Appellant: Major Richard E. Gorini, JA* (argued); Colonel Patricia A.
Ham, JA; Lieutenant Colonel Imogene M. Jamison, JA; Major Richard E.
Gorini, JA; Captain Meghan M. Poirier, JA (on brief).
For Appellee: Captain Kenneth W. Borgnino, JA (argued); Major Amber J.
Roach, JA; Major Katherine S. Gowell, JA; Captain Kenneth W. Borgnino, JA
(on brief).
26 December 2012
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OPINION OF THE COURT
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ALDYKIEWICZ, Judge:
A general court-martial composed of officer and enlisted members
convicted appellant, contrary to his pleas, of attempted larceny and
larceny in violation of Articles 80 and 121, Uniform Code of Military
Justice, 10 U.S.C. §§ 880, 921 (2006) [hereinafter UCMJ]. The panel
sentenced appellant to a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for twenty-four
months, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to the grade of
E-1. The convening authority approved only so much of
*Corrected
the sentence as provided for a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for
eleven months, and reduction to the grade of E-1.[1]
I. BACKGROUND
Appellant’s larceny and attempted larceny charges relate directly to
appellant’s misuse and manipulation of the military supply system in Iraq.
Using his position as unit supply sergeant for the Baghdad Operations
Command Advisory Team (BOCAT), appellant requisitioned an estimated
$385,000.00 of non-mission-essential, military property using the military
supply system, property that included high-dollar value power tools used
for construction as well as military equipment. Approximately $67,000.00
worth of requisitioned property was recovered in appellant’s North Carolina
home. Property of an approximate value of $12,000.00 was recovered in the
North Carolina home of appellant’s co-accused, the BOCAT Deputy Chief,
Lieutenant Colonel (LTC) Timothy Lethers.[2]
The BOCAT, for all practical purposes, acted as the headquarters
detachment for appellant’s unit, the 18th Fires Brigade (Forward) out of
Fort Bragg, North Carolina. The BOCAT was located at Forward Operating
Base (FOB) Prosperity, Iraq, and consisted of approximately forty to fifty
soldiers, reaching a total population of seventy-five personnel at its
peak. The BOCAT was led by a colonel who acted as the BOCAT Chief, and LTC
Lethers served as the BOCAT Deputy Chief. The detachment commander,
Captain (CPT) BJ, managed BOCAT daily operations. The BOCAT’s mission was
to advise and support the Iraqi Baghdad Operations Command (BOC) group, as
well as act as liaison between the BOC and Multi-National Division–Baghdad
(MND-B). With the exception of one construction project, which was handled
by MND-B engineers from the 4th Infantry Division, the BOCAT had no
construction mission and no missions requiring power tools.
Appellant’s primary duty at the BOCAT was conducting personal
security missions in the BOCAT’s personal security detail (PSD). In
addition to his PSD duties, the detachment commander assigned appellant two
additional duties: (1) primary BOCAT Supply Noncommissioned Officer (NCO)
(i.e., supply sergeant), and (2) BOCAT pay agent.
As the BOCAT supply sergeant, appellant had the authority to
requisition military property through Supply Support Activities (SSAs) in
Iraq using the Department of Defense Activity Address Code (DODAAC)
assigned to the BOCAT.[3] From October 2008 through May 2009, appellant
requisitioned supplies and property, including large power tools and
construction-related equipment. The requisitions were submitted to the SSA
at FOB Prosperity on Department of the Army Form 2765, and absent errors on
the DA Form 2765, were processed by the SSA at FOB Prosperity through to
the SSA at Camp Liberty. The SSA at Camp Liberty filled the orders and
delivered the property to the SSA at FOB Prosperity to be picked up. On
average, appellant went to the FOB Prosperity SSA two to three times per
week ordering and picking up property.
In April 2009, in anticipation of the re-deployment of the 18th Fires
Brigade (Forward) soldiers back to Fort Bragg, BOCAT personnel, to include
appellant, loaded two large shipping containers with personal equipment and
gear that BOCAT soldiers no longer needed in theater. The two shipping
containers traveled from FOB Prosperity, Iraq, back to Fort Bragg, North
Carolina, where, in May of 2009, they were stored in the motor pool.
