UNPUBLISHED

                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                      FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                           No. 04-1490



CONTINENTAL CASUALTY COMPANY,

                                             Plaintiff - Appellee,

     versus


PENN NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY,

                                            Defendant - Appellant.


Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of
South Carolina, at Charleston. C. Weston Houck, Senior District
Judge. (CA-01-3117-2-12)


Argued:   March 16, 2005                  Decided:   April 19, 2005


Before WILKINSON, NIEMEYER, and MOTZ, Circuit Judges.


Affirmed in part; reversed in part; and remanded by unpublished per
curiam opinion.


ARGUED: Frank Barron Grier, III, West Columbia, South Carolina,
for Appellant.    William Jefferson Leath, Jr., LEATH, BOUCH &
CRAWFORD, L.L.P., Charleston, South Carolina, for Appellee.    ON
BRIEF: Jeanette F. Barber, GRIER LAW FIRM, L.L.C., West Columbia,
South Carolina, for Appellant.


Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
See Local Rule 36(c).
PER CURIAM:

     This appeal from a declaratory judgment concerns a dispute as

to coverage under three insurance policies for $2.5 million in

damages arising out of an automobile accident.        For the reasons

that follow, we conclude that Penn National Insurance Company is

liable under its business auto coverage policy for the first $1

million in damages arising from the accident, and that Continental

Casualty Company is liable under its business auto coverage policy

for the remaining $1.5 million.        Accordingly, we affirm in part,

reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent with

this opinion.



                                  I.

     The parties stipulated to the following facts.       On August 1,

1997, David Breu, an employee of Allied Steel Corporation, was

working a second job as a delivery man for a Pizza Hut located in

North Charleston, South Carolina.      With Allied Steel’s permission,

Breu was using a car owned by Allied Steel to perform his delivery

route.   While delivering pizzas that evening, Breu ran a red light

and struck the car of Russell Bernard, a North Charleston police

officer who was off duty at the time.            The accident injured

Bernard.

     On January 28, 1999, Bernard and his wife Sharon brought

companion suits against Pizza Hut and Breu.         Breu sued for his


                                  2
injuries and Sharon Breu sued for loss of consortium. Allied Steel

was not a party to either action.        In February of 2001, Continental

(which   insured   Pizza   Hut    and    various     other    Pepsico,    Inc.

subsidiaries in 49 states), on behalf Pizza Hut only, and Penn

(which insured Allied Steel), on behalf of Breu only, settled with

the Bernards for $2.5 million. Of this sum, Continental paid $1.75

million and Penn paid $750,000, though both insurers reserved the

right to contest this distribution.

     On March 20, 2001, Continental filed a declaratory judgment

action against Penn in South Carolina state court seeking to

determine each party’s rights under the three policies in effect at

the time of the accident:        Penn’s business auto coverage policy,

which provided Allied Steel with up to $1 million in liability

insurance;   Continental’s   business      auto    coverage   policy,    which

provided Pizza Hut with up to $5 million in liability insurance;

and Penn’s umbrella policy, which provided Allied Steel with

additional insurance of up to $1 million.               Penn subsequently

removed the case to federal court.

     After a bench trial, the district court ruled that: (1) Penn

is primarily liable under its business auto coverage policy for the

first $1 million in damages arising out of the accident as well as

for Breu’s defense costs; (2) Penn is liable under its umbrella

policy for the next $1 million in damages arising out of the

accident; and (3) even though Breu was insured under Continental’s


                                     3
policy at the time of the accident, the vehicle he was driving was

not covered and, therefore, Continental provided “no liability

coverage for the accident and was under no duty to defend Mr. Breu

as a result thereof.”1             Penn timely appealed.             We review the

district       court’s   findings     of    fact    for   clear      error   and   its

conclusions of law de novo.          Williams v. Sandman, 

, 381

(4th Cir. 1999).



                                           II.

           Before addressing the substantive questions involved, we

briefly       describe   how   the    three      insurance     policies      at   issue

function.

       The business auto coverage policies function identically.

Each contains a “Declarations” page that indicates a “liability”

code       number.   This   code     number      corresponds    to    a   description

provided in Section I, “Covered Autos.”               Thus, in this case, both

policies provide liability coverage for “any ‘auto.’”                     Each policy

also contains a “Definitions” section -- Section V in both policies

-- that defines various relevant terms.

       In addition, both business auto coverage policies define -- in

Section II, “Liability Coverage” -- what “coverage” is and “who is

an insured.” With respect to “coverage,” both policies state: “We


       1
      Although defense costs were at issue below, Penn has not
raised any issue as to them on appeal, and we therefore do not
consider defense costs.

