PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

In the Matter of: EDWARD RICHMAN;
ILENE RICHMAN,
Debtors.

EDWARD RICHMAN; ILENE RICHMAN,                                      No. 96-1052
Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

FIRST WOMAN'S BANK,
Defendant-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Maryland at Greenbelt.
Alexander Williams Jr., District Judge.
(CA-95-2532-AW, BK-92-13241-SD)

Argued: September 26, 1996

Decided: January 15, 1997

Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, LUTTIG, Circuit Judge, and
SMITH, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Virginia, sitting by designation.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Smith wrote the opinion, in
which Chief Judge Wilkinson and Judge Luttig joined.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Roger Charles Simmons, GORDON & SIMMONS, Fred-
erick, Maryland, for Appellants. Morris Kletzkin, FRIEDLANDER,
MISLER, FRIEDLANDER, SLOAN & HERZ, Washington, D.C.,
for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Brenda D. Thew, GORDON & SIM-
MONS, Frederick, Maryland; Richard H. Gins, GINS & SEEBER,
P.C., Washington, D.C., for Appellants. Jerome Ostrov, FRIED-
LANDER, MISLER, FRIEDLANDER, SLOAN & HERZ, Washing-
ton, D.C., for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

SMITH, District Judge:

This case involves a bankruptcy dispute in which the Appellants,
two Chapter 7 debtors, claim the bankruptcy court erred in finding
that the Appellee, their primary creditor, held a valid lien over the
proceeds of their brokerage account. As this is a procedurally com-
plex case, a wide variety of issues were presented to the court. The
dispositive inquiry, however, concerns whether the district court cor-
rectly ruled that the Appellants failed to intervene properly in the
bankruptcy court adversary proceeding, and hence lack standing to
prosecute this appeal. Because we agree that the Appellants cannot
satisfy the requirements for intervention as of right, we affirm the dis-
trict court's ruling.

I.

This present action arose out of a loan dispute in which Edward
and Ilene Richman, the Appellants, allegedly consented to the placing
of a lien on their brokerage account with Shearson Lehman Brothers,
Inc. ("Shearson Account") in favor of the First Woman's Bank
("FWB"), the Appellee. The long and detailed procedural history of
the case is summarized as follows.

The dispute first reached the court system when FWB instituted a
collection action in the Circuit Court of Montgomery County, Mary-
land ("state court action"), on January 28, 1992. The state court tenta-
tively accepted FWB's arguments that the Richmans were dissipating
the Shearson Account and granted the bank's request for an attach-
ment before judgment. The Richmans filed a Voluntary Petition under

                     2
Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code on May 29, 1992, and the state
court action was stayed. On September 3, 1992, FWB filed an adver-
sary proceeding in bankruptcy court, which raised essentially the
same issues the bank had raised in the state court action, and sought
a declaration from the bankruptcy court that the Richmans' debt was
nondischargeable. On April 22, 1993, Bankruptcy Judge Derby, orally
ruling on the Richmans' motion for summary judgment, declined to
address certain fraud claims raised by the Richmans, instead deferring
to the state court the question of whether the lien on the Shearson
Account had been procured through fraudulent inducement. Judge
Derby's written order on this matter was entered April 25, 1993.

The Richmans filed a Turnover Action on April 23, 1993, seeking
release of the proceeds of the Shearson Account. The Richmans sub-
sequently filed another motion for summary judgment in June, 1993,
on the grounds that Judge Derby's order of April 22, 1993, found no
fraud on their part to support an attachment before judgment. FWB
then cross-moved for summary judgment, alleging, inter alia, that it
had a consensual lien on the Shearson Account. On February 23,
1994, Judge Derby ruled on the cross-motions for summary judgment,
and again deferred to the state court action and abstained from ruling
on the Richmans' allegation of fraudulent inducement.