In June 2009, appellant coordinated with Sergeant First Class (SFC)
DW to gain access to the two containers, advising SFC DW that he needed to
gain access to the shipping containers to recover his “personal gear.” No
mention was ever made of removing any military property. After borrowing a
trailer from SFC DW, appellant cut the steel bands used to secure the
shipping containers, then he and LTC Lethers removed military property from
the containers and loaded the borrowed trailer. They made four trips with
the trailer. During the first three trips, they transported some of the
military property to LTC Lethers’s home. On the fourth and final trip,
they transported military property to appellant’s home. Appellant then
returned the trailer to SFC DW and placed new locks on the shipping
containers.
That same month, June 2009, the Criminal Investigation Command (CID)
in Iraq received a “tip” that the BOCAT was improperly requisitioning
tools. This triggered a CID investigation which determined that the
estimated dollar value of the property improperly requisitioned by the
BOCAT—using the BOCAT’s unique DODAAC—was approximately $385,000.00. A
search of the SSAs at both Camp Liberty and FOB Prosperity revealed BOCAT
requisitioned tools that had not yet been picked up. The property was
identified as BOCAT ordered property because it was marked with the BOCAT’s
unique DODAAC. A search of FOB Prosperity discovered additional BOCAT
requisitioned power tools, still in their original packaging, in another
shipping container.
In August 2009, CID executed a search of appellant’s off-post
residence where approximately $67,000.00 worth of military property was
recovered from appellant’s garage.[4] During the search, appellant
admitted the recovered property was from Iraq.
II. LAW AND DISCUSSION
This case is now before us for review pursuant to Article 66, UCMJ.
Appellant alleges two assignments of error: (1) that the evidence is
legally and factually insufficient to support appellant’s convictions for
both larceny and attempted larceny; and (2) that appellant’s sentence to
confinement and a bad-conduct discharge is inappropriate and
disproportionately severe.[5] We agree with appellant’s first assignment
of error as it relates to the attempted larceny but disagree as it relates
to the larceny. Furthermore, we disagree with appellant’s second
assignment of error in its entirety.
A. LEGAL AND Factual Sufficiency
1. Standard of Review
Article 66(c), UCMJ, provides that a Court of Criminal Appeals “may
affirm only such findings of guilty . . . as it finds correct in law and
fact.” In performing our duty, we must conduct a de novo review of legal
and factual sufficiency. United States v. Gilchrist, 61 M.J. 785, 793
(Army. Ct. Crim. App. 2005) (citing United States v. Washington,
57 M.J.
394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002)). The test for legal sufficiency is “whether,
considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a
reasonable factfinder could have found all the essential elements beyond a
reasonable doubt.” United States v. Lubasky,
68 M.J. 260, 263 (C.A.A.F.
2010) (citations omitted). The test for factual sufficiency is “whether,
after weighing the evidence of record and making allowances for not having
personally observed the witnesses, [this court is] convinced of appellant’s
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Gilchrist,
61 M.J. 785,
793 (Army. Ct. Crim. App. 2005) (citing United States v. Turner,
25 M.J.
324, 325 (C.M.A. 1987)). This review for factual sufficiency “involves a
fresh, impartial look at the evidence, giving no deference to the decision
of the trial court on factual sufficiency beyond the admonition in Article
66(c), UCMJ, to take into account the fact that the trial court saw and
heard the witnesses.”
Washington, 57 M.J. at 399. As this court
previously noted, “to sustain appellant’s conviction, we must find that the
government has proven all essential elements and, taken together as a
whole, the parcels of proof credibly and coherently demonstrate that
appellant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Gilchrist, 61 M.J. at 793
(citing United States v. Roukis,
60 M.J. 925, 930 (Army Ct. Crim. App.
2005)).
2. The Larceny Charge
Contrary to appellant’s assignment of error, this court finds the
evidence both legally and factually sufficient to affirm appellant’s
conviction for larceny. This conclusion is not only supported by the
evidence presented in the government’s case, but also by the testimony
given by appellant in his defense, where he stated that he did not intend
to steal military property. On this point, appellant’s testimony was not
credible and, as such, is affirmative evidence of his guilt.
