PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

In Re: NORMAN W. SHEARIN, JR.;
ANN SHEARIN,*
Debtors.

STEPHEN L. BEAMAN, Trustee,
                                                                No. 98-2191
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

NORMAN W. SHEARIN, JR.; ANN
SHEARIN,
Defendants-Appellants.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at Raleigh.
W. Earl Britt, District Judge.
(CA-98-381-BR-5, BK-96-3403-8-L, AP-97-38-8-L)

Argued: April 8, 1999

Decided: August 17, 2000

Before WIDENER and TRAXLER, Circuit Judges,
and BUTZNER, Senior Circuit Judge.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Widener wrote the opinion, in
which Judge Traxler and Senior Judge Butzner concurred.
_________________________________________________________________
*Mrs. Shearin's name appears in some of the papers as Anne.
COUNSEL

ARGUED: Richard Merryman Stearns, Kinston, North Carolina, for
Appellants. Charlene Boykin King, BEAMAN & KING, P.A., Wil-
son, North Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Norman W. Shearin,
VANDEVENTER BLACK, L.L.P., Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, for
Appellants. Stephen L. Beaman, BEAMAN & KING, P.A., Wilson,
North Carolina, for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

WIDENER, Circuit Judge:

Defendants-debtors, Norman W. Shearin, Jr. and Ann S. Shearin,
his wife, appeal the district court's judgment affirming the bankruptcy
court's order in an adversary proceeding entitling Stephen L. Beaman,
Trustee, to recover $52,133.64 from the defendants and, in addition,
concluding that Shearin's capital account in the amount of $28,844.10
was property of the estate. The $52,133.64 represents the portion of
Shearin's year-end distribution that he earned pre-petition at the law
firm of Vandeventer, Black, Meredith, and Martin, L.L.P. in his
capacity of equity partner. The capital account sum represents the
stipulated amount Shearin had contributed to the law firm. We affirm
the judgment of the district court.

I.

On July 12, 1996, Norman W. and Ann S. Shearin filed a voluntary
petition for relief under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code, and Ste-
phen L. Beaman, the plaintiff in this action, was appointed as Trustee.
Shearin was at that time, and continues to be, an attorney and equity
partner at the law firm of Vandeventer, Black, Meredith, and Martin,
L.L.P. (Vandeventer). The firm is a registered limited liability part-
nership with offices located in Norfolk, Virginia and Kitty Hawk,
North Carolina. A partnership agreement that was executed on Janu-
ary 1, 1996 governs the law firm. In Schedule B attached to his peti-
tion for bankruptcy, Shearin listed his interest in the law firm
partnership as an asset with a zero dollar current market value and did
not claim an exemption for that asset.

                    2
The law firm continued to operate as a reconstituted partnership
under the same partnership agreement and organizational scheme
after Shearin's filing for bankruptcy. Similarly, Shearin continued as
an equity partner of the law firm. The law firm did not wind up its
affairs or conduct any settlement of accounts. Pursuant to the partner-
ship agreement, for the purposes of receipts, the law firm's fiscal year
runs from December 1 to November 30, at the conclusion of which,
the Management Committee of the firm calculates the allocation of
profits among the equity partners. First, any available distributive net
profits are divided into two portions: objective and subjective. Then,
each partner is given an objective and subjective valuation. The Man-
agement Committee evaluates each partner objectively using the per-
centage each partner's receipts contributed to total partnership
receipts during the current and preceding two fiscal years. The subjec-
tive evaluation is based on a variety of factors ranging from client
development to other beneficial contributions to the law firm. Each
partner's given objective and subjective percentage is then applied to
the respective objective and subjective portion of the law firm's distri-
butable net profits.

The parties stipulated that between December 1, 1995 and June 30,
1996, prior to Shearin's petition, his receipts totaled $276,229.00, and
his receipts for the entire 1995-96 fiscal year totaled $322,443.00.
Based upon these amounts, the bankruptcy court determined that
85.6% of his receipts was attributable to pre-petition work. When
Shearin filed his petition, the Management Committee had not yet
ascertained the distributable net profits for the fiscal year. In Decem-
ber 1996, however, Shearin did receive as his share of the distribut-
able net profits for the fiscal year from the law firm, one check for
$62,494.00. He received another check in the amount of $17,976.58
in January 1997. The bankruptcy court found that Shearin only netted
$76,042.75 of the total disbursements, which reflected the adjust-
ments made by the law firm for the repayment of sums advanced to
Shearin earlier in the fiscal year. No exception is taken to this figure.
Of that sum of $76,042.75, the bankruptcy court, by prorating and
attributing variously objective and subjective funds, arrived at the
sum of $52,133.64, which was the share of profits of the law firm due
to Shearin for his participation in the affairs of the law firm through
July 12, 1996, the day of the filing of the petition. To the amount of

                     3
this sum there is also no exception taken on appeal. The exception
taken is that none of said sum is subject to turnover to the Trustee.

