Filed:   March 12, 2008

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                               No. 07-9
                         (2:05-cv-00340-RBS)


KEVIN GREEN,

                                               Petitioner - Appellant,

           versus


GENE M. JOHNSON, Director of the Virginia
Department of Corrections,

                                                Respondent - Appellee.

-----------------------------------------

THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION ON INTELLECTUAL AND
DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES; THE ARC OF THE
UNITED STATES; THE ARC OF VIRGINIA,

                                          Amici Supporting Appellant.


                              O R D E R


     The court amends its opinion filed February 11, 2008, as

follows:

     On page 16, second full paragraph, line 5 -- the phrase

“beyond a reasonable doubt” is deleted and replaced with the phrase

“by a preponderance of the evidence.”

                                          For the Court - By Direction



                                             /s/ Patricia S. Connor
                                                     Clerk
                            PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


KEVIN GREEN,                           
               Petitioner-Appellant,
                 v.
GENE M. JOHNSON, Director of the
Virginia Department of Corrections,
               Respondent-Appellee.
                                                  No. 07-9

THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION ON
INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL
DISABILITIES; THE ARC OF THE UNITED
STATES; THE ARC OF VIRGINIA,
         Amici Supporting Appellant.
                                       
           Appeal from the United States District Court
          for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Norfolk.
               Rebecca Beach Smith, District Judge.
                       (2:05-cv-00340-RBS)

                      Argued: November 1, 2007

                      Decided: February 11, 2008

    Before WILKINSON, MOTZ, and SHEDD, Circuit Judges.



Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Shedd wrote the opinion, in
which Judge Wilkinson joined. Judge Motz wrote an opinion concur-
ring in the judgment.
2                          GREEN v. JOHNSON
                              COUNSEL

ARGUED: Michele Jill Brace, VIRGINIA CAPITAL REPRESEN-
TATION RESOURCE CENTER, Charlottesville, Virginia, for
Appellant. Matthew P. Dullaghan, Senior Assistant Attorney General,
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Richmond, Virginia, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: Timothy M. Richardson, HUFF, POOLE &
MAHONEY, P.C., Virginia Beach, Virginia, for Appellant. Robert F.
McDonnell, Attorney General, Jerry P. Slonaker, Senior Assistant
Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Rich-
mond, Virginia, for Appellee. James W. Ellis, Norman C. Bay, Steven
K. Homer, April Land, Carol M. Suzuki, Albuquerque, New Mexico,
for Amici Supporting Appellant.


                              OPINION

SHEDD, Circuit Judge:

   Kevin Green, a Virginia capital inmate, appeals the denial of his
petition for a writ of habeas corpus. The district court granted Green
a certificate of appealability ("COA") on two issues: (1) whether he
is mentally retarded so that his sentence is unconstitutional under the
Eighth Amendment as interpreted in Atkins v. Virginia, 

(2002), and (2) whether his trial counsel rendered ineffective assis-
tance by failing to appeal his non-capital convictions after the first of
his two trials. In denying relief, the district court concluded that
Green failed to prove he is mentally retarded under Virginia law and
that his ineffective assistance of counsel claim is untimely under 28
U.S.C. § 2244(d). For the following reasons, we affirm.

                                    I

   We begin with a summary of the facts pertaining to the underlying
crimes, as articulated by the Supreme Court of Virginia:

  "The victim, Patricia L. Vaughan, and her husband, Lawrence T.
Vaughan, owned and operated a small grocery store in Brunswick
County. As part of their grocery store operation, the Vaughans regu-
                          GREEN v. JOHNSON                          3
larly cashed checks for employees of several nearby businesses,
including a lumber company that paid its employees on Friday of
each week. Consequently, Mr. Vaughan routinely went to a bank on
Fridays to obtain sufficient currency to cash payroll checks for the
lumber company employees. And, he did so on Friday, August 21,
1998. Upon returning from the bank on that Friday, he placed $10,000
in a bank bag that he kept in a cabinet underneath the cash register,
another $10,000 elsewhere in the store, and the remaining cash in a
safe.

   "On the day in question, as Mr. Vaughan was starting to eat lunch
and to file an invoice, two men entered the store. Mr. Vaughan saw
them and recognized the taller of the two men as Kevin Green, the
defendant. Green had worked for the lumber company for approxi-
mately eight to ten weeks during the preceding spring, and had fre-
quented the Vaughans’ grocery store at lunchtime, after work, and on
Fridays to cash his payroll checks.

   "When the two men entered the store, Mrs. Vaughan had her back
to the door and was standing five or six feet from Mr. Vaughan.
Thinking that the shorter man was going over to the ‘drink box,’ Mr.
Vaughan turned around to finish his filing. As he did so, he heard his
wife scream, ‘Oh, God.’ At trial, Mr. Vaughan described what he then
heard:

    It was four bangs. Bang, bang and I was hit. I didn’t know
    where I was hit, but I was hurt. I turned a complete turn and
    fell on the floor, sit [sic] down on my right foot and broke
    my right ankle. And about [the] time I went down, I looked
    up and I realized it was a gun being fired. I could see him,
    he shot toward my wife with the fourth shot. I saw his hand
    with a pistol in it. He was holding [it] like he was target
    practicing.

   "Mr. Vaughan testified that Green, after firing the four shots,
walked back to the door and stood there ‘as a lookout’ while the other
man came around behind the counter and tried to open the cash regis-
ter. When the drawer on the cash register jammed, Green directed the
shorter man to look under the counter. Upon doing so, he found the
bank bag containing approximately $9,000 in cash and Mr.
4                          GREEN v. JOHNSON
Vaughan’s pistol, which he then used to shoot through the key hole
in the cash register drawer. Taking the bank bag and the pistol, the
shorter man exited the store, but Green walked a few steps over to
where Mrs. Vaughan was lying on the floor and pointed the gun at
her again. According to Mr. Vaughan, the gun misfired, and Green
ejected a live cartridge onto the floor. Green then fired two more
shots in the direction of Mrs. Vaughan. Lowering his head, Mr.
Vaughan heard the gun ‘snap’ one more time, but he did not know
whether Green was pointing the gun at him or his wife. Only then,
when the gun was empty, did Green leave the store.