When an accused testifies on his own behalf, he does so at his own
peril, risking that he might fill in gaps or provide affirmative evidence
contributing to or resulting in his conviction. As the Supreme Court early
established, a trier of fact necessarily assesses the veracity of an
accused’s testimony and considers it when resolving questions of guilt or
innocence:
Nor can there be any question that, if the jury were satisfied,
from the evidence, that false statements in the case were made
by defendant, or on his behalf, at his instigation, they had the
right, not only to take such statements into consideration, in
connection with all the other circumstances of the case, in
determining whether or not defendant’s conduct had been
satisfactorily explained by him upon the theory of his
innocence, but also to regard false statements in explanation or
defense, made or procured to be made, as in themselves tending
to show guilt. The destruction, suppression, or fabrication of
evidence undoubtedly gives rise to a presumption of guilt, to be
dealt with by the jury.
Wilson v. United States, 162 U.S. 613, 620–21 (1896). See, e.g., Wright v.
West,
505 U.S. 277, 296 (1992) (plurality opinion); United States v. Urban,
404 F.3d 754, 782 (3rd Cir. 2005); United States v. Jocic,
207 F.3d 889,
893 (7th Cir. 2000); United States v. Burgos,
94 F.3d 849, 868 (4th Cir.
1996); United States v. Friedman,
998 F.2d 53, 57 (2d Cir. 1993); United
States v. Kenny,
645 F.2d 1323, 1346 (9th Cir. 1981).
The idea that a defendant, or accused in the military context,
testifies at his own peril is best summed up by the United States Court of
Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit in United States v. Williams, 390 F.3d
1319 (11th Cir. 2004):
“Defendants in criminal trials are not obliged to testify. And
a defendant who chooses to present a defense runs a substantial
risk of bolstering the Government’s case.” United States v.
Bennett, 848 F.2d 1134, 1139 (11th Cir. 1988). “Most important,
a statement by a defendant, if disbelieved by the jury, may be
considered as substantive evidence of the defendant’s guilt.”
United States v. Brown, 53 F.3d 312, 314 (11th Cir. 1995). “By
‘substantive’ we mean evidence adduced for the purpose of
proving a fact in issue as opposed to evidence given for the
purpose of discrediting a witness (i.e., showing that he is
unworthy of belief), or of corroborating his testimony.” Id.
This Circuit said that “when a defendant chooses to testify, he
runs the risk that if disbelieved the jury might conclude the
opposite of his testimony is true.” Id. (citations omitted).
Id. at 1325. “Where some corroborative evidence of guilt exists for the
charged offense . . . and the defendant takes the stand in her own defense,
the Defendant’s testimony, denying guilt, may establish, by itself,
elements of the offense.”
Id. at 1326 (citation omitted). Of special note
to appellant’s situation, the Williams court concluded that “[t]his rule
applies with special force where the elements to be proved for a conviction
include highly subjective elements: for example, the defendant’s intent or
knowledge.”
Id. at 1326 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
In the case at bar, the government’s case-in-chief focused on
appellant’s theft of military property through the misuse of his authority.
As the BOCAT’s primary supply sergeant, appellant regularly ordered and
picked up supplies for the BOCAT. The BOCAT’s mission did not entail
construction—a fact which CPT BJ discussed personally with
appellant—nevertheless, appellant regularly picked up BOCAT-ordered
supplies that included large power tools. Towards the end of his
deployment, appellant shipped the wrongfully ordered equipment back to the
United States and surreptitiously transported it to his home. A search of
appellant’s home uncovered some of the property that was wrongfully ordered
for the BOCAT.
In his defense, appellant took the stand. Appellant testified for
sixty-two pages of trial transcript, explaining or attempting to explain
his actions. He testified that, notwithstanding his near fifteen years of
military service, he was inexperienced in the area of supply and was simply
ordering specific equipment as directed by LTC Lethers, the Deputy BOCAT
Chief. Appellant testified that initially he thought the construction
equipment was being used to construct stadium seating for the BOC, but when
the 4th Infantry Division engineers assumed that mission, appellant
accepted LTC Lethers’s explanation that the ordered property would be used
for the 18th Fires Brigade back at Fort Bragg. Appellant testified that he
accepted this explanation because LTC Lethers had deployed multiple times
and said that all deployed units “plus up” on equipment from downrange.