The bankruptcy court also found that Shearin's capital account,
with the stipulated value of $28,844.10 on the date of his petition, was
property of the estate. According to the partnership agreement, when
a non-equity partner is admitted as an equity partner, he is required
to make a capital contribution equal to that of the existing partners
with the same seniority. Shearin became an equity partner in 1991.

From the time of Shearin's petition to the entry of discharge in
November 1996, the Trustee corresponded with the law firm, making
inquiries into Shearin's interest in the law firm. The law firm
responded by sending a copy of the partnership agreement to the
Trustee and by requesting a confidentiality agreement with the
Trustee. The law firm did not, however, segregate any of its records
or earnings or make any change in the distributions to Shearin due to
his bankruptcy petition.

The bankruptcy court determined that a substantial portion of the
year-end profits distributed by the law firm in December 1996 were
traceable to Shearin's pre-petition work, thereby becoming property
of the estate under 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1) and (6). The bankruptcy
court also concluded that the entire amount in his capital account,
$28,844.10, was property of the estate and that the Trustee could seek
its recovery by whatever means he deemed appropriate.

We review an appeal from a district court's order affirming an
order of the bankruptcy court de novo. See In re Wilson, 

, 251 (4th Cir. 1998). We stand in the shoes of the district court
as we review the conclusions reached by the bankruptcy court. See In
re Runski, 

, 745 (4th Cir. 1996).

II.

The resolution of this case revolves around the nature of the bank-
rupt estate's interest in Shearin's law firm partnership interest. On
July 12, 1996, Shearin's pre-petition partnership interest in the law
firm became property of the estate under § 541(a) of the Bankruptcy

                     4
Code. 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1) and (6) (defining property of a bankrupt
estate as "all legal or equitable interests of the debtor in property as
of the commencement of the case"); see also In re Cordova, 

, 42 (4th Cir. 1996) (stating that § 541(a)(1) is all-embracing). In
considering the status of Shearin's partnership interest, and specifi-
cally his right to receive partnership profits and his capital account,
both of which stemmed from his pre-petition past, we consider that
courts look to state law when determining a debtor's interest in prop-
erty. In re Hudgins, 

, 443 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 1993). See
Butner v. United States, 

, 54 (1979). The timing of the
petition is also relevant because § 541(a) of the Bankruptcy Code
allows the debtor to accumulate new wealth and make a "fresh start"
after the "commencement of the [bankruptcy] case." See In re
Andrews, 

, 910 (4th Cir. 1996).1 Consequently, consider-
ation of Virginia partnership law, (Virginia's Uniform Partnership
Act), and the Bankruptcy Code requires that Shearin's property rights
on the date of his petition define his interest in the partnership.2 See
Va. Code Ann. §§ 50-24, et seq. (Michie 1950). It is this "`complex
and often tortuous interaction between the Bankruptcy Code, state
partnership law, and a [ ] partnership agreement' that causes courts
consternation." In re Grablowsky, 

, 137 (Bankr. E.D. Va.
1995) (quoting In re Cutler, 

, 276 (Bankr. D. Ariz.
1994)).

A.

Vandeventer's partnership agreement does not contain provisions
addressing a partner's personal bankruptcy.3 Virginia's version of the
_________________________________________________________________
1 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(6) further includes any "[p]roceeds, product, off-
spring, rents, or profits of or from property of the estate, except as are
earnings from services performed by an individual debtor after the com-
mencement of the case" as property of the estate. (emphasis added)
2 This chapter of the Code of Virginia was repealed effective January
1, 2000, however, we believe that the new code sections do not apply to
the facts before us. See Va. Code Ann. § 50-73.147 (Michie 1950). We
apply the Uniform Partnership Act as adopted in the Code of Virginia,
§ 50-1 through § 50-43.12.
3 The bankruptcy court noted that where the partnership agreement is
silent, Virginia law applies to resolve unaddressed issues.