   "After Green left, Mr. Vaughan dragged himself approximately
five feet across the floor of the store to a telephone and dialed the
‘911’ emergency number, but he was too weak to reach his wife who
was still lying on the floor. One of the first police officers to arrive
at the scene testified that he observed ‘puddles of blood just pouring
out of [Mrs. Vaughan’s] nose, her mouth, [and] her head.’ A local
volunteer medical examiner determined that Mrs. Vaughan had died
at the scene of the shooting.

   "A subsequent autopsy of Mrs. Vaughan’s body revealed that she
sustained four gunshot wounds. One bullet penetrated the left side of
her head, passed through the temporal and frontal lobes of her brain,
and lodged in the inner frontal sinus of her face. Another bullet
entered the right side of her chest and went into the upper lobe of her
right lung. A third bullet penetrated the left side of her back. This was
the only non-lethal wound. The fourth bullet entered the right side of
Mrs. Vaughan’s back and penetrated two lobes of her right lung.
According to the forensic pathologist who performed the autopsy, Dr.
Jose Abrenio, this wound caused hemorrhaging in her thoracic cavity,
which led to difficulty in breathing and had the effect of suffocating
her. Dr. Abrenio also opined that Mrs. Vaughan survived ‘seconds to
minutes’ after she was first shot.

   "Four days after the murder, a warrant was issued to search Green,
his residence, and automobile. During the search of his home, six bul-
lets were retrieved from the trunk of a tree in his yard. The bullets
were found behind a ‘makeshift target’ hanging on the tree. Forensic
testing on those six bullets and the four bullets recovered from Mrs.
Vaughan’s body during the autopsy revealed that all ten ‘caliber 25
                          GREEN v. JOHNSON                            5
Auto full metal jacketed bullets’ had been fired from one weapon.
About 35 to 50 feet from the tree, 16 25-caliber empty cartridge cas-
ings were also recovered.

   "After Green was arrested, he executed a form waiving his Miranda
rights and agreed to be questioned by law enforcement officers. Dur-
ing that interrogation, Green admitted that he and his cousin, David
Green, robbed the Vaughans’ grocery store and that he selected their
store because he knew the Vaughans kept a lot of money there. Green
and his cousin had originally planned to wear masks to conceal their
faces. However, they discarded the masks after they had to wait
behind the store in their automobile for about an hour because other
people were in the grocery store. Green also admitted that he shot
both of the Vaughans, hitting Mrs. Vaughan four times." Green v.
Commonwealth, 

, 837-39 (Va. 2003) ("Green v. Com-
monwealth II").

                                   II

   In June 2000, Green was convicted of the capital murder of Mrs.
Vaughan during the commission of robbery; and of the non-capital
crimes of robbery, malicious wounding of Mr. Vaughan, and three
counts of illegal use of a firearm. The jury fixed Green’s punishment
at death for the capital murder conviction; life imprisonment for the
robbery conviction; 20 years imprisonment for the malicious wound-
ing conviction; and three years imprisonment for each of the firearms
convictions. On October 6, 2000, the trial judge sentenced Green in
accord with the jury’s verdict. Green’s trial counsel appealed his capi-
tal murder conviction and death sentence but not his non-capital con-
victions.

   In June 2001, the Supreme Court of Virginia reversed Green’s cap-
ital murder conviction and death sentence, holding that the trial judge
abused his discretion by refusing to remove two potential jurors from
the venire based on their lack of impartiality. See Green v. Common-
wealth, 

(Va. 2001) ("Green v. Commonwealth I").
The supreme court concluded that one juror had formed a fixed opin-
ion about the punishment Green should receive if convicted of the
capital murder, and the other juror had formed a fixed opinion about
the case based on pretrial publicity. Although this decision necessi-
6                          GREEN v. JOHNSON
tated a new trial on the capital murder charge, it did not affect Green’s
unappealed non-capital convictions. See 

did not
appeal his non-capital convictions. Therefore, those convictions are
not before this Court and are not affected by this opinion.").

   Green’s retrial occurred in the latter part of 2001, and a jury again
convicted him of capital murder during the commission of robbery
and fixed his punishment at death. Green’s criminal record, including
the non-capital convictions and sentences he received at the first trial,
was presented to the jury during the sentencing phase of the retrial.
In January 2002, the trial judge sentenced Green in accord with the
jury’s recommendation. In June 2003, the Supreme Court of Virginia
affirmed Green’s capital murder conviction and death sentence. See
Green v. Commonwealth II. Pertinent to this appeal, the supreme
court summarized evidence presented during the penalty phase of
Green’s second trial:

    The jury also heard evidence from Dr. Scott W. Sautter, an
    expert in neuropsychology who had tested Green’s I.Q. on
    two separate occasions using two different tests, the
    "Wechsler abbreviated intelligence scale" and the "Wechsler
    [A]dult [I]ntelligence [S]cale [R]evised." Dr. Sautter testi-
    fied that, while the formats of the two tests are similar, the
    "two tests are not exactly the same." Dr. Sautter reported
    that Green had a full-scale I.Q. score of 74 on the Wechsler
    Adult Intelligence Scale and a score of 55 on the "abbrevi-
    ated" test. . . .