                                           4
will pay all sums an ‘insured’ legally must pay as damages because

of ‘bodily injury’ or ‘property damage’ to which this insurance

applies, caused by an ‘accident’ and resulting from the ownership,

maintenance or use of a covered ‘auto.’”

     Each policy also includes -- in Section IV, “Business Auto

Conditions” -- an “other insurance” clause, which determines the

conditions under which the policy will be considered “primary” or

“excess.”   Penn’s and Continental’s “other insurance” clauses are

identical. They provide in relevant part: “For any covered ‘auto’

you own, this Coverage Form provides primary insurance.   For any

covered ‘auto’ you don’t own, the insurance provided by this

Coverage Form is excess over any other collectible insurance.”

Relevant to this case, Continental’s policy also includes several

“Endorsements” that amend the policy.

     Penn’s umbrella policy differs in substance from the business

auto coverage policies in that it provides coverage only when the

applicable underlying limit -- in this case, Penn’s business auto

coverage policy’s $1 million limit -- is insufficient to cover

resulting damages, and it provides coverage only for those damages

in excess of that underlying limit.   The umbrella policy operates

similarly to the other policies, however, in that it contains a

“coverage” section, a section defining “who is an insured,” an

“other insurance” clause, and a “definitions” section.




                                 5
                                   III.

     The first substantive question we consider is whether the

district court correctly concluded that Continental provided “no

liability coverage” in this case.

     Under South Carolina law, insurance policies are subject to

the general rules of contract construction:

     A court must give policy language its plain, ordinary,
     and popular meaning. An insurer’s obligation under a
     policy of insurance is defined by the terms of the policy
     and cannot be enlarged by judicial construction.
     However, where present, ambiguous or conflicting terms in
     an insurance policy must be construed liberally in favor
     of the insured and strictly against the insurer.

Sunex Int’l, Inc. v. Travelers Indemnity Co., 

,

617 (D.S.C. 2001) (citations omitted); accord Poston v. Nat’l

Fidelity Life Ins. Co., 

, 772 (S.C. 1990) (“Where

language used in an insurance contract is ambiguous, or where it is

capable of two reasonable interpretations, that construction which

is most favorable to the insured will be adopted.” (internal

quotations marks and citation omitted)).

     The district court noted that Continental’s policy “listed a

number   of   vehicles   as   ‘covered   auto,’   but   the   vehicle   being

operated by Mr. Breu on August 1, 1997 was not listed.”           The court

also noted that “[n]owhere in [Continental’s] policy is ‘covered

automobile’ defined so as to include one not owned by an employee

but being operated by an employee about the business of Pizza Hut.”

On the basis of these facts, the court concluded that “[t]he


                                     6
vehicle that Mr. Breu was driving at the time of the accident was

not a covered vehicle under [Continental’s] policy,” and, as a

result,   Continental     “provided     no    liability    coverage    for     the

accident.”

     Though we accept the facts noted by the district court, we

cannot accept its ultimate conclusion.           First, the plain language

of Continental’s business auto coverage policy strongly indicates

that both Breu and the vehicle he was driving were covered under

that policy.    It is undisputed that Breu was “an insured” under the

policy.      Endorsement 8 amended the definition of “who is an

insured” to include “any employee . . . while acting ‘within the

scope of [his] duties’ to [Pizza Hut],” and Endorsement 19 provides

that “[a]ny employee of [Pizza Hut] is an ‘insured’ while using a

covered ‘auto’ [Pizza Hut] do[esn’t] own, hire or borrow in [its]

business or [its] personal affairs.”            Neither the district court

nor Continental points to any language in Continental’s policy

providing    that   in   order   for   an    “insured”    to   be   entitled    to

liability coverage, his specific vehicle must be listed in the

policy.   Indeed, given that Continental’s policy covers Pizza Hut

and various other subsidiaries of Pepsico, Inc. in 49 states, such

a requirement would likely preclude coverage in many otherwise

deserving cases.

     Furthermore, nowhere in Continental’s policy is “covered auto”

defined so as to exclude a vehicle not owned by a Pizza Hut


                                       7
employee that is used in the scope of that employee’s employment.

In fact, to the contrary, Continental’s policy, like Penn’s,

explicitly   states   that   “any   ‘auto’”   is    a    “covered    auto”   for

purposes of liability insurance.         Absent any contrary indication,

“any” auto must include Breu’s.

     Nevertheless, Continental contends that Endorsement 20 narrows

the scope of “covered autos” so as to exclude from coverage any

non-employee-owned    vehicles.      See    Brief       of   Appellee   at   20.