                    5
Uniform Partnership Act § 50-31 provides that the bankruptcy of any
partner causes a dissolution of the partnership. See Va. Code Ann.
§ 50-31(5) (Michie 1950). On July 12, 1996, the filing date, two
events occurred that were significant in this case. First, Shearin's pre-
petition partnership interest became property of the estate, and sec-
ond, the law firm dissolved. See In re Weiss, 

, 1167
(4th Cir. 1997) (holding that a partnership interest constitutes "prop-
erty of the estate").

Although the partnership was in dissolution on the petition date on
account of the filing of Shearin's petition, the law firm did not wind
up its partnership affairs at that time or at any later date.4 Instead, the
law firm partners agreed to continue the business without liquidation
of partnership affairs, thereby vesting title in the dissolved partner-
ship's assets in the continued partnership, as authorized under Va.
Code Ann. § 50-37.1.5 The bankrupt estate succeeded to his pre-
petition interest in the partnership.6 It is not at once apparent why the
_________________________________________________________________
4 Va. Code Ann. § 50-29 defined dissolution as a change in the relation
of the partners caused by any partner ceasing to be associated in the car-
rying on, as distinguished from the winding up of the business. We also
distinguished dissolution from termination after winding up of partner-
ships in FDIC v. Hish, 

, 623 (4th Cir. 1996).
5 Shearin remained as a partner in the continued partnership, and the
law firm did not engage in a settlement of his pre-petition accounts. If
the law firm had settled the accounts between the partners, the Code pro-
vided that the following distribution would have occurred: payment to
creditors other than partners; payment to partners other than for capital
and profits; payment to partners in respect of capital; and payment to
partners in respect of profits. Va. Code Ann. § 50-40(2) (Michie 1950).
6 A Chapter 7 Trustee has the duty to "collect and reduce to money the
property of the estate for which the Trustee serves," 11 U.S.C. § 704(1),
and the Trustee may sell property of the estate out of the ordinary course
of business in order to obtain the money. 11 U.S.C.§ 363(b)(1). Reduc-
ing a partnership interest to money either by selling the interest or by
seeking a liquidation of all of the partnership assets to determine the
amount attributable to the partnership interest is a problematic proposi-
tion due to the other partners' interests and the nature of the partners'
rights in specific partnership property. See Va. Code Ann. § 50-25
(Michie 1950); see also In re Manning, 

 (10th Cir. 1987);
In re Cutler, 165 B.R. at 278-79.

                     6
Trustee could not have sold the partnership interest under 11 U.S.C.
§ 363(h), which gives a Trustee the power to sell estate property;
however, the Trustee did not proceed in this manner. Furthermore, the
law firm did not proceed to account for Shearin's partnership interest
in any way either by settling his account or by winding up partnership
affairs. Despite the law firm's inaction, Shearin's partnership interest
became estate property, and the rights thereunder followed.

Shearin asserts that the Trustee could not at the time of the petition
filing, and cannot at present, force the winding up of partnership
affairs or the liquidation of the partnership assets. That question, how-
ever, is one we need not, and do not, decide, for the Trustee before
us does not seek in this case authority for himself to force a winding
up or a liquidation. The lack of such claim, however, does not give
rise to any right of Shearin to keep pre-petition interests that stem
from his partnership interest or his capital account.

We find the case of Amsinck v. Bean, 

 (1874), persua-
sive, even if not controlling, and we follow that case. In Amsinck, in
holding that the assignee (Trustee) of a bankrupt partner was not enti-
tled to himself enforce the winding up of partnership affairs when that
partner was bankrupt, the Court held that the other partner had to
account to the Trustee of the bankrupt partner for the interest of the
bankrupt in the partnership. It stated:

          Bankruptcy, it is said, when decreed by a competent tribu-
          nal, dissolves the copartnership, but the joint property
          remains in the hands of the solvent partner or partners,
          clothed with a trust to be applied by him or them to the dis-
          charge of the partnership obligations and to account to the
          bankrupt partner or his assignee for his share of the sur-
          plus. Ex parte Norcross, 5 L. R., 124; Harvey v. Crickett, 5
          Maule & S., 339. (Emphasis added.)