At a hearing on August 15, 1994, the Richmans' Chapter 11 pro-
ceeding was converted to Chapter 7. On April 21, 1995, Judge Keir
of the bankruptcy court issued a ruling on the Turnover Action ("Lien
Order"). In the Lien Order, Judge Keir, who did not expressly make
any findings regarding the fraudulent inducement issue, nevertheless
granted FWB's motion for summary judgment, thus implicitly ruling
that FWB had acquired a consensual lien on the Shearson Account.
On May 4, 1995, the Richmans filed a Motion for Reconsideration of
Lien Order, which the bankruptcy court treated as a post-judgment
motion under Federal Bankruptcy Rule 9024. Judge Keir denied the
Richmans' motion on July 21, 1995, holding, inter alia, that the Rich-
mans (as well as the law firm of Gordon & Simmons, the only other
movant) lacked standing to seek reconsideration, primarily because
after the conversion from a Chapter 11 to a Chapter 7 proceeding, the
Trustee was "the substituted plaintiff entitled to prosecute this turn-
over action . . . ." ("Reconsideration Opinion").

                    3
On July 31, 1995, the Richmans then moved to intervene as a mat-
ter of right for the purposes of appealing the Lien Order, but in an
October 31, 1995 order, the district court, sitting as an appellate court
over the bankruptcy proceeding, rejected the Richmans' Motion to
Intervene. On November 30, 1995, the district court ruled on the issue
of whether the bankruptcy court had abused its discretion in refusing
to grant the Richmans' Motion for Reconsideration of the Lien Order,
finding that it had not.

II.

The threshold question on appeal is whether the Richmans satisfy
the requirements for intervention, and thus whether they may partici-
pate as a matter of right in the Turnover Action to challenge the Lien
Order and for purposes of appeal to the district court and to this court.
This question involves issues of both law and fact. We review the
lower court's legal conclusions de novo, and reverse its findings of
fact only if clearly erroneous. E.g., In re Varat Enterprises, Inc., 

, 1314 (4th Cir. 1996); In re Stanley , 

, 667 (4th
Cir. 1995).

Courts consistently have noted a public policy interest in reducing
the number of ancillary suits that can be brought in the bankruptcy
context so as to advance the swift and efficient administration of the
bankrupt's estate. This goal is achieved primarily by narrowly defin-
ing who has standing in a bankruptcy proceeding. See, e.g., In re
Schultz Mfg. Fabricating Co., 

, 689-90 (7th Cir. 1992)
(observing that, because the Chapter 7 debtor lacked standing, the
court could not review the merits of the bankruptcy court's orders);
Hancock Bank v. Jefferson, 

, 185 (S.D. Miss. 1986) (not-
ing that the court has no jurisdiction to hear a claim if the litigant
lacks standing to prosecute the appeal). As a general matter, in a
Chapter 7 proceeding, the trustee alone has standing to raise issues
before the bankruptcy court and to prosecute appeals. A trustee is the
representative of the bankrupt's estate and has the capacity to sue or
be sued. 11 U.S.C. § 323; In re Eisen, 

, 1451 n.2 (9th
Cir. 1994). Once appointed, the trustee becomes the estate's "proper
party in interest, and the only party with standing to appeal the bank-
ruptcy court's order." 

n.2 (quoting 

); see also Stanley v. Sherwin-Williams Co., 

25, 26 (W.D. Va. 1993) (preventing a Chapter 7 debtor from litigating
a cause of action which belonged to the estate on the grounds that the
debtor "lacks standing because the cause of action is [no longer] his
to assert").1

In certain instances, courts relax the general rule that only the
Chapter 7 trustee has standing before the bankruptcy court and grant
standing to certain other interested parties. Courts should be chary
about granting such dispensations, however, as lax rules which liber-
ally allow parties with some interest in the bankruptcy proceeding,
such as a Chapter 7 debtor, to contest a proposed course of action, or
to appeal an adverse decision, are too likely to generate "protracted
litigation" that ultimately serves the interests of neither the debtor's
estate nor the creditors. See In re Thompson, 

, 1145-46
(1st Cir. 1992). Stricter rules, on the other hand, have the salutary
effects of advancing the estate's "timely administration," In re
Bowman, 

, 844 (Bankr. D. Md. 1995), and shielding the
courts from "the needless multiplication of lawsuits." In re Wells, 

, 331 (1st Cir. 1978); see McGuirl v. White, 

,
1235 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (discussing the need to avoid"overwhelm[ing]
bankruptcy courts with claims by the many parties indirectly affected
by bankruptcy court orders").