Appellant further testified that he stored the military property in
his garage in North Carolina because he and LTC Lethers were concerned that
the motor pool was not secure. This concern, appellant testified, was
based on a rumor that a radio had been stolen from the motor pool.
Appellant testified that he agreed, as a favor to LTC Lethers, to store
some of the property at his residence. When a panel member asked appellant
whether there was a stateside headquarters supply sergeant, an inquiry
relevant to appellant’s stated purpose of removing military property from a
motor pool to his home in order to safeguard the property, appellant
answered: “Yes. There was. There was a female. She had her issues as
well, First Sergeant, as far as — I just didn’t — she didn’t strike me as
competent in her abilities but that had nothing to do with my decision
whatsoever.” When asked about coordination with the detachment commander,
who was still forward deployed, about the distribution plan for the
property appellant took to his home, appellant responded:
I did not speak to Captain [BJ] again until his return. I
thought that I had — since I had spoke to Captain [BJ’s] boss,
[LTC Lethers,] and had gotten an answer on where — where — what
the distro plan was, that I had spoke to the appropriate person,
that Captain [BJ], being as how he was aware that — he was
present during all these meetings and he was aware that these
items were being ordered, I was assuming because everyone knew
that needed to know that it would just get taken care of once
they returned home.[6]
When asked by his trial defense counsel about his intent regarding the
property found in his garage, appellant testified: “My intent was to take
them back to the 18th Fires Brigade as per Colonel Lethers’[s] instructions
upon their redeployment. That was my only intention.”
As the Supreme Court has noted and Circuit Courts of Appeals have
reinforced, the panel in appellant’s case was free to disbelieve
appellant’s testimony and free to consider that testimony as substantive
evidence of guilt. “A trier of fact is not compelled to accept and believe
the self serving stories of vitally interested defendants. Their evidence
may not only be disbelieved, but from the totality of the circumstances,
including the manner in which they testify, a contrary conclusion may be
properly drawn.” United States v. Cisneros, 448 F.2d 298, 305-06 (9th Cir.
1971) (citing Dyer v. Mac-Dougall,
201 F.2d 265, 268 (2d Cir. 1952)).
Having reviewed the government’s evidence ourselves afresh, as well
as appellant’s direct testimony, we are satisfied of appellant’s guilt as
to the larceny of military property beyond a reasonable doubt. We find
appellant’s testimony incredible, rejecting his self-serving account of why
he used his position as supply sergeant in Iraq to order thousands of
dollars of non-mission essential property and thereafter remove that
property from the motor pool to his home. Appellant’s conviction on the
charged offense is both legally and factually sufficient.
3. The Attempted Larceny Charge
Unlike the larceny charge, the attempted larceny charge is not
supported by sufficient evidence to convince us beyond a reasonable doubt
of appellant’s guilt. The attempted larceny charge alleges that appellant
attempted to steal the military property that was discovered on FOB
Prosperity in Iraq following appellant’s redeployment; however, the
government’s evidence did not sufficiently tie appellant to this property
and appellant did not testify regarding this property.
A review of the evidence introduced by the government on the
attempted larceny reveals nothing more than photographs of non-mission
essential property found in Iraq that was linked to the BOCAT’s unique
DODAAC,[7] combined with testimony from other BOCAT personnel that they did
not order that property. For reasons unknown to this court, the government
chose not to introduce the actual order forms bearing the signature of the
individual who ordered the property (i.e., the DA Form 2765s) or the date
the property was ordered. In addition to appellant, there was at least one
additional NCO with the apparent authority to order equipment whose actions
during the relevant time-period went unaddressed.
The government failed to establish who ordered this property or when
the property was ordered. Appellant’s testimony failed to address either
question. Other than generic testimony about placing orders for property
while in Iraq, appellant’s sixty-two pages of testimony, both on direct
examination and during cross-examination, is silent with regards to the
property found in Iraq after his departure. Despite having appellant on
the stand and subject to cross-examination, the government did not pursue
any questions about the property found after appellant’s departure from
theater. Thus, appellant’s testimony does not provide substantive evidence
of his guilt with regards to the attempted larceny. Accordingly, we find
the evidence factually insufficient to establish appellant’s guilt of
attempted larceny beyond a reasonable doubt.
