PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.
                                                                   No. 96-7316
RICARDO GEORGE CAREY, a/k/a Ricki,
a/k/a Ruboy, a/k/a Ron Smith,
Defendant-Appellant.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                                 No. 96-7317

ANTHONY STREET,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at Raleigh.
James C. Fox, Chief District Judge.
(CR-94-156-F)

Argued: May 8, 1997

Decided: August 18, 1997

Before NIEMEYER and MOTZ, Circuit Judges, and
FABER, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of West Virginia, sitting by designation.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Niemeyer wrote the opinion,
in which Judge Motz and Judge Faber joined.

_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL

ARGUED: Milton Gordon Widenhouse, Jr., Assistant Federal Public
Defender, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellant Carey; Alice Carson
Stubby, STUBBY, PERDUE & AKERS, Raleigh, North Carolina, for
Appellant Street. Anne Margaret Hayes, OFFICE OF THE UNITED
STATES ATTORNEY, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee. ON
BRIEF: Janice Mackenzie Cole, United States Attorney, Christine B.
Hamilton, Assistant United States Attorney, Raleigh, North Carolina,
for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge:

Pursuant to a plea agreement to cooperate with the government,
Ricardo Carey and Anthony Street supplied important information to
the government about a drug conspiracy that the government was then
investigating, but they did so more than one year after they were sen-
tenced for their own drug-related crimes. The government promptly
filed a motion under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 35(b) to
reduce their sentences, arguing that Rule 35(b) as interpreted in light
of the Advisory Committee Note excuses its late filing because the
investigation on which Carey and Street cooperated could not have
been undertaken in time and that therefore they could not have coop-
erated within one year of their sentences. The district court refused to
consider the motion, however, relying on the strict language of Rule
35(b) to conclude that considering the motion would be beyond its
jurisdiction. We affirm.

I

Pursuant to a plea agreement, Carey and Street pled guilty to con-
spiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute crack
cocaine in the Raleigh, North Carolina area during a ten-month period
in 1992. Carey was sentenced to 218 months imprisonment on July
5, 1995, and Street to 292 months on June 1, 1995. Also pursuant to
their plea agreement, Carey and Street agreed to provide assistance to
the government in connection with other prosecutions.

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On July 8, 1996, a few days more than one year after Carey and
Street were sentenced, the United States Attorney for the Eastern Dis-
trict of North Carolina began a new drug-related investigation based
on information supplied by the Drug Enforcement Agency in Miami,
Florida. At that time, and for the first time, the United States Attorney
learned that Carey and Street could be of assistance in prosecuting the
new target. She promptly filed a motion under Federal Rule of Crimi-
nal Procedure 35(b) for a downward departure of Carey's and Street's
sentences in anticipation of their substantial assistance, relying on
U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1, and requested that the court hold disposition of the
motion in abeyance until the extent of the defendants' cooperation
could be assessed. Explaining the late filing of the motion, she stated,
"even though one year has passed since the defendants' sentences,
there was not an investigation of this new target until July 8, 1996.
Therefore, the defendants could not have assisted until this time."

The district court denied the motion, holding that Rule 35(b) did
not apply where the information sought had been known by the defen-
dants before the expiration of one year. It concluded that it had "no
authority under the law to consider the Government's Rule 35 motion
under the circumstances presented." The district court rejected the
parties' argument that the Advisory Committee Note to Rule 35(b)
authorized a reading that would allow the late motions for any reason
where a defendant's assistance "could not have" been provided within
one year. The court explained, "The rule itself, the authority which
binds the court, supports the court's reading of the Advisory Commit-
tee Note" that motions made beyond one year can be considered only
when a defendant's assistance involves information not known until
one year or more after sentencing.

While Carey and Street have appealed the district court's ruling,
we have the anomalous situation where the government, even though
appearing as appellee, joins the appellant in arguing that the district
court's decision should be reversed.