The Richmans argue that they have standing to contest the bank-
_________________________________________________________________
1 As the bankruptcy court correctly concluded in the Reconsideration
Opinion,

            [p]rior to conversion, the debtors were debtors-in-possession and
            held the powers of a trustee including powers under 11 U.S.C.
            § 542 for turnover of property of the estate. 11 U.S.C. § 1107.
            Upon conversion to Chapter 7 and the appointment of the
            trustee, the debtors lost their rights to prosecute this action. The
            trustee became the sole representative of the estate, 11 U.S.C.
            § 323(a), and succeeded to those causes of action which were
            property of the estate, including the turnover action for the
            Shearson account. One of the trustee's enumerated duties is to
            collect and reduce to money the property of the estate for which
            the trustee serves.

J.A. 506.

                      5
ruptcy court's actions because they qualify as "parties in interest."2
The debtors seem to have concluded that the mere fact of being a
party in interest would grant them an automatic right to intervene, and
hence participate as a matter of right, in the adversary proceeding.
Even if the Richmans are correct in arguing that they are "parties in
interest," that status does not guarantee that they have a right to inter-
vene, either in the Turnover Action or for the purposes of appeal.3
Rather, while a "party in interest" may have standing to intervene, the
party with the interest must still separately satisfy the requirements
for intervention in order to participate in an adversary proceeding.
Although this court has not directly addressed the issue of whether a
"party in interest" has an automatic right to intervene, other circuits
have debated the similar question of whether a "party in interest," as
that term is used in 11 U.S.C. § 1109(b), must still formally intervene
to participate in an adversary proceeding.4
_________________________________________________________________
2 The "party in interest" test asks whether the debtor should be allowed
to contest a proposed course of action before the bankruptcy court itself.
This inquiry grants standing to certain persons who are "parties in inter-
est." This terminology derives from section 502 of the bankruptcy code,
which provides that claims against an estate are allowed unless a "party
in interest" objects. 11 U.S.C. § 502(a); see, e.g., Caserta v. Tobin 

, 774 (S.D. Fla. 1994). This court in Willemain v. Kivitz, 

(4th Cir. 1985), relying on "party in interest" cases, held that
a Chapter 7 debtor lacked standing to challenge the commercial reason-
ableness of a trustee's proposed sale of the estate's primary asset because
the debtor failed to show that an alternative sale of the property would
create any surplus for the estate. See McGuirl , 86 F.3d at 1234; In re F.A.
Dellastatious, Inc., 

, 490 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 1990) (two cases
discussing Willemain's "party in interest" standing analysis). The holding
in Willemain thereby extends section 502"party in interest" analysis to
other contexts, namely the Chapter 7 arena. 

case at bar, the Richmans note that their estate may have a sur-
plus, if the proceeds of the Shearson account are awarded to them, and
argue that because of this surplus they are "parties in interest."
3 Because we ultimately find that the Richmans do not satisfy the
requirements for intervention, we need not determine whether they are
"parties in interest."
4 Section 1109 of Chapter 11 provides in pertinent part:

          [a] party in interest, including the debtor, the trustee, a creditors'
          committee, an equity security holders' committee, a creditor, and

                     6
In Fuel Oil Supply and Terminating v. Gulf Oil Corp., 

(5th Cir. 1985), the Fifth Circuit rejected the argument that a
Chapter 11 creditors' committee, which qualified as a "party in inter-
est" under section 1109(b), thereby gained an absolute right to inter-
vene in an adversary proceeding to set aside a preferential transfer. 

see In re Charter Co., 

, 871 (11th Cir. 1989)
(paraphrasing Fuel Oil's holding). Instead, the court in Fuel Oil deter-
mined that a "party in interest" must still satisfy the intervention
requirements of Bankruptcy Rule 7024 and Rule 24(a)(2) of the Fed-
eral Rules of Civil 

. The court explained
that this tougher standard was necessary as a means to protect the
bankruptcy court from being overwhelmed by a flood of "automatic
parties." 

this more restrictive approach to interven-
tion, the court permitted the bankruptcy court "to control the proceed-
ing by restricting intervention to those persons whose interests in the
outcome of the proceeding are not already adequately represented by
existing parties." 

the logic of Fuel Oil persuasive, and believe that its Chap-
ter 11 analysis is clearly analogous and applicable to the same issue
in this Chapter 7 proceeding. A Chapter 7 liquidation certainly has the
same need for efficiency and the orderly administration of the bank-
rupt's estate as a Chapter 11 proceeding. Therefore, we conclude that
the Fuel Oil approach, in which "applications to raise any issue and
be heard are governed by" the intervention requirements of the federal
rules, Charter 

, should apply with equal force in
the setting of the Richmans' Chapter 7 adversary proceeding.