Endorsement 20, styled a “[d]escription of ‘Auto[,]’” provides:

“Any employee owned vehicle only while the employee is working on

the clock for Pizza Hut, Inc. and operating such vehicle on behalf

of Pizza Hut, Inc.”    The Endorsement further states:              “Any ‘auto’

described in the Schedule will be considered a covered ‘auto’

[Pizza Hut] own[s] and not a covered ‘auto’ [Pizza Hut] hire[s],

borrow[s] or lease[s] under the coverage for which it is a covered

‘auto.’”

     Continental’s reading of Endorsement 20 is at odds with the

text’s plain language.       Endorsement 20 does not purport to limit

the definition of “auto” provided in Section V, i.e., “a land motor

vehicle, trailer or semitrailer designed for travel on public

roads.”    Rather, as the policy specifically states, Endorsement 20

merely clarifies that when a Pizza Hut employee is using his own

vehicle in the course of his employment, that vehicle “will be

considered a covered ‘auto’ [Pizza Hut] own[s] and not a covered


                                     8
‘auto’ [Pizza Hut] hire[s], borrow[s] or lease[s] . . . .”2                       In

other       words,   Endorsement    20   seeks   only    to    clarify   that,   for

liability purposes, an employee who uses his own vehicle on the job

will be treated identically to an employee who uses a vehicle owned

by Pizza Hut.          In short, contrary to Continental’s contention,

Endorsement 20 does not, under any reasonable interpretation, make

“clear” that for coverage to extend to an employee, “the vehicle

must be ‘employee owned[.]’”             See Brief of Appellee at 20.            And,

even        if   Endorsement   20    were      capable    of    “two     reasonable

interpretations,” which it is not, we would be required to adopt

the construction “most favorable to the insured.”                 See 

.

        Thus, under the plain language of Continental’s policy, and

because we must resolve any ambiguity in favor Breu, we conclude

that Continental provided liability coverage to Breu.



                                         IV.

        Concluding as we have that Continental’s policy provides

liability coverage, we must now decide which of the two business

auto coverage policies provides primary coverage.                      Penn argues,

largely on the basis of parol evidence, that Continental provides


        2
     As this case demonstrates, the distinction between a “covered
‘auto’ [Pizza Hut] own[s]” and a “covered ‘auto’ [Pizza Hut]
do[esn’t] own” is significant under the “other insurance” clauses
of both Continental’s and Penn’s policies for determining which
policy provides primary coverage. See infra Part IV.

                                          9
“sole primary coverage,” and, in the alternative, that Penn and

Continental provide “co-primary coverage.”   Brief of Appellant at

21, 28.    Because the clear language of the policies requires the

conclusion that Penn’s coverage is primary, these arguments fail.

     It is hornbook law that when the terms of a written instrument

are unambiguous, parol evidence is inadmissible. E.g., Proffitt v.

Sitton, 

, 259 (S.C. 1964).       In this case, the

policies are clear and unambiguous as to which one is primary and

which one is excess.    Both policies contain an identical “other

insurance” clause, which provides: “For any covered ‘auto’ you own,

this Coverage Form provides primary insurance.     For any covered

‘auto’ you don’t own, the insurance provided by this Coverage Form

is excess over any other collectible insurance.”   It is undisputed

that Allied Steel owned the vehicle Breu was driving at the time of

the accident and that Breu was driving it with Allied Steel’s

permission.    It is therefore clear that Penn is the primary

insurer.    This conclusion is bolstered by the “general rule” in

South Carolina that “when two policies extend coverage to the

operation of a vehicle, the policy insuring the liability of the

owner of a described vehicle has the first and primary obligation.”

N.C. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.,

, 152 (S.C. Ct. App. 1991).

     Attempting to escape the reality of its primary obligation,

Penn points to South Carolina’s “total policy insuring intent”


                                10
rule.   That rule provides that in some cases, when two policies

both contain “excess” clauses, those clauses “should cancel each

other out,” and the court should determine, through analysis of

several factors, the “total policy insuring intent.” S.C. Ins. Co.

v. Fidelity and Guaranty Ins. Underwriters, Inc., 

,

204 (S.C. 1997).       Penn then relies on parol evidence tending to

show that Pizza Hut’s intent was to provide primary car insurance

to its delivery men.        See Brief of Appellant at 16-21, 23, 26-27.

      The fatal flaw in this argument is that the “total policy

insuring intent” rule only applies when “it is impossible to give

effect to both ‘excess’ clauses” because they contradict each

other, 

, which, as explained above, is

not   the   case    here.    See    S.C.      Farm   Bureau   Mut.   Ins.   Co.   v.

S.E.C.U.R.E. Underwriters Risk Retention Group, 

, 11

(S.C. 2003) (holding that where two “other insurance” clauses “are

not mutually repugnant, it [is] unnecessary to apply the ‘total

policy insuring intent’ rule to allocate priority between the two

carriers”).        Thus, because the plain language of the policies

dictates    that     Penn   is     the     primary     insurer,      we   conclude,

notwithstanding any parol evidence, that Penn is liable for the

first $1 million in damages arising from the accident between Breu

and Bernard.