    Two clinical psychologists testified for the Commonwealth
    in rebuttal to Dr. Sautter’s testimony. Dr. Lynda J. Hyatt
    reported that Green had an I.Q. score of 84 on the "Ammons
    & Ammons quick test," which placed Green in the category
    of "low average" mental functioning. Dr. Thomas A. Pas-
    quale evaluated Green’s personality as well as his intellec-
    tual functioning. Dr. Pasquale diagnosed depression, alcohol
    dependency, drug abuse, anti-social personality disorder,
    and malingering. According to Dr. Pasquale, Green had a
    full-scale I.Q. score of 74 on the Weschler Adult Intelli-
    gence Scale, placing him in the "borderline range" of intel-
    lectual functioning.
                          GREEN v. JOHNSON                            

(alterations in original). On February 23, 2004,
the Supreme Court of the United States denied Green’s petition for a
writ of certiorari. See Green v. Virginia, 

(2004).

   Green was represented by the same counsel for both of his trials
and direct appeals. However, on June 26, 2003, Green was appointed
new counsel to represent him on his state habeas petition, which was
filed April 22, 2004. In that petition, Green asserted, inter alia, the
two claims now before us: (1) he is mentally retarded and, therefore,
his sentence violates the Eighth Amendment as interpreted in Atkins,
and (2) his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to
appeal his non-capital convictions after his first trial.

  On February 9, 2005, the Supreme Court of Virginia dismissed
Green’s state habeas petition. See Green v. Warden of Sussex I State
Prison, No. 040932 (Va. Feb. 9, 2005) ("Green v. Warden"). The
supreme court held that Green’s ineffective assistance claim was
untimely under state law:

    Petitioner is challenging his counsel’s failure to appeal his
    non-capital convictions that became final on October 30,
    2000. The provisions of Code § 8.01-654 state that a petition
    for writ of habeas corpus shall be filed within two years
    from the date of final judgment in the trial court or within
    one year from either final disposition of the direct appeal in
    state court or the time for filing such appeal has expired,
    whichever is later. Any challenges petitioner wished to
    make regarding his appellate counsel’s failure to appeal his
    non-capital convictions needed to be filed no later than
    October 30, 2002, or two years from the date of final judg-
    ment in the trial court on those charges.

Green v. Warden, at 2-3. The supreme court also held that Green
failed to prove that his Atkins claim was not "frivolous" for purposes
of Virginia Code § 8.01-654.2, which provides that the supreme court
shall consider a claim of mental retardation filed under the statute and
"if it determines that the claim is not frivolous, it shall remand the
claim to the circuit court for a determination of mental retardation;
otherwise, [it] shall dismiss the petition." The supreme court
explained:
8                           GREEN v. JOHNSON
    The legislature has defined mental retardation as:

      [A] disability, originating before the age of 18 years, charac-
      terized concurrently by (I) significantly subaverage intellec-
      tual functioning as demonstrated by performance on a
      standardized measure of intellectual functioning adminis-
      tered in conformity with accepted professional practice, that
      is at least two standard deviations below the mean and (ii)
      significant limitations in adaptive behavior as expressed in
      conceptual, social and practical adaptive skills.

      Code § 19.2-264.3:1.1(A).

      This Court has previously held that the ceiling for a classifi-
      cation of mental retardation is an I.Q. score of 70. The
      record shows that Green was administered four standardized
      tests for measuring intellectual functioning. Green scored an
      84 on the Ammons & Ammons quick test, a 74 on the
      Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Third Edition, a 74 on
      the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Revised, and below
      a 70 on the Abbreviated Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
      Based on these test scores, Green has failed to meet his bur-
      den of proving that his claim of mental retardation is not
      frivolous.

Green v. Warden, at 9-10 (internal citation omitted). Green thereafter
filed a petition for rehearing, which the supreme court denied without
comment on April 29, 2005. The Supreme Court of the United States
denied Green’s petition for a writ of certiorari (relating to his state
habeas case) on December 5, 2005. See Green v. True, 

(2005).

   Green filed his federal habeas petition on December 1, 2005, nam-
ing Virginia Department of Corrections Director Gene M. Johnson as
the respondent. Johnson moved to dismiss the petition, and the case
was referred to a magistrate judge for the issuance of a report and rec-
ommendation. The magistrate judge held an evidentiary hearing and
issued a thorough report, in which he recommended that the petition
be denied and the motion to dismiss be granted. See Green v. John-
son, No. 2:05cv340, 

(E.D. Va. Dec. 15, 2006)
                          GREEN v. JOHNSON                            9
("Green v. Johnson I"). Although the magistrate judge made several
important subsidiary rulings in Green’s favor, he ultimately con-
cluded, inter alia, that (1) Green failed to prove that he is mentally
retarded under Virginia Code § 19.2-264.3:1.1(A) and (2) Green’s
ineffective assistance of counsel claim is untimely under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244(d). Both parties filed objections to the report. With one minor,
irrelevant exception, the district court adopted the recommendation
and dismissed the petition. See Green v. Johnson, No. 2:05cv340,

(E.D. Va. Mar. 26, 2007) ("Green v. Johnson II").

   The district court granted Green a COA on his Atkins and ineffec-
tive assistance of counsel claims, and although Green agrees with
much of the district court’s reasoning, he challenges the ultimate dis-
missal of his claims. Conversely, Johnson agrees with the ultimate
dismissal of Green’s claims, but he disagrees with some of the district
court’s reasoning, and he presents several alternate bases to support
their dismissal.

                                  III

   We begin with Green’s Atkins claim. We affirm the dismissal of
this claim on two separate grounds.

                                  A.