B. Sentence Review
Appellant’s second assignment of error alleges that his sentence to
confinement for eleven months and a bad-conduct discharge is both
inappropriate and disproportionately severe. This allegation warrants
discussion but no relief. In reaching our conclusion, this court not only
considered appellant’s character, the nature and seriousness of the crimes
at issue, and appellant’s record of trial, but we also took judicial notice
of the record of trial in the general court-martial of appellant’s co-
accused, LTC Lethers. See United States v. Smith, 56 M.J. 653, 659 n.7
(Army Ct. Crim. App. 2001) (collecting cases establishing an appellate
court’s authority to judicially notice other records or portions thereof in
exercising its Article 66, UCMJ authority). We first address the disparity
in sentences between appellant’s case and his co-accused, LTC Lethers,
after which we address sentence reassessment and appropriateness in light
of this court’s finding that appellant’s conviction for attempted larceny
is factually insufficient.
1. Sentence Disparity
Sentence comparison, unlike sentence appropriateness, is required
only in “those rare instances in which sentence appropriateness can be
fairly determined only by reference to disparate sentences adjudged in
closely related cases.” United States v. Lacy, 50 M.J. 286, 288 (C.A.A.F.
1999) (quoting United States v. Ballard,
20 M.J. 282, 283 (C.M.A.1985)).
The burden is on the appellant seeking relief to show that his or her case
is “closely related” to the cited cases and that the sentences are “highly
disparate.”
Id. Once met, the burden shifts to the government to show a
rational basis for the disparity.
Id.
The government concedes that appellant’s case is “closely related” to
that of LTC Lethers, and we agree. Having decided the cases are “closely
related,” we next look to any disparity in the adjudged sentences to
determine if they are, in fact, “highly disparate.” United States v.
Roach,
69 M.J. 17, 21 (C.A.A.F. 2010); United States v. Sothen,
54 M.J.
294, 296 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (quoting
Ballard, 20 M.J. at 283).
After a fully contested trial, the panel sentenced appellant to a bad-
conduct discharge, confinement for twenty-four months, forfeiture of all
pay and allowances, and reduction to the grade of E-1. The convening
authority approved only so much of the sentence as provided for a bad-
conduct discharge, confinement for eleven months, and reduction to the
grade of E-1.[8] Appellant’s co-accused, LTC Lethers, was tried and
convicted by a military judge alone of larceny of military property in Iraq
and was sentenced to eleven months’ confinement, a sentence approved by the
same convening authority who acted on appellant’s case.[9]
While disparate, we find appellant has not met his burden in showing
that the adjudged sentences are “highly disparate.” See, e.g., Lacy, 50
M.J. at 289 (appellant's eighteen-month sentence for indecent acts and
carnal knowledge not “highly disparate” when compared to two co-accused’s
respective sentences of eight and fifteen months). See also, United States
v. Fee,
50 M.J. 290 (C.A.A.F. 1999) (affirming lower court’s opinion
finding sentence of one co-accused to dishonorable discharge and six years
not highly disparate when compared to other co-accused’s sentence to a bad-
conduct discharge and confinement for fifteen months).
At the time of sentencing, appellant faced a maximum punishment of
reduction to the grade of E-1, forfeiture of all pay and allowances,
confinement for twenty years (two-hundred and forty months), and a
dishonorable discharge. In addition to reduction to the grade of E-1 and
forfeiture of all pay and allowances, the panel sentenced appellant to 10%
of the maximum period of confinement (i.e., twenty-four months) and the
lesser of the two punitive discharges available, a bad-conduct discharge.