II

Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 35(b) authorizes the court, on
the motion of the government, to reduce a sentence to reflect a defen-
dant's substantial assistance, provided that the motion is "made within

                     3
one year after the imposition of the sentence." The rule also autho-
rizes a relaxation of the one-year limitation as follows:

          The court may consider a government motion to reduce a
          sentence made one year or more after imposition of the sen-
          tence where the defendant's substantial assistance involves
          information or evidence not known by the defendant until
          one year or more after imposition of sentence.

Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(b). Thus, if substantial assistance forming the
basis of a downward departure motion involves information or evi-
dence that the defendant knew within the one-year period after his
sentencing, he is not entitled to have the one-year limitation relaxed.

The parties agree that the information available from Carey and
Street was known by them within the one-year period after their sen-
tencing and that therefore a literal reading of the rule would bar any
downward departure based on a motion filed more than one year after
their sentencing. Both the government and Carey and Street argue,
however, that such a literal interpretation would frustrate the spirit,
purpose, and policy of the rule, denying both the government and the
defendants the benefits intended by the rule. They urge accordingly
that the rule be construed to authorize a downward departure where
a defendant could not have cooperated with the government within
the one year. Both the government and Carey and Street argue that the
Advisory Committee Note to Rule 35 supports their relaxed reading
of the rule, a position adopted by the First Circuit in United States v.
Morales, 

, 8 (1st Cir. 1995) (holding that a defendant does
not "know" information within the meaning of Rule 35(b) "until
becoming aware of its value or being specifically asked").

We recognize the appeal of the argument in which both parties
join, that a liberal reading of Rule 35 would serve the government's
interest in obtaining the defendants' cooperation to be able to bring
other law breakers to justice and the defendants' interest in receiving
reduced sentences. Insofar as the policy of Rule 35 applies to the par-
ties, therefore, their interpretation of Rule 35 would yield a win-win
result. The argument, however, overlooks any purpose that the rule
might serve beyond the immediate interests of the parties now before
us. If the rule had only intended to further the policy of cooperation

                    4
in exchange for sentence reductions, it would not have imposed the
one-year limitation. That policy would be served with equal force two
or three years after sentencing or without regard to the time passed
since sentencing.

While Rule 35 includes the policy of rewarding cooperative defen-
dants, the one-year limitation reflects the rule's additional policy of
bringing finality to sentencing at some point in time and of frustrating
manipulation by defendants. When Congress enacted the Sentence
Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98-473, it provided truth in sentenc-
ing, responding in large part to public skepticism that defendants'
sentences are never fully served. The one-year limitation in Rule
35(b) serves a similar purpose of ending the sentence negotiation pro-
cess and finalizing the length of a defendant's sentence.

The one-year limitation also provides an incentive to defendants to
come forward promptly with all that they know about illegal conduct,
regardless of whether they appreciate its value to the government.
And, as the district court noted, it guards against sentencing manipu-
lation by defendants:

          This time constraint guards against the danger of defen-
          dants, seeking only to assist themselves, returning to the
          Government years after their sentencing with stale or even
          fabricated information about other criminal activity.

Whether we agree with all of the policy considerations or whether
the rule effectively addresses them, we are bound to apply the rule in
the manner in which it is written. See Marex Titanic, Inc. v. Wrecked
and Abandoned Vessel, 

, 546 (4th Cir. 1993) (confining
interpretation of civil rule to plain meaning of the text).

The parties argue further that the rule's language should be inter-
preted in light of the Advisory Committee Note to the rule. When that
note is considered, they argue, the rule would properly be interpreted
to relax the one-year limitation when the defendants' assistance
"could not have been" rendered within the one-year period. The Advi-
sory Committee Note to Rule 35(b) provides in relevant part:

                    5
           [Rule 35(b)] also recognizes that there may be those cases
          where the defendant's assistance or cooperation may not
          occur until after one year has elapsed. For example, the
          defendant may not have obtained information useful to the
          government until after the time limit has passed. In those
          instances, the trial court in its discretion may consider what
          would otherwise be an untimely motion if the government
          establishes that the cooperation could not have been fur-
          nished within the one-year time limit. In deciding whether
          to consider an untimely motion, the court may, for example,
          consider whether the assistance was provided as early as
          possible.

Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(b) Advisory Comm. Note to the 1991 amendment
(emphasis added). They argue that the third sentence, stating that an
otherwise untimely motion may be considered "if the government
establishes that the cooperation could not have been furnished within
the one-year time limit," is not constrained by the second sentence,
which parrots the rule, but rather refers to the first sentence. In other
words, they argue that "[i]n those instances" refers back to "those
cases" in the first sentence, not to the "example" given in the second
sentence. Thus, they conclude that the untimely motion is authorized
by the rule if "the cooperation could not have been furnished within
one-year" for whatever reason.

The parties' argument is a grammatically rational interpretation of
the Advisory Committee Note, but it is not the only interpretation.
The note could also be construed to mean that the third sentence is
constrained by the second which provides the example of a permissi-
bly late motion -- when the defendant has obtained information use-
ful to the government "after the time limit had passed."

If the Advisory Committee Note was the authority controlling this
case, its ambiguity might be resolved in favor of the policy arguments
and legislative history which the parties have called to our attention.
But the Advisory Committee Note is not the law; the rule is. Accord-
ingly, if the Advisory Committee Note can be read in two ways, we
must read it, if we consult it at all, in a manner that makes it consis-
tent with the language of the rule itself, and if the rule and the note
conflict, the rule must govern. Because the rule on the issue before

                     6
us is unambiguous, we need not even consult the note to determine
the rule's meaning.

The rule unambiguously provides that the one-year limitation may
be relaxed only where the information provided by the defendant was
"not known by the defendant until one year or more after the imposi-
tion of sentence." See also Fed. R. Crim. P. 45(b) (court may not
extend Rule 35 time period except as provided in Rule 35). This lan-
guage does not allow for an interpretation that the one-year period
may be relaxed when the information was known during the one-year
period but that the cooperation could not have been provided until
more than one year, for whatever reason.

While the interpretation we apply may frustrate those policies serv-
ing the parties, i.e. to reward a defendant's coming forward in
exchange for a sentence reduction in circumstances where the govern-
ment could not use the information during the one-year period, it fur-
thers the policy of establishing finality and certainty in sentencing and
in precluding the possible manipulation of sentences. Moreover,
under the interpretation urged by the parties, the government would
be allowed to make a Rule 35 motion whenever it determined that the
defendant had provided assistance in a timely manner, no matter how
long after the sentencing and no matter when the information was
acquired. Rule 35(b) does not authorize such broad discretion. On the
contrary, it reflects a balance between the policies argued for by the
parties in this case and the countervailing public interest in the finality
and certainty of sentencing. While the parties propose what looks like
a rational balance between those countervailing interests, we must
apply the authoritative balance embodied in the text of Rule 35(b)
itself.

For the reasons given, we decline to follow the First Circuit, which
held that "until becoming aware of its value , or being specifically
asked, a defendant cannot be said to `know' useful information."

(emphasis added). The unambiguous text pro-
vides a one-year limitation with respect to information known to the
defendant, without regard to its usefulness or the defendant's knowl-
edge of its usefulness. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the
district court. See also United States v. Evans , No. 95-5144, 

at *5 (10th Cir. Apr. 10, 1996) (rejecting"out of hand" an

                     7
argument based on Morales because of its clear conflict with the plain
language of Rule 35); cf. United States v. McDowell, ___ F.3d ___,

, at *5 n.7 (7th Cir. 1997) (noting First Circuit's "ex-
pansive" and "non-literal" reading of Rule 35 in Morales).

AFFIRMED

                    8