   The Supreme Court held in Atkins that the Eighth Amendment pro-
hibits the execution of the mentally retarded. The Court concluded
that a national legislative consensus against the execution of mentally
retarded offenders had developed, and it identified two reasons con-
sistent with that consensus to justify a categorical exclusion of the
mentally retarded from execution: (1) the justifications for recogniz-
ing the death penalty (i.e., retribution and deterrence) do not apply to
mentally retarded offenders; and (2) the diminished capacity of men-
tally retarded offenders places them at greater risk of wrongful execu-

. The Court noted that "[t]o the extent there
is serious disagreement about the execution of mentally retarded
offenders, it is in determining which offenders are in fact retarded."

the Court observed that "[n]ot all people who
claim to be mentally retarded will be so impaired as to fall within the
range of mentally retarded offenders about whom there is a national
10                         GREEN v. JOHNSON
consensus;" however, instead of defining that range, the Court
expressly left to the states the "‘task of developing appropriate ways
to enforce the constitutional restriction upon [their] execution of sen-
tences.’" 

Wainwright, 

, 405 (1986)).

   The Virginia General Assembly responded to Atkins by enacting a
statutory scheme to determine capital defendants’ claims of mental
retardation. Pertinent to this case, the General Assembly mandated
that a capital defendant has the burden of proving mental retardation
by a preponderance of the evidence, Va. Code § 19.2-264.3:1.1(C),
and it defined the term "mentally retarded" as:

     [A] disability, originating before the age of 18 years, charac-
     terized concurrently by (I) significantly subaverage intellec-
     tual functioning as demonstrated by performance on a
     standardized measure of intellectual functioning adminis-
     tered in conformity with accepted professional practice, that
     is at least two standard deviations below the mean and (ii)
     significant limitations in adaptive behavior as expressed in
     conceptual, social and practical adaptive skills.

Va. Code § 19.2-264.3:1.1(A). Moreover, for persons such as Green
who were sentenced to death before April 29, 2003, and who had not
yet completed both their direct appeal and state habeas proceeding,
the General Assembly directed the state supreme court to consider a
claim of mental retardation and "if it determines that the claim is not
frivolous, it shall remand the claim to the circuit court for a determi-
nation of mental retardation; otherwise, [it] shall dismiss the petition."
Va. Code § 8.01-654.2.

   Interpreting these state statutory provisions, the Supreme Court of
Virginia has held that "[a] person is not ‘mentally retarded,’ within
the meaning of Code § 19.2-264.3:1.1, unless that person meets the
comprehensive definition of this statutory term," Lewis v. Warden of
the Fluvanna Correctional Center, 

, 507 (Va. 2007),
and that an intelligence quotient ("IQ") score of 70 is the maximum
score for a classification of mental retardation under the first prong
of the statutory definition, Johnson v. Commonwealth, 

,
59 (Va. 2004), vacated on other grounds, 

(2005); see
also Winston v. Warden of Sussex I State Prison, ___ S.E.2d ___,
                           GREEN v. JOHNSON                            11

, at *15 (Va. Mar. 7, 2007) ("This Court has previ-
ously held that the maximum score for a classification of mental retar-
dation is an I.Q. score of 70."). Furthermore, for purposes of § 8.01-
654.2, "a criminal defendant who seeks to demonstrate . . . that his
claim of mental retardation is not frivolous must be able to point to
credible evidence in the record supporting the requirements set forth
in the statutory test." Johnson v. 

.

                                   B.

   The district court dismissed Green’s Atkins claim on the merits,
concluding on a de novo review that although he met his burden of
proof on the first prong of Virginia’s statutory definition for mental
retardation, he failed to meet his burden of proof on the second prong.
Johnson contends that the district court should have deferred to the
supreme court’s decision under 28 U.S.C. §§ 2254(d) and (e) and dis-
missed this claim without conducting a de novo review. We agree.

   "The federal habeas statute dictates a highly deferential standard
for evaluating state-court rulings, which demands that state-court
decisions be given the benefit of the doubt. The required deference
encompasses both the state court’s legal conclusions and its factual
findings." Lenz v. Washington, 

, 299 (4th Cir. 2006),
cert. denied, 

(2006) (internal quotation marks and cita-
tion omitted). "The question . . . is not whether a federal court
believes the state court’s determination was incorrect but whether that
determination was unreasonable - a substantially higher threshold."
Schriro v. Landrigan, 

, 1939 (2007). Thus, where the
state court has adjudicated a claim on the merits, federal habeas relief
is appropriate only if the state court’s judgment resulted in a decision
that is "contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of,
clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court
of the United States" or "based on an unreasonable determination of
the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceed-
ing." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).1
   1
     This is the first case we have considered involving an Atkins claim
that the Supreme Court of Virginia adjudicated. We have been presented
with Atkins claims made by Virginia inmates in other cases, but those
cases involved de novo federal consideration of the merits. See Hedrick
v. True, 

(4th Cir.), cert. denied, 

(2006); Wal-
ton v. Johnson, 

, 177-78 (4th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied,

(2006); Walker v. True, 

(4th Cir. 2005).
12                         GREEN v. JOHNSON
   A decision is contrary to the Supreme Court’s clearly established
precedents if the state court applied a rule that contradicts the govern-
ing law set forth in the Court’s cases, or if it confronted a set of facts
that is materially indistinguishable from a decision of the Court but
reached a different result. Brown v. Payton, 

, 141 (2005).
A decision constitutes an unreasonable application of the Court’s
clearly established precedents if the state court applied the Court’s
precedents to the facts in an objectively unreasonable manner. 

habeas petition, federal courts must presume the correct-
ness of a state court’s factual determinations unless the habeas peti-
tioner rebuts the presumption of correctness by clear and convincing
evidence. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).