Lieutenant Colonel Lethers faced a maximum punishment of forfeiture of all
pay and allowances, confinement for ten years (one-hundred and twenty
months), and dismissal from the service. He was sentenced to 9% of the
maximum period of confinement possible (i.e., eleven months). Unlike
appellant, the only possible punitive discharge for LTC Lethers was a
dismissal, viewed generally as the “equivalent of a dishonorable
discharge.” Dep’t of Army, Pam. 27-9, Legal Services: Military Judges’
Benchbook [hereinafter Benchbook], para. 2-5-22 (1 Jan. 2010). Our
conclusion regarding the disparate nature of the sentences is unchanged
notwithstanding this court’s decision that appellant’s conviction for
attempted larceny is factually insufficient, thereby reducing appellant’s
maximum period of possible confinement from twenty years to ten years.
Assuming arguendo appellant has met his burden in showing that his
adjudged sentence is “highly disparate” when compared to that of his co-
accused, we find that a rational basis exists for such disparity. Sothen,
54 M.J. at 296;
Lacy, 50 M.J. at 288. The prior disciplinary histories of
appellant and his co-accused stand in stark contrast. Until the time of
trial, LTC Lethers’s military career was unblemished. Appellant, on the
other hand, as evident by the government’s case in aggravation, had two
General Officer Memoranda of Reprimand in his official files. Appellant’s
first reprimand was issued in July 2000, for operating a vehicle with a
blood alcohol concentration of .12%. Appellant’s second reprimand was
issued in September 2006, this time for wrongful use of a controlled
substance, ketamine, while serving as a Special Forces medic in
Afghanistan. Appellant’s NCO evaluation report for the period covered by
his second reprimand reflects that he possessed “limited” potential, that
his “irresponsible handling of controlled substances caused himself and
others to be incompacitated (sic) and incapable of conducting operations at
a moments (sic) notice,” and documents appellant’s “[failure] to complete a
combat tour due to lack of personal discipline.” Appellant’s wrongful use
of a controlled substance also led to the revocation of his Special Forces
tab.
In addition to notably different military careers vis-à-vis prior
misconduct or the lack thereof, appellant and LTC Lethers also have
significantly different deployment histories. Appellant deployed twice for
a total of eighteen months, both deployments marred by criminal activity.
Appellant’s first deployment ended after six months because of his wrongful
use of a controlled substance. Appellant’s second deployment covers the
period of the charges for which he stands convicted. LTC Lethers has four
deployments for a total of forty months: Qatar for nine months; and Iraq
for four, twelve, and fifteen months. Appellant and his co-accused also
differ significantly when considering retirement eligibility. At the time
of sentencing, appellant had less than fifteen years of active duty service
towards retirement whereas LTC Lethers was retirement eligible with over
twenty years of active duty service. Regarding the larcenies themselves,
an estimated $67,000 in property was recovered from appellant’s home
whereas the estimated value of the property recovered from LTC Lethers’s
residence was $12,000.[10]
Finally, appellant testified on the merits in his court-martial
whereas LTC Lethers did not. Appellant’s testimony offers an additional
basis upon which to rationally distinguish the respective punishments.
Addressing an accused’s mendacity as it relates to sentencing, our superior
court noted:
[A]n accused's mendacity may be considered by a sentencing
authority in arriving at a just sentence. United States v.
Grayson, 438 U.S. 41,
98 S. Ct. 2610,
57 L. Ed. 2d 582 (1978)
(sentencing judge could properly consider a defendant's false
testimony, as observed by the judge at trial, when considering
an accused's rehabilitative potential and fixing sentence.)
However, consideration of an accused's false testimony is
limited to the determination of rehabilitative potential. United
States v. Warren, 13 M.J. at 285, citing Grayson.
United States v. Edwards,
35 M.J. 351, 355 (C.M.A. 1992). In appellant’s
case, the
military judge properly instructed the panel, both orally and in writing,
as follows:
Mendacity: The evidence presented and the argument of trial
counsel raised the question of whether the accused testified
falsely before this court under oath. No person, including the
accused, has a right to seek to alter or affect the outcome of a
court-martial by false testimony. You are instructed that you
may consider this issue only within certain constraints.
First, this factor should play no role whatsoever in your
determination of an appropriate sentence unless you
conclude that the accused did lie under oath to the court.
Second, such lies must have been, in your view, willful and
material — meaning important — before they can be considered in
your deliberations.
Finally, you may consider this factor insofar as you conclude
that it, along with all the other circumstances in the case,
bears upon the likelihood that the accused can be rehabilitated.