395 U.S. at 403. While Amsinck was decided under the statutes in
effect at that time, that very holding was applied by the Supreme
Court of Washington, for example, as to the interest of a bankrupt
partner in Stickney v. Kerry, 

, 656 (Wash. 1960), in
deciding how the interest of a bankrupt partner was treated. The hold-
ing of Amsinck and Stickney are consistent with the holding of In re

                    7
Cutler, 

 (Bankr. D. Ariz. 1984), which treated the inter-
est of the Trustee of a bankrupt partner as that of a creditor with a
charging order.7

Shearin, as a Chapter 7 debtor, cannot retain the pre-petition inter-
est and the profits stemming from it after it has become property of
the estate. See 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(6). The fact that the law firm chose
to continue rather than to wind up and terminate does not shield
Shearin from the reality that his pre-petition interest in the law firm,
or the profits derived from that interest, became part of the bankrupt
estate as of July 12, 1996. The law firm's practice of distributing prof-
its at year-end does not take the partnership interest and its corre-
sponding rights out of the estate.8

B.

The bankruptcy court also relied on the Bankruptcy Code's bright
line distinction between the debtor's pre- and post-petition assets.
Using the test first enumerated in Segal v. Rochelle, 

,
380 (1966), and later reiterated in In re Ryerson, 

 (9th
Cir. 1984), the bankruptcy court concluded that 85.6% of the year-end
profits was directly traceable to the male debtor's pre-petition work
and "sufficiently rooted in the pre-bankruptcy past." 

,
1426 (9th Cir. 1984) (holding that a portion of payment made upon
termination of debtor's job was attributable to pre-petition work and
within the bankruptcy estate). Similar to the court in Ryerson, we are
concerned only with the distributed year-end profits to the extent the
payments were related to pre-bankruptcy services, and we find that
the amounts arrived at by the bankruptcy court were not arbitrary. 739
_________________________________________________________________
7 The term charging order is defined in § 50-28 of the Code of Virginia
as an order of a competent court to subject the interest of a debtor partner
to the unsatisfied payment owed to a judgment creditor of that partner.
8 Shearin argues that because the partnership agreement contains the
provision, "Each partner shall receive such share of the partnership's net
profits as shall, from time to time, be determined by the Management
Committee" then the partner's interest in his share of the profits and sur-
plus cannot exist until such determination is made. He asserts that the
Management Committee's discretion make his right to share in profits a
contingent or unvested right. We do not agree.

                     8
F.3d at 1425-26. In fact, the parties' stipulations as to Shearin's pre-
petition generated receipts and the testimony of the law firm's com-
mittee member, support the bankruptcy court's determinations.

Courts in this and other jurisdictions have addressed the issue of
whether post-petition payments are part of the estate in contexts other
than post-petition distribution of partnership profits. See, e.g., In re
Andrews, 

 (4th Cir. 1996) (post-petition payment under
pre-petition non competition agreement); In re Palmer, 

(Bankr. W.D. Va. 1986) (finding that because the debtor was required
to perform certain post-petition services to receive payment, renewal
commissions were not part of the estate). See also In re Wu, 

 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1994) (finding that renewal commissions attrib-
utable to pre-petition services are part of the estate when paid post-
petition). In Andrews, we recognized the pre-petition and post-petition
distinction in our construction of § 541(a)(6). 

, 910 (4th
Cir. 1996). Although the facts in Andrews differ somewhat from those
presented here, the construction of § 541(a)(6) instructs our decision
today. Pre-petition assets or interests like Shearin's partnership inter-
est are

          rooted in the debtor's pre-petition activities, including any
          proceeds that may flow from those [interests] in the future.
          Those [interests] belong to the estate and ultimately to the
          creditors. Post-petition assets are those that result from the
          debtor's post-petition activities and are his to keep free and
          clear of the bankruptcy proceeding.

80 F.3d at 910.

Regardless of Shearin's argument that the year-end distribution
was contingent upon his remaining as a partner until the year-end dis-
tribution, we are of opinion that the bankruptcy court was correct in
finding that "[Shearin] had a legally recognizable interest in profits of
the law firm even though they were contingent and not subject to pos-
session until some future time." The legally recognizable interest is
the actual interest in the partnership, which is personal property of the
debtor, and entitles him to share in the distribution of profits. That
interest belonged to the estate and entitled the estate to become the
recipient of these profits. In this case, the bankruptcy court appor-

                     9
tioned Shearin's profit distribution between pre-petition work and
post-petition work. The partnership agreement does not provide that
a partner must remain employed in order to receive his year-end dis-
tribution, but, even assuming that this requirement was in place, the
bankruptcy court's reasoning followed the premise that even "[i]f
some post-petition services are necessary, then courts must determine
the extent to which the payments are attributable" to both the pre- and
post-petition services. Wu, 173 B.R. at 414-15.