Thus, whether the Richmans might otherwise be found to possess
"party in interest" standing, they do not have the right to participate
in the Turnover Action or appeal the Lien Order, if they have not
intervened properly pursuant to Bankruptcy Rule 7024 and Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 24(a)(2). Moreover, a would-be intervenor
bears the burden of demonstrating to the court a right to intervene. In
re Kaiser Steel Corp., 

, 790 (10th Cir. 1993).
_________________________________________________________________
           equity security holder, or any indenture trustee, may raise and
           may appear and be heard on any issue in a case under this chap-
           ter.

11 U.S.C. § 1109(b).

                     7
III.

In this case, the Richmans made no attempt to intervene until after
the bankruptcy court denied their Motion for Reconsideration of the
Lien Order. In its July 21, 1995 Reconsideration Opinion, the bank-
ruptcy court noted that it could not "entertain the debtors' request for
post-judgment relief." Despite the Richmans' interest in the outcome,
"[s]uch interest alone is insufficient. Apparently, the debtors chose
not to seek the status of parties in the action, having failed to file any
motion for . . . intervention." In an attempt to rectify this shortcoming,
the Richmans then filed a motion to intervene as a matter of right for
the purposes of appeal to the district court pursuant to Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 24 and Bankruptcy Rule 7024. In their intervention
motion, filed on July 31, 1995, the Richmans contended that they had
a right to intervene because they stood to recover the potential surplus
in the estate following satisfaction of claims.

We now consider whether the Richmans can make out a case for
intervention as of right. A showing of intervention as of right affords
the intervenor with appellate standing, and is thus vitally important.
"While `one who is not an original party to a lawsuit may of course
become a party by intervention . . . one who is not a party . . . has
no right to appeal.'" 

(quoting Karcher
v. May, 

, 77 (1987)). Because we find that they cannot
make out a case for intervention as of right, the Richmans are not par-
ties to the underlying action below, and hence had no automatic right
to participate in the adversary proceeding or appeal the Lien Order.5
_________________________________________________________________
5 By order of October 31, 1995, the district court denied the Richmans'
motion to intervene to appeal the Lien Order for a variety of reasons, one
of the grounds being that it had not been filed in a timely manner under
Bankruptcy Rule 8002, which requires that motions to appeal must be
filed "within 10 days of the date on the entry of the judgment, order, or
decree appealed from." Fed. Bankr. R. 8002(a).

On May 4, 1995, the Richmans filed a timely Motion to Reconsider
the Lien Order of April 21, 1995, under Bankruptcy Rule 9024. The
bankruptcy court issued its ruling on this Motion to Reconsider on July
21, 1995. The Richmans then moved to intervene for purposes of appeal-
ing the Lien Order on July 31, 1995. Given the circumstances, it appears
that the debtors' intervention motion for purposes of appeal was timely
under Bankruptcy Rule 8002, because their Motion to Reconsider stayed
the ten-day time period to appeal the Lien Order until July 21, 1995,
when the order denying their Motion to Reconsider was filed.

                     8
The Richmans fail to satisfy the intervention requirements of Bank-
ruptcy Rule 7024, which directs that the right to intervene in the
bankruptcy context is governed by Rule 24 of the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure.6 See Kaiser 

; 

. An intervenor in this context under Rule 24(a)(2) must
then satisfy four requirements.7 First, the intervenor must submit a
timely motion to intervene in the adversary proceeding. Second, he
must demonstrate a "direct and substantial interest" in the property or
transaction. Third, he has to prove that the interest would be impaired
if intervention was not allowed. Finally, he must establish that the
interest is inadequately represented by existing parties. Fed. R. Civ.
P. 24(a)(2); Kaiser 

; 

; Merritt Commercial Sav. & Loan, Inc. v. Guinee, 

,
853 (4th Cir. 1985). In this case, the Richmans clearly run afoul of
requirements one and four.