    The Supreme Court of Virginia adjudicated Green’s Atkins claim
during his state habeas proceeding. The record presented to the
supreme court included, inter alia, expert testimony from Green’s two
criminal trials concerning his I.Q. Dr. Pasquale, who was an expert
witness for the Commonwealth, testified that he administered the
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd Edition ("WAIS-III") test to
Green, who scored 74. Dr. Hyatt, who was also a Commonwealth
expert witness, testified that she administered the Ammons and
Ammons Quick Test to Green, who scored 84. Both of these wit-
nesses testified that Green is not mentally retarded and that although
it is possible for a person to fake a lower I.Q. score, it is not possible
to fake a higher score. Dr. Sautter, who was an expert witness for
Green, testified that he administered two I.Q. tests to Green: Green
scored 55 on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
("WASI") and 74 on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised
("WAIS-R"). Additionally, Dr. Sautter testified that Green is mentally
retarded. Based on this evidence, the supreme court concluded for
purposes of § 8.01-654.2 that Green had "failed to meet his burden of
proving that his claim of mental retardation is not frivolous." Green
v. Warden, at 10.

   The magistrate judge concluded that the "Virginia Supreme Court
correctly identified Atkins as the controlling opinion by the United
States Supreme Court, but unreasonably applied Atkins to Green’s
case." Green v. Johnson I, 

, at *39. After noting
that Green had scored below 70 on the WASI and that Dr. Sautter tes-
                            GREEN v. JOHNSON                            13
tified that Green is mentally retarded, the magistrate judge - referring
to Johnson v. Commonwealth - explained:

      Because Green pointed to credible evidence supporting the
      requirements set forth in Virginia Code § 19.2-264:3.1.1(A),
      including the result of at least one IQ test that is two stan-
      dard deviations below the mean, expert testimony that he is
      mentally retarded, and evidence of significant limitations in
      adaptive behavior, it was objectively unreasonable for the
      Virginia Supreme Court to find Green’s claim of mental
      retardation to be frivolous under Atkins, and this Court will
      address the merits of Green’s claim.

, at *39. The district court agreed, stating that the
magistrate judge "correctly concluded that the Supreme Court of Vir-
ginia unreasonably held that petitioner’s claim of mental retardation
was frivolous, which allowed the Magistrate Judge to conduct a de
novo review of this claim." Green v. Johnson II, 

,
at *11.2

   Applying the standard mandated by § 2254(d), we conclude that
the supreme court’s decision is entitled to deference. The supreme
court correctly applied Atkins as the controlling precedent, and Green
did not present a set of facts that is materially indistinguishable from
a United States Supreme Court decision. Thus, the supreme court’s
  2
    In seeking rehearing on his state habeas petition, Green argued for the
first time that his I.Q. scores should be adjusted for various theories of
I.Q. measurement error, including the standard error of measurement
("SEM") and the "Flynn effect." See generally 

78 (discussing these theories). Without comment, the state supreme court
denied the rehearing petition. Although the district court held that the
magistrate judge properly considered the Flynn effect and the SEM in its
de novo consideration of Green’s I.Q. scores, neither Atkins nor Virginia
law appears to require expressly that these theories be accounted for in
determining mental retardation status. Cf. Winston, 

, at
*15 (rejecting ineffective assistance of counsel claim premised, in part,
on counsel’s failure to present Flynn effect evidence). To the extent that
we held in Walker that the district court was required to consider the
Flynn effect on remand, that case involved de novo consideration of the
inmate’s Atkins claim.
14                         GREEN v. JOHNSON
decision is not "contrary to" clearly established federal law. More-
over, the pertinent underlying facts identified by the supreme court
(i.e., Green’s I.Q. scores) are not disputed. We are thus left with the
question of whether the supreme court applied Atkins in an objec-
tively unreasonable manner.

   Stated succinctly: the supreme court found that three of Green’s
four I.Q. test scores exceed the maximum score of 70, and evidence
in the state habeas record established that although a person can fake
a lower I.Q. score, a higher I.Q. score cannot be faked.3 Based on this
record, we do not believe that the supreme court applied Atkins in an
objectively unreasonable manner by discrediting, as it implicitly did,
Green’s WASI score of 55 (along with Dr. Sautter’s opinion) and then
concluding under state law that Green failed to present sufficient
credible evidence supporting the requirement in the first prong of the
Commonwealth’s statutory test for mental retardation. See Woods v.
Quarterman, 

, 584-87 (5th Cir. 2007) (holding that
where the petitioner had four I.Q. scores above 70 and one score
below 70, the state court was not unreasonable in concluding that the
petitioner failed to prove that he suffered from subaverage intellectual
functioning). For this reason, Green is not entitled to relief under
§ 2254, and we affirm the dismissal of this claim.4
  3
     We recognize that the parties dispute the relevance and/or legitimacy
of some of these tests; however, the supreme court appears to have con-
sidered all of them in its analysis. We also note that although it was not
part of the state habeas record, Green scored 71 on the Wechsler Intelli-
gence Scale for Children - Revised ("WISC-R") when he was 13 years
old.
   4
     With respect for our concurring colleague’s view, we believe that the
district judge correctly stated that the magistrate judge conducted a de
novo review of Green’s Atkins claim. As set forth above, the magistrate
judge first found the state supreme court’s conclusion that Green’s Atkins
claim was frivolous under state law to be unreasonable within the mean-
ing of § 2254. The magistrate judge based this decision on the pleadings
rather than on the evidence presented during the evidentiary hearing, and
he then proceeded to consider this evidence in the context of a de novo
review. See Green v. Johnson I, 

, at **37-39 (holding
that the supreme court’s frivolousness determination is unreasonable)
and at **39-49 (discussing the evidence produced during the evidentiary
                            GREEN v. JOHNSON                            15
                                    C.