III.

The parties stipulated that the value of the capital account on the
date of the petition was $28,844.10, all of which was contributed pre-
petition and increased or decreased pre-petition. A"capital contribu-
tion by a partner is a debt of the partnership . . .." 59A Am. Jur. 2d
§ 979. Again, the partnership agreement is silent on the return of capi-
tal accounts in the event of bankruptcy, but does outline the procedure
for voluntary withdrawal or retirement. Upon voluntary withdrawal or
retirement, a partner is entitled to his capital account in an amount
shown on the partnership books at the close of the preceding calendar
year, payable over ten years. The Uniform Partnership Act also treats
capital contributions of partners as a liability owed by the partnership
to those partners in the event of dissolution, winding up, and settle-
ment of accounts. See Va. Code Ann. § 50-40(2)(c). Shearin asserted
at trial that because the partnership agreement only provided for
repayment of capital accounts in the event of retirement or voluntary
withdrawal, the partnership agreement did not authorize the repay-
ment of capital contributions in any other event. Shearin did not have
to engage in post-petition activities to trigger his right of repayment
of his capital contributions because his partnership interest was vested
and not contingent upon anything. See Va. Code Ann.§ 50-24, § 50-
26 (Michie 1950) (the partnership interest is a property right of the
partner and constitutes personal property). Even if repayment were
conditioned on the firm's choice to settle its accounts,9 the law firm's
decision to continue does not entitle it to escape its obligations.10
_________________________________________________________________
9 A "[capital account] constitute[s] a fund . . . for a ratable division of
what is left among the partners." 59A Am. Jur. 2d § 331.
10 If the law firm's affairs had been wound up and the accounts settled,
Shearin's creditors would have benefited from whatever money was dis-
tributed to the partners according to their share in the partnership after
all of the firm's other liabilities had been paid.

                    10
To resolve the disposition of the capital contribution, the bank-
ruptcy court applied the bright line distinction between pre- and post-
petition assets, and concluded that the account had accrued as a result
of the male debtor's pre-petition work, similar to the year-end profits.
Because a partnership interest also includes the right to be repaid cap-
ital contributions that are contributed pre-petition, see 59A Am.Jur. 2d
at § 476, the estate is entitled to Shearin's capital account. We con-
clude that the capital account is property of the estate under state part-
nership and federal bankruptcy law: specifically, Virginia's Uniform
Partnership Act's § 50-40, referring to capital contributions of part-
ners as partnership liabilities; the overarching premise in § 50-41 that
the continued partnership retained the liabilities and creditors of the
old partnership; and § 541(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code, which
excludes from property of the estate sums which are a result of and
attributable to services performed by the debtor subsequent to his
bankruptcy filing, all support our conclusion.

IV.

We find that the bankruptcy court's decision to award to the estate
both the portion of distributed profits attributable to pre-petition work
and the capital account was as good an approximation as could be
made as to what Shearin's interest would have been, had the firm set-
tled its accounts as of the date of the petition. 11 Furthermore, the
bankruptcy court's analysis of §§ 541(a)(1) and 541(a)(6) justifies
this result. The bankruptcy court is a court of equity, and it exercised
its powers to ensure that "substance will not give way to form, [and]
that technical considerations will not prevent substantial justice from
being done." Pepper v. Litton, 

, 304-05 (1939). Not only
do the bankruptcy court's equitable powers support this outcome, but
the Uniform Partnership Act explains that "[i]n any case not provided
for . . . the rules of law and equity . . . shall govern." Va. Code Ann.
§ 50-5 (Michie 1950). Were we to rule otherwise, "debtors would be
able . . . to circumvent the bankruptcy laws through" the use of their
partnership agreements and reconstituted partnerships. In re Andrews,

, 911 (4th Cir. 1996) (finding that debtors may be inclined
to use other agreements to divert monies under the guise of post-
petition entitlement).
_________________________________________________________________
11 No question is made in this case about other property of the law firm.

                     11
The judgment of the district court is accordingly

AFFIRMED.

                    12