                                         11
                                 V.

     The question remains whether Continental’s policy or Penn’s

umbrella policy is next in line.

     Penn’s umbrella policy provides:    “We will pay on behalf of

the insured the ‘ultimate net loss’ in excess of the ‘applicable

underlying limit’ which the insured becomes legally obligated to

pay as damages because of” bodily and other injury “to which this

insurance applies . . . .”     Qualifying this grant of coverage is

the umbrella policy’s “other insurance” clause, which provides:

“If other insurance applies to claims covered by this policy, the

insurance under this policy is excess and we will not make any

payments until the other insurance has been used up.   This will not

be true, however, if the other insurance is specifically written to

be excess over this policy.”

     Penn does not dispute that, but for Continental’s policy and

its umbrella policy’s “other insurance” clause, its umbrella policy

would provide coverage after exhaustion of primary insurance.

Indeed, the umbrella policy clearly indicates that Penn’s primary

policy is the applicable underlying policy, and (according to Penn)

the umbrella policy specifically lists Breu’s vehicle.     Thus, if

Continental provided no liability coverage in this case and the

umbrella policy’s “other insurance” clause did not apply, Penn

would be liable under its umbrella policy for $1 million in excess

damages -- that is, the “ultimate net loss” up to its policy limit,


                                 12
which is $1 million, in excess of the “applicable underlying

limit,” which is also $1 million.

       It is a general principle of insurance law, however, that

“umbrella policies are regarded as excess over and above any type

of primary coverage, excess provisions arising in regular policies

in any manner, or any escape clauses” because “umbrella policies

are not an attempt by a primary insurer to limit a portion of its

risk       by    labeling     it    ‘excess’   nor     a   device     to    escape

responsibility.”           15 Lee R. Russ & Thomas F. Segalla, Couch on

Insurance 3d § 220:41, at 220-51 (1999). Moreover, we have adopted

a similar approach, i.e., that, absent a contrary state rule,

“where purported conflicts exist between an umbrella policy and an

essentially primary policy made excess by a non-ownership clause”

-- precisely the case here -- “the umbrella policy need not

contribute until after the primary and ordinary excess coverages

are exhausted.”        Allstate Ins. Co. v. Am. Hardware Mut. Ins. Co.,

, 594 (4th Cir. 1989).3

       Of course, our Allstate rule would not apply in the face of

contrary state law.           But South Carolina, which has noted that

umbrella        policies    are    “fundamentally    different”     from   primary

policies, Todd v. Federated Mut. Ins. Co., 

, 365


       3
     Although Continental states that its policy was “specifically
written” to be excess over Penn’s umbrella policy, Brief of
Appellee at 18, it points to no policy language other than the
generic “other insurance” clause to support this contention; we
therefore find it unpersuasive.

                                          13
(S.C. 1991), has never recognized a different rule.        And, given

that the Allstate rule is in line with the ‘overwhelming weight of

authority,’ 

, it seems unlikely that South

Carolina courts would adopt a contrary rule.

        Continental argues that the Allstate rule “does not apply here

since the unrefuted language of the Umbrella Policy provides

coverage for the Allied-owned vehicle.”      Brief of Appellee at 19.

But, as in Allstate, the issue is not whether the umbrella policy

would provide coverage if it were the only policy available; it is

instead whether “the primary and ordinary excess coverages [have

been] exhausted.”      

.    Furthermore, the

Allstate rule works no injustice in this case.        Breu’s accident

occurred during the course of his employment for Pizza Hut, so

there is nothing inequitable about Pizza Hut’s insurer bearing a

portion of the liability for resulting damages.     Cf. Allstate Ins.

Co. v. Employers Liability Assurance Corp., 

, 1283-84

(5th Cir. 1971) (weighing five considerations in holding that

primary insurance limits must be exhausted before umbrella policy

kicks in -- relied upon by Fourth Circuit in 

).




                                   14
                               VI.

     For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that Penn is primarily

liable for the first $1 million in damages arising from the

accident between Breu and Bernard and that Continental is liable

for the remaining $1.5 million in damages.4   Thus, the judgment of

the district court is

                                                 AFFIRMED IN PART;
                                                 REVERSED IN PART;
                                                     AND REMANDED.




     4
      Since Continental’s policy limit is high enough to cover the
$1.5 million in remaining damages, Penn bears no liability under
its umbrella policy. However, since Continental paid $1.75 million
toward the settlement, and Penn paid $750,000, Penn remains liable
to Continental in the amount of $250,000.

                                15