As a preliminary matter, the Richmans failed to submit a timely
motion to intervene in the bankruptcy proceeding, namely the Turn-
_________________________________________________________________
6 Bankruptcy Rule 7024, Intervention, states that "Rule 24 F.R.Civ.P.
applies in adversary proceedings." Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7024.
7 To intervene of right, Rule 24 provides in pertinent part:

          Upon timely application anyone shall be permitted to intervene
          in an action: . . . when the applicant claims an interest relating
          to the property or transaction which is the subject of the action
          and the applicant is so situated that the disposition of the action
          may as a practical matter impair or impede the applicant's ability
          to protect that interest, unless the applicant's interest is ade-
          quately represented by existing parties.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(a)(2) (emphasis added). The other sections of Rule 24
are inapplicable in this Chapter 7 bankruptcy context, namely no "statute
of the United States confers an unconditional right to intervene," Fed. R.
Civ. P. 24(a)(1), or a "conditional right to intervene," Fed. R. Civ. P.
24(b)(1). Permissive intervention under Rule 24(b)(2) is not an issue, as
the Richmans moved to intervene of right. More importantly, by the very
nature of a Chapter 7 proceeding, the Trustee has taken over the appli-
cant's "claim or defense" in "the main action" for purposes of section
24(b)(2) permissive intervention, thereby leaving the applicant to inter-
vene of right under section 24(a)(2) on the basis that the applicant's
interest is not adequately represented by the Trustee.

                    9
over Action.8 In order to prove that the party sought to intervene in
the bankruptcy court, the intervenor must prove some formal attempt
to intervene. "Mere participation" in a hearing before the bankruptcy
court "does not constitute de facto intervention." 

-42 (fact that appellants were given an opportunity to be heard
in the bankruptcy court does not provide basis for intervention to
appeal). As a courtesy, the bankruptcy court allowed the Richmans to
appear before it and present arguments during the Turnover Action.
However, this informal participation does not satisfy the need for for-
mal intervention. In its July 21, 1995 Reconsideration Opinion, the
bankruptcy court specifically noted the Richmans' failure to file any
motion to intervene. The Richmans only belatedly attempted to cor-
rect their earlier lapse by moving to intervene as a matter of right for
the purposes of appeal on July 31, 1995. This late filing, however, is
insufficient for intervention purposes.9

The Richmans also fail to satisfy the requirements for intervention
because of their inability to establish that whatever interest they may
have possessed in the Shearson Account was inadequately represented
by the bankruptcy trustee. The court in Thompson noted that, not only
does the burden of demonstrating inadequate representation rest on
the putative intervenor, but that the burden "is at its most onerous"
where an existing party is under a legal obligation to represent the
would-be intervenor's interest. 

. In such
a situation, there must be a "compelling showing of inadequate repre-
sentation." 

original) (quoting 9 Lawrence D. King,
Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 7024.05 (15th ed. 1991)).

In this case, the Richmans pin their hopes on the fact that a surplus
in the Chapter 7 estate might accrue, if they were awarded the pro-
ceeds of the Shearson Account. This surplus, they argue, is the inter-
est which warrants their intervention. However, the Richmans fail to
make any showing whatsoever that this interest was inadequately rep-
resented by the Chapter 7 trustee. In its October 31, 1996 order, the
_________________________________________________________________
8 This timeliness inquiry is distinct from the issue of whether the Rich-
mans' motion to intervene for purposes of appealing the Lien Order was
timely pursuant to the ten-day rule of Bankruptcy Rule 8002. See supra
note 5.
9 See supra notes 5 and 8.

                    10
district court found as a fact that the trustee did provide adequate rep-
resentation in the Turnover Action. The Richmans submitted no evi-
dence to the contrary, and thus have offered no justification for
disturbing this factual finding. As a result, they are unable to meet
their burden of demonstrating inadequate representation by an exist-
ing party to the action, namely the trustee for the Richmans' Chapter
7 bankruptcy proceeding.

We conclude that the Richmans do not satisfy the requirements for
intervention as of right. Accordingly, the district court acted appropri-
ately in denying their motion. For the reasons stated above, the dis-
trict court's opinion is

AFFIRMED.

                     11