You may not mete out additional punishment for the false
testimony itself.
The instruction given is consistent with Edwards and identical to the
mendacity instruction in the Military Judges’ Benchbook in all respects
except one, the military judge’s omission of the word “sentencing” before
the word “argument.” See Benchbook, para. 2–5–23.
A side-by-side comparison of appellant and his co-accused reveals
soldiers with significantly different disciplinary and deployment
histories. Additionally, appellant testified on the merits at his trial
whereas his co-accused did not, risking that if disbelieved the panel might
take into account appellant’s mendacity in sentencing insofar as his
mendacity relates to his rehabilitative potential. Accordingly, there can
be no doubt that a rational basis exists for the disparate sentences
between appellant and his co-accused, LTC Lethers.
2. Sentence Reassessment and Sentence Appropriateness
In light of our decision to set aside the findings of guilt to the
attempted larceny charge and its specification, we must consider whether
reassessment without a rehearing is possible, and if so, whether the
sentence must be reduced. United States v. Sales, 22 M.J. 305, 308 (C.M.A.
1986); United States v. Moffeit,
63 M.J. 40, 43 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (Baker, J.,
concurring). In this case, we can be “reasonably certain as to the
severity of the sentence that would have resulted in the absence of the
error,”
Sales, 22 M.J. at 307 n.3, and therefore, we will reassess the
sentence at our level.
In performing our reassessment, we conclude that the prejudicial
error does not warrant reduction of appellant’s sentence. Although
dismissal of the attempted larceny charge reduces the maximum possible
punishment in appellant’s case by half, appellant remains convicted of the
most aggravating offense. The gravamen of appellant’s misconduct was the
manipulation and misuse of the Army supply system to steal military
property. The government’s case focused mainly on the actions taken by
appellant while deployed to abuse his position of trust to order non-
mission essential equipment which was shipped back from Iraq to the United
States and ultimately ended up in his home and the home of his co-accused.
The attempted larceny of the BOCAT-ordered property found in Iraq after
appellant’s departure had little impact on the case as a whole.
Accordingly, we are confident that appellant’s sentence would have been no
less severe than that approved by the convening authority: a bad-conduct
discharge, eleven months’ confinement, and reduction to the grade of E-1.
Having found that appellant would have received a sentence equal to
or greater than that approved by the convening authority, we next turn to
the appropriateness of appellant’s sentence. Sales, 22 M.J. at 307–08.
Sentence appropriateness is reviewed de novo. United States v. Bauerbach,
55 M.J. 501, 504 (Army Ct.Crim.App. 2001) (citing United States v. Cole,
31
M.J. 270, 272 (C.M.A.1990)). In determining sentence appropriateness, an
exercise of a service court’s Article 66, UCMJ, authority, the court looks
to the character of the offender, the nature and seriousness of the
offenses, and the entire record of trial. United States v. Snelling,
14
M.J. 267, 268 (C.M.A.1982); United States v. Ransom,
56 M.J. 861, 865 (Army
Ct.Crim.App. 2002); United States v. Triplett,
56 M.J. 875, 885 (Army
Ct.Crim.App. 2002).
In this case, we find the sentence appropriate. Since appellant
became a NCO in December of 1999, he engaged in criminal activity on three
occasions, culminating in his present conviction. In 2000, appellant
operated a vehicle while intoxicated, resulting in his first general
officer memorandum of reprimand. In his response to this reprimand,
appellant stated: “I know what I have done is wrong and I will do
everything in my power to get this behind me and drive on being the best
Non Commissioned Officer that I can be.” Less than six years later, in
2006, appellant wrongfully used a controlled substance while serving as a
Special Forces medic. This resulted in appellant’s second general officer
memorandum of reprimand as well as his early departure from a combat zone.
In appellant’s rebuttal to his second reprimand, appellant wrote, in part:
“I recognize that my decision placed the public, my unit, and myself in
danger. I regret this incident tremendously and will do whatever is
necessary to rectify it. . . . I ask your forgiveness and for you to
please give me another chance Sir.” Three years later, appellant again
abused his position of trust while deployed, this time stealing military
property of a value more than $500.00, approximately $67,000.00 of which
was recovered from his North Carolina home. Therefore, in consideration of
appellant’s character, the nature and seriousness of the offense for which
appellant stands convicted, and the entire record of trial, we find
appellant’s sentence, as approved by the convening authority, appropriate.
