PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

In Re: PAUL B. BRICE; JEWEL H.
BRICE,
Debtors.

THOMAS L. BLAIR,                                                    No. 98-2521
Creditor-Appellant,

v.

CRESTAR BANK,
Creditor-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Virginia, at Harrisonburg.
James H. Michael, Jr., Senior District Judge.
(CA-98-16-H, BK-97-01062-5-RWK)

Argued: May 4, 1999

Decided: August 17, 1999

Before ERVIN, TRAXLER, and KING,
Circuit Judges.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Ervin wrote the opinion, in
which Judge Traxler and Judge King joined.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Joseph Michael Mott, Rockville, Maryland, for Appel-
lant. Mark Bowman Callahan, CLARK & BRADSHAW, P.C., Harri-
sonburg, Virginia, for Appellee.
OPINION

ERVIN, Circuit Judge:

The question before this Court is which of two competing security
interests should be granted priority. Paul and Jewel Brice (the "Debt-
ors") obtained loans from Crestar Bank ("Crestar") and Thomas L.
Blair ("Blair"). As collateral, the Debtors provided both Crestar and
Blair with security interests in an antique aircraft. The Debtors later
filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.

In bankruptcy court, Crestar moved to lift the automatic stay on the
aircraft so that it could foreclose its interest. In opposition, Blair
argued that since Crestar had failed to file a continuation statement
with the Federal Aviation Administration ("FAA") in accordance with
Va. Code § 8.9-403(2) (Michie 1991), Crestar had forfeited its prior-
ity. The bankruptcy court granted Crestar's motion and the district
court affirmed. Blair then appealed. Finding no error, we affirm.

I.

The Debtors owned a 1937 Lockheed Model 12A Aircraft of con-
siderable value, which they used as collateral in a number of loans.
In 1987, Maryland National Bank (later NationsBank) was the first
creditor to receive a security interest in the aircraft in exchange for
a loan to the Debtors.1 Crestar became the second creditor to receive
an interest in the aircraft on February 2, 1992 (the"1992 loan"). Blair
became the third creditor on August 26, 1993. Crestar issued the
Debtors a second loan on August 30, 1996 (the "1996 loan") in
exchange for yet another security interest in the airplane. Crestar con-
solidated the new loan with its 1992 loan.

Although the Debtors executed an Aircraft Security Agreement and
filed a financing statement with the FAA in accordance with 49
U.S.C.A. § 44107 (West 1997) reflecting the 1992 loan, they did not
execute a new security agreement for the 1996 loan. Instead, Crestar
_________________________________________________________________
1 NationsBank (now Bank of America) did not file a response to Cre-
star's Motion for Relief and thereby waived its right to participate further
in these proceedings.

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continued to rely upon the security agreement for the 1992 loan.
While Crestar did refile a financing statement with the State of Vir-
ginia on January 28, 1997, reflecting the 1996 loan, it did not file a
new financing statement or an amendment to the 1992 statement with
the FAA. The Debtors also executed an Aircraft Security Agreement
and filed a financing statement with the FAA for Blair's 1993 loan.

On July 8, 1997, the Debtors filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Four
months later, Crestar filed a Motion for Relief from the Automatic
Stay seeking to foreclose its security interest in the aircraft. In his
Response, Blair argued that, because Crestar had failed to refile
papers with the FAA five years after its initial security agreement as
allegedly required by Va. Code § 8.9-403 (2), Crestar had forfeited its
priority and Blair's interest was now superior to Crestar's.

After a hearing, the bankruptcy court granted Crestar's motion,
holding that, because 49 U.S.C.A. § 44107 of the Federal Aviation
Administration Act preempted Va. Code Ann. § 8.9-403(2), Crestar
was not required to refile with the FAA. Blair appealed to the district
court, which affirmed the bankruptcy court's ruling. See In re Brice,

, 130 (W.D. Va. 1998). He then appealed to this Court.

II.

The sole issue before this Court is a question of law. Was Crestar
required under federal and Virginia law to refile with the FAA five
years after the day it filed its initial security interest to maintain the
priority of its security interest? We review questions of law de novo.
See In re Bulldog Trucking, Inc., 

, 351 (4th Cir. 1998).
We conclude that Crestar was not required to refile and affirm the
judgment of the district court.

Blair argued on appeal that while the perfection of a security inter-
est in an aircraft is governed solely by federal law, the priority of a
perfected security interest is governed by state law. Blair claimed that
the Supreme Court articulated this perfection versus priority, federal
versus state, dichotomy in Philko Aviation, Inc. v. Shacket, 

, 413 (1983) ("Although state law determines priorities, all inter-
ests must be federally recorded before they can obtain whatever prior-
ity to which they are entitled under state law . . .. But recordation

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itself merely validates; it does not grant priority.") (citation omitted).2
Accordingly, Blair claimed that since Crestar failed to file a continua-
tion statement five years after filing its initial financial statement as
required by § 8.9-403(2) of the Virginia Code, 3 Crestar forfeited its
priority status.

