This appeal is from a judgment in favor of the United States, which had proceeded by libel in personam against the Norfolk, Baltimore and Carolina Line, Inc., to collect a statutory penalty of $100 for the negligent operation of its tug MARYLAND in violation of 46 U.S.C. 526l and 526o.

The undisputed facts are as follows: About 3:00 a.m. on January 10, 1965, the tug MARYLAND was pushing a barge through a portion of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway known as Snow's Cut, located just north of Carolina Beach, North Carolina, at a point where the Waterway veers 60 degrees to the left. Just beyond this point, the dredge PERU, well lighted, was moored partially in and partially outside the channel. The tug was firmly lashed to the barge, the two vessels making a single unit 285 feet in length. The weather was clear and visibility good, and there was a 'fair, flood tide' moving in the same direction as the tug. Nevertheless, the tug, proceeding at 6 m.p.h., failed to negotiate the 60 degree turn successfully. When the master of the tug realized that collision was imminent, he ordered the engines reversed with all available power, but it was then too late to avoid striking the dredge.

The action was brought in accordance with 46 U.S.C. 526l, which provides that 'No person shall operate any motor-boat or any vessel in a reckless or negligent manner * * *,' and 526o, which declares:

'If any motor boat or vessel subject to any of the provisions of this subchapter is operated or navigated in violation of this subchapter * * *, the owner or operator, either one or both of them, shall, in addition to any other penalty prescribed by law, be liable to a penalty of $100. * * * For any penalty incurred under this section the motor boat or vessel * * * may be proceeded against by way of libel * * *.'1

The District Judge, sitting in admiralty, concluded that the vessel had been operated negligently. His conclusion rested on testimony of the master of the tug, of a crew member, and of a retired chief bosun's mate in the Coast Guard, the latter testifying as an expert for the Government. The finding was that the tug had a clear view of the dredge for an appreciable distance and that weather conditions in no way interfered with the handling of the vessel. The Judge further found that the master of the tug, experienced in handling vessels of that type in the local waters, 'failed to use that care that a reasonable man, under like circumstances, would have exercised at the time and place then then and there existing.' Specifically, he found that the master 'could and should have slowed down somewhat from the speed that he was then making,' and that it was 'necessary for him to pay more attention to what he was doing at that particular time.'

The appellant's principal contention is that the District Court lacked jurisdiction to sit as an admiralty court. It argues that the penalties imposed by Section 526o are criminal in nature, and thus the proceeding was in reality a criminal prosecution, entitling the defendant to the customary safeguards of a criminal trial. We disagree.

That Congress may in its legislative discretion subject the same conduct to either civil or criminal penalties, or both, is a proposition well established. Our income tax laws provide a familiar example. See Helvering v. Mitchell, 303 U.S. 391, 58 S. Ct. 630, 82 L. Ed. 917 (1938). Whether a sanction is civil or criminal is a question of statutory construction. United States ex rel. Marcus v. Hess, 317 U.S. 537, 63 S. Ct. 379, 87 L. Ed. 443 (1943); Helvering v. Mitchell, supra; Oceanic Steam Navigation Co. v. Stranahan, 214 U.S. 320, 29 S. Ct. 671, 53 L. Ed. 1013 (1909). There is ample evidence of a congressional purpose to impose a civil penalty under this particular section, and not criminal punishment. This is shown by the fact that elsewhere in the same statute, Congress provided for criminal sanctions.2 In addition to the structure of the statute, the legislative history also supports this conclusion.3

Appellant also ascribes error to the District Court's finding of negligence in the operation of the tug. Upon consideration of the entire record, however, we are unable to declare the finding 'clearly erroneous.' Indeed, this court has heartofore held that when, in the absence of adverse weather conditions, a vessel, in control of a pilot in waters with which he is familiar, runs into a clearly visible stationary object, a presumption of negligence arises, requiring at least some explanation on the part of the vessel. The Severance, 152 F.2d 916 (4th Dir. 1945), cert. denied sub nom. Stone v. Diamond S. S. Transp. Corp., 328 U.S. 853, 66 S. Ct. 1344, 90 L. Ed. 1626 (1946); accord, United States v. South Carolina State Hwy. Dep't,171 F.2d 893 (4th Cir. 1948). In the present case, the appellant called no witnesses and offered no explanation for the collision.

We have considered the other contentions advanced by appellant and find them clearly lacking in merit.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the District Court is

Affirmed.