III. CONCLUSION
On the basis of the entire record, appellant’s assignments of error,
the government’s responses thereto, the matters submitted pursuant to
United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982), and the oral
argument before this court, the findings of guilty of Charge I and its
Specification are set aside and dismissed. The remaining findings of
guilty are affirmed. Reassessing the sentence on the basis of the error
noted, the entire record, and in accordance with the principles articulated
in Sales and Moffeit, to include those factors noted in Judge Baker’s
concurring opinion, the sentence is affirmed.
Senior Judge KERN and Senior Judge YOB concur.
FOR THE COURT:
MALCOLM H. SQUIRES JR.
Clerk of Court
-----------------------
[1] Both the automatic and adjudged forfeitures were deferred until action.
At action, the convening authority disapproved the adjudged forfeitures
and waived the automatic forfeitures for a period of six months, with
direction that they be provided to appellant’s spouse. In addition,
appellant was credited with thirteen days of confinement against the
sentence to confinement.
[2] Lieutenant Colonel Timothy Lethers was convicted, contrary to his
pleas, by a military judge sitting as a general court-martial of larceny of
military property on divers occasions, charges stemming from the same facts
and circumstances surrounding appellant’s charges. The court sentenced LTC
Lethers to eleven months’ confinement.
[3] A DODAAC is a unique identifier used by military units to purchase
property through a Supply Support Activity.
[4] Among the property recovered were: two tables saws; two compound miter
saws; two Makita drills; two jigsaws; two twelve-ton hydraulic jacks; over
twenty varied Pelican cases; assorted tools; thirty-nine M-84 charging
handles; seven global positioning satellite (GPS) units; twenty-seven
ballistic sunglasses; twenty-five infrared transmitters; over twenty-five
flashlights; and fifteen or more Gerber, multipurpose tools. Also found
within appellant’s garage was a “tuff box” that appellant mailed from Iraq
to his spouse, a box he insured for $1,600.00, complete with a shipping
label that indicated the box contained twenty flashlights, ten GPS units,
and ten knives.
[5] Appellant also alleges, pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J.
431 (C.M.A. 1982), that he was the subject of “dilatory post-trial
processing in violation of United States v. Moreno,
63 M.J. 129 (C.A.A.F.
2006).” This allegation is meritless and does not warrant discussion.
[6] Captain BJ’s direct testimony contradicts, in its entirety, appellant’s
testimony. Captain BJ testified he advised appellant to order office
supplies and equipment necessary for those personnel going outside the
wire. Captain BJ’s testimony establishes a lack of awareness on his part
of the orders placed by appellant for power tools and non-mission essential
equipment. Unaware of the orders for the property at issue in appellant’s
case, Captain BJ neither testified to nor had any knowledge of any
redistribution plan to “plus up” any units of the 18th Fires Brigade.
[7] For example, the government offered as prosecution exhibits pictures of
power tools found by CID agents in June of 2009 at the SSA at FOB
Prosperity, tools requisitioned by the BOCAT but not yet picked up. The
military judge, over defense’s objection that “there is no linkage
whatsoever that these items had anything to do with Sergeant Pleasant,”
admitted these exhibits.
[8] The post-trial documentation in appellant’s case is silent as to why
the convening authority reduced appellant’s period of confinement from
twenty-four months to eleven months. One possible conclusion is that the
reduction in confinement was to bring appellant’s period of confinement in
line with that of LTC Lethers. However, absent a clear rationale from the
convening authority for appellant’s thirteen-month reduction in
confinement, this court will not speculate as to the impetus for this
reduction.
[9] Action was taken in LTC Lethers’s case on 21 April 2011 and in
appellant’s case fifteen days thereafter, on 6 May 2011.
[10] A review of LTC Lethers’s record of trial reveals the government
established LTC Lethers stole approximately $9,000 in military property.
In appellant’s case, however, the government established the recovery of an
estimated $12,000 in property from LTC Lethers’s residence.