Crestar responded that refiling with the FAA was unnecessary.
Analogizing to the filing of an automobile title with the motor vehicle
administration, Crestar argued that once its interest had been properly
perfected through filing with the FAA, it was not required to file any-
thing further. Crestar argued that § 8.9-403(2) does not apply in this
case because filing with the FAA is governed by 49 U.S.C.A.
§ 44107, a federal statute which preempts§ 8.9-403(2). See Va. Code
Ann. § 8.9-302 (Michie 1991).4 Furthermore, Crestar contended that
_________________________________________________________________
2 See also 49 U.S.C.A. § 44108(c)(1) (West 1997) ("The validity of a
conveyance, lease, or instrument that may be recorded under section
44107 of this title is subject to the laws of the State . . . at which the con-
veyance, lease, or instrument is delivered . . . ."); Va. Code § 8.9-
312(5)(a) (Michie 1991) ("Conflicting security interests rank according
to priority in time of filing or perfection. Priority dates from the time a
filing is first made covering the collateral or the time the security interest
is first perfected, whichever is earlier . . . ."); 14 C.F.R. § 49.17(c) (1999)
(stating that the FAA defers back to the state regarding "[t]he validity of
any instrument eligible for recording under this part . . . .").
3 Section 8.9-403(2) reads in relevant part:

          (2) . . . [A] filed financing statement is effective for a period of
          five years from the date of filing. The effectiveness of a filed
          financing statement lapses on the expiration of the five-year
          period unless a continuation statement is filed prior to the lapse.
          If a security interest perfected by filing exists at the time insol-
          vency proceedings are commenced by or against the debtor, the
          security interest remains perfected until termination of the insol-
          vency proceedings and thereafter for a period of sixty days or
          until expiration of the five-year period, whichever occurs later.
          Upon lapse the security interest becomes unperfected. . . .

Va. Code Ann. § 8.9-403.

4 Section 8.9-302, entitled "When filing is required to perfect security
interest; security interests to which filing provisions of this title do not
apply," reads in relevant part:

                     4
§ 44107 does not make any additional requirements beyond initial fil-
ing.

The district court sided with Crestar and so do we. We agree
because under Virginia law § 8.9-403 does not apply to this case. The
plain language of Va. Code Ann. § 55-100 (Michie 1995), entitled
"Recordation of instruments affecting civil aircraft of the United
States," renders § 8.9-403(2) inapplicable in this situation.5
_________________________________________________________________
           (3) The filing of a financing statement otherwise required by
           this title is not necessary or effective to perfect a security interest
           in property subject to

          (a) statute or treaty of the United States which provides for
          a national or international registration or a national or inter-
          national certificate of title or which specifies a place of filing
          different from that specified in this title for filing of the
          security interest.

***

          (4) Compliance with a statute or treaty described in subsection
          (3) of this section is equivalent to the filing of a financing state-
          ment under this title, and a security interest in property subject
          to the statute or treaty can be perfected only by compliance
          therewith. . . . Duration and renewal of perfection of a security
          interest perfected by compliance with the statute or treaty are
          governed by the provisions of the statute or treaty; in other
          respects the security interest is subject to this title.

Va. Code Ann. § 8.9-302(3), (4).
5 Section 55-100 reads in relevant part:

          No instrument which affects the title to or interest in any civil
          aircraft of the United States, as defined by federal law, . . . , shall
          be valid . . . until such instrument is recorded in the office of the
          Civil Aeronautic[s] Administrator of the United States, or such
          other office as is designated by the laws of the United States as
          the one in which such instruments should be filed. Every such
          instrument so recorded in such office shall be valid as to all per-
          sons without further recordation in any office in this Common-
          wealth, the provisions of any other recordation statute to the
          contrary notwithstanding . . . .

Va. Code Ann. § 55-100 (emphasis added). Although neither side dis-
cussed § 55-100 on appeal, we believe that its plain language is unam-
biguous and dispositive here.

                     5
Section 55-100 refers to "civil aircraft of the United States" as "de-
fined by federal law." § 55-100. Federal law defines a "civil aircraft
of the United States" as "an aircraft registered under chapter 441 of
this title," 49 U.S.C.A. § 40102(17) (West 1997). Since an aircraft
registered under chapter 441 of title 49 must be registered with the
FAA in accordance with § 44107, see 49 U.S.C.A. § 44107(a),6 and
since it is undisputed that the contested aircraft was registered with
the FAA in accordance with § 44107, the contested aircraft is a "civil
aircraft of the United States." Since this aircraft is a "civil aircraft of
the United States," § 55-100 applies here, not § 8.9-403(2).

Section 55-100 further states that any financial instrument filed
with the FAA "shall be valid as to all persons without further recorda-
tion in any office in this Commonwealth, the provisions of any other
recordation statute to the contrary notwithstanding." § 55-100. We
interpret this provision to state that when the security interest con-
cerns an aircraft registered with the FAA, § 8.9-403 does not apply,
and no further recordation is required beyond the initial filing with the
FAA.7 Crestar's initial filing with the FAA, therefore, was sufficient
to preserve its priority security interest.
_________________________________________________________________
6 Section 44107(a)of Title 49, Chapter 441, states in relevant part:

          (a) Establishment of system. The Administrator of the Federal
          Aviation Administration shall establish a system for recording--

          (1) conveyances that affect an interest in civil aircraft of the
          United States[.]

49 U.S.C.A. § 44107(a) (emphasis added).
7 Although we have been unable to locate any published opinion inter-
preting this provision or any legislative history documenting its adoption,
the Virginia Comment to § 8.9-302 states that 8.9-302(3)(a) "excludes
from the operation of the title [(Title 8.9)] . . . § 55-100, providing for
national recordation of instruments affecting title to civil aircraft." Since
§ 8.9-403(2) is part of Title 8.9, this Comment supports our conclusion
that § 8.9-403(2) does not apply to aircraft governed by § 55-100. While
the legal weight of this Comment may be disputed, the Virginia Supreme
Court has cited the Virginia Comment as legal authority when interpret-
ing Title 8.9. See Kayhoe Constr. Corp. v. United Virginia Bank, 

, 840 (Va. 1979) (interpreting § 8.9-310). Since we rely solely
on Virginia law to resolve this case, we do not address the issue of
whether 49 U.S.C.A. § 44107 preempts state law.

                     6
III.

Finding no error, we affirm the judgment of the district court for
the reasons set forth above.

AFFIRMED

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