   As noted, the district court did not defer to the supreme court’s
decision. Instead, the district court conducted a de novo review of
Green’s Atkins claim and concluded, inter alia, that he failed to meet
his burden of proof on the second prong of Virginia’s statutory defini-
tion of mental retardation — i.e., that he has "significant limitations
in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social and practical
adaptive skills." Because Green must prove both prongs of Virginia’s
statutory definition for mental retardation in order to establish that he
is mentally retarded, 

, the district court dis-
missed this claim. We affirm the dismissal of Green’s Atkins claim on
this basis as well.5

   In considering the district court’s de novo determination on the sec-
ond prong, we review its legal conclusions de novo, Monroe v. Ange-
lone, 

, 299 (4th Cir. 2003), and its factual findings under
the highly deferential clearly erroneous standard set forth in Rule
52(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 

. Where, as here, the magistrate judge conducted the evidentiary
hearing, we review the district court’s findings, rather than the magis-
trate judge’s recommendations. 

. In this case,
these are essentially one and the same because the district court
adopted the magistrate judge’s pertinent findings and recommenda-
tion. See Green v. Johnson II, 

, at * 11 ("After
reviewing the entire record . . ., examining all of the objections filed
by respondent and petitioner, and making de novo findings with
respect to the portions objected to, this court finds no error in law or

hearing and holding that Green met his burden of proving the first prong
of Virginia’s statutory test for mental retardation). To the extent that it
is relevant, we note that Green shares our assessment on this point. See
Reply Brief of Petitioner-Appellant, at 6 ("Having found the frivolous-
ness decision unreasonable, the district court correctly accorded Green’s
claim the de novo review it would have merited prior to AEDPA.").
   5
     The district court concluded that Green met his burden of proof on the
first prong of the statutory definition. Because we agree with the district
court’s determination on the second prong, which is dispositive, we need
not address the district court’s de novo ruling on the first prong.
16                          GREEN v. JOHNSON
fact in the Magistrate Judge’s thorough analysis of [the mental retar-
dation claim].").

   The magistrate judge correctly recognized that "[a]ssessment of
adaptive behavior shall be based on multiple sources of information,
including clinical interview, psychological testing and educational,
correctional and vocational records," Va. Code § 19.2-
264.3:1.1(B)(2), and he utilized the American Association of Mental
Retardation’s ("AAMR") standards for measuring adaptive skills. The
magistrate judge set forth in detail the expert testimony presented by
both sides at the evidentiary hearing and explained his findings and
conclusions with respect to Green’s adaptive skills. Green v. Johnson
I, 

, at **49-59. We briefly summarize these find-
ings and conclusions.

   The magistrate judge noted that according to the AAMR, concep-
tual adaptive skills involve skills pertaining to language, reading and
writing, money concepts, and self-direction, and he concluded that
although the evidence suggested that Green’s conceptual adaptive
skills are below average, Green failed to prove by a preponderance of the
evidence that he has significant limitations. The magistrate judge based
this determination on evidence that Green had: (1) conversed freely
while being interviewed and shared his opinion about his mental
health diagnosis and his understanding of the status of his case; (2)
requested sophisticated books from the prison library and completed
a form on which he effectively explained a mistake with the prison
commissary; (3) displayed an understanding of money concepts by
handling his own money, having a savings account, paying his own
rent, engaging in transactions with money orders, and profiting from
dealing drugs; and (4) engaged in self-direction by doing such things
as obtaining a driver’s license, concealing much of his criminal activ-
ity from his family, and requesting a copy of his release of medical
records (which is indicative of independent participation in the direc-
tion of his case). 

magistrate judge then noted that according to the AAMR,
social adaptive skills are measured by interpersonal skills and respon-
sibility, self-esteem, gullibility and naivete, and ability to follow rules
and obey laws. The magistrate judge concluded that Green was
unable to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, significant limi-
                           GREEN v. JOHNSON                             17
tations in his social adaptive skills because Green: (1) although
socially awkward, was nonetheless regarded as a "good guy" who
liked to joke around; (2) had girlfriends; (3) was regularly employed
and was often regarded as a good employee who showed a level of
responsibility beyond that expected of someone with significant limi-
tations; (4) displayed personal responsibility for his financial needs by
profitably distributing drugs; and (5) was manipulative. The magis-
trate judge also considered Green’s propensity for ignoring rules and
the law, but found "the extent to which his behavior is attributable to
his intellectual deficits [to be] unclear." 

the magistrate judge noted that according to the AAMR,
practical adaptive skills involve activities relevant to daily living,
occupational skills, and maintenance of a safe environment; and he
concluded that Green failed to meet his burden of proving significant
limitations in these skills by a preponderance of the evidence. The
magistrate judge explained:

    Green’s evidence portrayed him as having mobility issues
    and difficulty dressing himself appropriately, cleaning his
    house, and cooking for himself. Much of this evidence was
    contested, however. For instance, it is uncontroverted that
    Green was able to acquire a driver’s license and navigate
    public transportation systems. Also, Green’s mother and sis-
    ter, who both stated in their declarations that Green had dif-
    ficulty caring for himself, previously testified at trial that he
    could care for himself. Finally, Green’s employment experi-
    ences in restaurants show that he was able to cook and use
    the telephone.

    With respect to his occupational skills, Green showed that
    his various jobs always required low-level skills and low
    education and that he was usually hired with help from fam-
    ily and friends. He was also shown to have difficulty retain-
    ing jobs. Three former employers, however, described
    Green as an average to above average employee. In fact, he
    received a merit-based promotion at one job, an accomplish-
    ment that does not suggest significant limitations in occupa-
    tional skills.
18                             GREEN v. JOHNSON
     6

   In light of these findings and conclusions, the magistrate judge rec-
ommended denial of Green’s Atkins claim. The district court accepted
this recommendation, explaining:

         Despite presenting evidence that he displays some limita-
         tions in adaptive behavior, including having below average
         mental intelligence, struggling to perform some basic activi-
         ties, and exhibiting anti-social behavior, petitioner has failed
         to demonstrate, within the three subsets of adaptive behav-
         ior, that he suffers significant limitations. The Magistrate
         Judge thoroughly considered the limitations of petitioner’s
         adaptive behavior, as presented by expert testimony and evi-
         dence, yet persuasively and correctly concluded that peti-
         tioner simply failed to establish significant limitations,
         based upon evidence, in part, of petitioner’s employment
         history, use of language, understanding of money concepts,
         self-direction, and relationships with others.

Green v. Johnson II, 

, at *12 (internal citation omit-
ted) (emphasis in original). Having carefully considered the parties’
arguments and the district court’s ruling under the aforementioned
standard of review, we find no error in the district court’s findings
and conclusions. Indeed, we believe that the district court’s (and mag-
istrate judge’s) consideration of the evidence was thorough, its find-
ings are amply supported by the evidence, and Green’s challenges to
the district court’s rulings are without merit. Accordingly, we affirm
the denial of Green’s Atkins claim for this reason as well.

                                       IV

   We now turn to Green’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim,
which is premised on his trial counsel’s failure to appeal the non-
capital convictions after his first trial. That trial concluded in October
2000; Green filed his § 2254 petition on December 1, 2005. Accept-
ing the magistrate judge’s recommendation, the district court held that
  6
   The magistrate judge did find that Green had presented uncontested
evidence of limitations maintaining a safe environment.
                            GREEN v. JOHNSON                             19
this claim is time-barred under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d), which establishes
a one-year limitation period for an inmate to file a § 2254 petition.
We agree with this conclusion.7

                                    A.

   Under § 2244(d)(1)(A)-(D), the one-year limitation period begins
to run from the latest of several potential starting dates:

      (A) the date on which the judgment became final by the
      conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for
      seeking such review;

      (B) the date on which the impediment to filing an applica-
      tion created by State action in violation of the Constitution
      or laws of the United States is removed, if the applicant was
      prevented from filing by such State action;

      (C) the date on which the constitutional right asserted was
      initially recognized by the Supreme Court, if the right has
      been newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made
      retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review; or

      (D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or
      claims presented could have been discovered through the
      exercise of due diligence.

Although Green’s non-capital convictions became final on or about
November 6, 2000,8 the district court found that Green faced an
  7
     Preliminarily, the district court rejected Johnson’s argument that this
claim is procedurally defaulted because the state supreme court held it
was untimely for state habeas review. Green v. Johnson II, 

, at **4-5. In light of our disposition of this claim, we express no
opinion on this aspect of the district court’s ruling.
   8
     In denying the state habeas petition, the supreme court stated that
Green’s non-capital convictions became final on October 30, 2000.
Green v. Warden, at 2. However, Johnson asserts that those convictions
actually became final on November 6, 2000. Brief of Respondent-
Appellee, at 53 n.18. For purposes of this case, the discrepancy is imma-
terial.
20                         GREEN v. JOHNSON
impediment to filing his petition until June 26, 2003, when the Com-
monwealth appointed new counsel to represent him in his state habeas
proceeding — the impediment being Green’s ongoing representation
by his allegedly ineffective trial counsel. Accordingly, the district
court concluded under § 2244(d)(1)(B) that the starting date for the
limitation period is June 26, 2003. Green v. Johnson II, 

, at *6.

   The district court next considered whether, under § 2244(d)(2), the
one-year limitation period must be tolled for the period of April 22,
2004, to April 29, 2005, when Green’s state habeas proceeding was
pending. Section 2244(d)(2) provides that the limitation period is
tolled while "a properly filed application for State post-conviction or
other collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or claim
is pending." The district court determined that statutory tolling for this
period is inappropriate because § 2244(d)(2) permits tolling only
when a "properly filed application" for state habeas relief is filed, and
Green’s state habeas petition was not properly filed with respect to his
ineffective assistance of counsel claim because that claim was proce-
durally defaulted. Green v. Johnson II, 

, at *6. Alter-
natively, the district court held that this claim is untimely even with
the benefit of tolling under § 2244(d)(2). Green v. Johnson II, 

, at *6 n.14.

   Finally, the district court considered whether Green is entitled to
equitable tolling. We have held that § 2244 allows for equitable toll-
ing in those "‘rare instances where - due to circumstances external to
the party’s own conduct - it would be unconscionable to enforce the
limitation period against the party and gross injustice would result.’"
Rouse v. Lee, 

, 246 (4th Cir. 2003) (en banc) (quoting
Harris v. Hutchinson, 

, 330 (4th Cir. 2000)). To be enti-
tled to equitable tolling, a habeas petitioner must show that (1) he has
pursued his rights diligently and (2) some "extraordinary circum-
stance" prevented him from filing in a timely manner. Lawrence v.
Florida, 

79, 1085 (2007).9 The district court concluded
  9
   In Lawrence, the Court noted that it has "not decided whether
§ 2244(d) allows for equitable tolling," but it nonetheless applied the
doctrine because the parties agreed that it was 

.
                           GREEN v. JOHNSON                            21
that Green failed to establish the requisite diligence because ten
months elapsed between June 26, 2003 (when habeas counsel was
appointed), and April 22, 2004 (when he filed his state habeas peti-
tion). Green v. Johnson II, 

, at *7.

                                   B.

   We review the district court’s application of § 2244(d) de novo.
Frasch v. Peguese, 

, 521 (4th Cir. 2005). Where, as here,
the relevant facts are undisputed and the district court denied equita-
ble tolling as a matter of law, we also review that decision de novo.

. Having reviewed the district court’s decision
in this manner, we find no error.

   The alleged ineffective assistance of counsel — i.e., the failure of
Green’s trial counsel to file an appeal of the non-capital convictions
— occurred in November 2000. Likewise, those convictions became
final no later than November 6, 2000. In our view, the limitation
period started to run no later than June 26, 2003, when habeas coun-
sel was appointed for Green. At that time, the purported impediment
that prevented Green from filing a habeas petition was removed.
Moreover, trial counsel’s failure to appeal the non-capital convictions
had been public knowledge for at least two years and therefore could
have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence. See, e.g.,
Wade v. Robinson, 

, 333 (4th Cir. 2003) (holding that the
limitation period was triggered under § 2244(d)(1)(D) on the date that
the inmate could have discovered factual predicate of his claim
"through public sources").

   Starting on June 26, 2003, 301 days passed until April 22, 2004,
when Green filed his state habeas petition. Because we agree with the
district court that Green is not entitled to equitable tolling, even if we
accept Green’s argument that he is entitled to statutory tolling while
his state habeas petition was pending, that tolling period would have
ended on April 29, 2005, when the state supreme court denied his
petition for rehearing.10 From April 29, 2005, when the filing clock
  10
    Although Green’s petition for certiorari review of the denial of his
state habeas petition was pending until December 5, 2005, "§ 2244(d)(2)
does not toll the 1-year limitations period during the pendency of a peti-
tion for certiorari." 

.
22                        GREEN v. JOHNSON
again began to run, until December 1, 2005, when Green filed his fed-
eral habeas petition, 216 more days passed. Thus, Green filed for fed-
eral habeas relief on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim well
beyond the one-year limitation period. Accordingly, the district court
correctly dismissed this claim.

                                   V

  Based on the foregoing, we affirm the district court’s order denying
Green’s habeas petition.

                                                           AFFIRMED

DIANA GRIBBON MOTZ, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judg-
ment:

   I concur in the judgment and most of the majority opinion. I cannot
join Part III B or portions of Part III C, which hold that the district
court erred in not deferring to the opinion of the Supreme Court of
Virginia, as required by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty
Act of 1996 ("AEDPA"), 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), (e) (2000). Although
not entirely clear, and notwithstanding the district court’s somewhat
misleading statement that the magistrate judge (whose report the dis-
trict judge adopted) conducted a "de novo review," it seems to me that
the magistrate judge actually did defer to the state court. Green v.
Johnson, No. 2:05CV340, 

, at *11 (E.D. Va. Mar.
26, 2007). The magistrate judge properly granted an evidentiary hear-
ing under § 2254(e)(2) of AEDPA, recognized that the state court’s
factual findings were entitled to a "presumption of correctness," but
found them rebutted "by clear and convincing evidence" in accord
with § 2254(e)(1) of AEDPA. This conclusion required the magistrate
judge then to address additional requirements of Virginia’s statutory
definition of mental retardation that the state court had not been
required to reach. Only for that reason and in that sense did the magis-
trate judge conduct a "de novo review." This phrase should not hide
the fact that the magistrate judge did properly defer to the state court
in full conformity with AEDPA.

   Specifically, prior to granting any evidentiary hearing, the magis-
trate judge made extensive findings, as required by AEDPA, that (1)
                           GREEN v. JOHNSON                           23
under Williams v. Taylor, 

, 432 (2000), Green had dili-
gently developed the factual basis of his claim to the extent practica-
ble in the state habeas proceeding — by repeatedly requesting an
evidentiary hearing to develop his Atkins claim — so that
§ 2254(e)(2) did not prevent the grant of an evidentiary hearing; (2)
Green presented sufficient additional factual allegations in his habeas
petition, which, if true, would entitle him to relief; and (3) Green sat-
isfied the requirements of Townsend v. Sain, 

, 313
(1963), as to when an evidentiary hearing may properly be granted to
a habeas petitioner. See Green v. Johnson, 

, 608-
17 (E.D. Va. 2006); see also Conaway v. Polk, 

, 582 (4th
Cir. 2006) (summarizing the requirements for granting an evidentiary
hearing after AEDPA). The magistrate judge’s approach in granting
the evidentiary hearing fully accorded with our past holdings regard-
ing the appropriate deference due to state courts under AEDPA.

   The magistrate judge’s report recommending that the district court
deny Green’s habeas petition similarly accords the state court opinion
the required deference. In making his recommendation, the magistrate
judge initially and correctly recognized that, under § 2254(e)(1), the
factual determinations of the state court were presumed to be correct
unless Green "rebutt[ed] the presumption of correctness by clear and
convincing evidence." See Green v. Johnson, No. 2:05CV340, 

, at *39 (E.D. Va. Dec. 15, 2006); see also Miller-El v.
Dretke, 

, 240 (2005); Lenz v. Washington, 

,
300-01 (4th Cir. 2006). The magistrate judge then rejected the state
court’s finding on the "significantly subaverage intellectual function-
ing" prong of the definition of mental retardation. It is not completely
clear whether the magistrate judge based this determination solely on
the arguments presented by Green in his state court pleadings, but
what is entirely clear is that the magistrate judge was not restricted
to these pleadings by AEDPA, especially after having properly con-
ducted the evidentiary hearing under § 2254(e). Certainly the exten-
sive evidence presented during the three-day evidentiary hearing
offered a "clear and convincing" rebuttal to the presumption of cor-
rectness afforded the state court’s findings and provided the proper
basis for the magistrate judge’s decision. 

at *38-
49.

  The magistrate judge then considered whether Green satisfied the
second prong of Virginia’s statutory definition of mental retardation,
24                         GREEN v. JOHNSON
namely, that Green possess "significant limitations in adaptive behav-
ior." Va. Code Ann. § 19.2-264.3:1.1(A) (2007). Because the
Supreme Court of Virginia had not addressed whether Green satisfied
this prong, the magistrate judge was forced to address the issue in the
first instance (and so in this respect "de novo"). For the reasons stated
by the majority in Part III C, the magistrate judge properly held that
Green had not met his burden on this prong and so the state court had
properly determined that Green did not meet the definition of mental
retardation.