PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD,      
                       Petitioner,
                v.
                                              No. 01-2202
KENTUCKY TENNESSEE CLAY
COMPANY,
                     Respondent.
                                     
            On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                National Labor Relations Board.
                 (11-CA-18941, 11-CA-18951)

                      Argued: May 7, 2002

                     Decided: July 12, 2002

 Before WILLIAMS, TRAXLER, and GREGORY, Circuit Judges.



Enforcement denied by published opinion. Judge Traxler wrote the
opinion, in which Judge Williams and Judge Gregory joined.


                           COUNSEL

ARGUED: Walter Odell Lambeth, Jr., ELARBEE, THOMPSON,
SAPP & WILSON, L.L.P., Atlanta, Georgia, for Respondent. Fred B.
Jacob, NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD, Washington,
D.C., for Petitioner. ON BRIEF: Jeffrey S. Hiller, ELARBEE,
THOMPSON, SAPP & WILSON, L.L.P., Atlanta, Georgia, for
Respondent. Arthur F. Rosenfeld, General Counsel, John E. Higgins,
Jr., Acting Deputy General Counsel, John H. Ferguson, Associate


. KENTUCKY TENNESSEE CLAY COMPANY
General Counsel, Aileen A. Armstrong, Deputy Associate General
Counsel, Charles Donnelly, Supervisory Attorney, NATIONAL
LABOR RELATIONS BOARD, Washington, D.C., for Petitioner.


                             OPINION

TRAXLER, Circuit Judge:

   This case is before the court on the application of the National
Labor Relations Board (the "Board") for enforcement of its Decision
and Order requiring Kentucky Tennessee Clay Company (the "Com-
pany") to bargain with the International Brotherhood of Boilermakers,
Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers (the "Union")
as the exclusive bargaining representative for production and mainte-
nance employees at the Company’s facility in Langley, South Caro-
lina. The Company asserts that it need not recognize the Union
because the certification election in which the Union prevailed was
rendered invalid by the threatening and coercive acts of Company
employees acting on behalf of the Union. We agree that the election
must be invalidated and, therefore, deny the Board’s petition to
enforce its Decision and Order.

                                 I.

                                 A.

   In early 1989, the Company purchased a facility in Langley, South
Carolina, which was in the business of mining and processing kaolin
clay. At the time, the employees at the Langley facility were repre-
sented by the Union. However, the Union was decertified by election
later that same year.

   In December 1999, long-time Company employee Odell Glover
contacted the Union’s international representative, J.C. Todd, and
informed him that some of the employees at the Langley facility were
interested in reorganizing the workforce. Glover had been employed
at the Langley facility for 44 years and was the Company’s most
senior employee in Langley. He had also been very active in the
            NLRB v. KENTUCKY TENNESSEE CLAY COMPANY                  3
Union during its prior representation of the Langley employees, hold-
ing the offices of interim president, vice-president, shop steward, and
negotiating committee member, and had worked closely with Todd
during that time.

   In response to Glover’s call, Todd traveled to Aiken, South Caro-
lina, in early January 2001, to meet with Glover, employee Myron
Renew, and three additional employees from the facility. Todd
answered questions about the organizing process during this meeting,
but "told the employees that before he put any cards out or wasted any
time, they must go back and talk to other employees and if they had
more interest, to call." J.A. 226. Todd did not distribute any cards or
literature at this meeting.

   Approximately a week later, Todd spoke with either Glover or
Renew and learned that employee interest seemed sufficient to pro-
ceed. Todd then took authorization cards to Glover and Renew and
told them to call him after they had gotten them signed. After Glover
and Renew, along with three additional employees, collected the req-
uisite signatures, Glover contacted Todd. A meeting was scheduled
for January 22, again in Aiken, for Todd to collect the signed authori-
zation cards. Glover, Renew, and ten additional employees met with
Todd on this visit.

   With cards in hand, Todd petitioned the Board for a representation
election on January 31, 2000. In the petition, the Union sought to rep-
resent a bargaining unit of "[a]ll full-time and regular part-time pro-
duction and maintenance employees, including mining and processing
employees and leadmen employed by the [Company] at its Langley,
South Carolina facility." J.A. 25. Todd negotiated an election stipula-
tion with the Company and the Board, and the election was scheduled
for March 15, 2000. In the interim, Todd held three Union meetings,
all of which took place in Aiken, and provided Union literature to
Glover and Renew to be distributed to the facility employees.
Although Glover denies having distributed the literature, Renew
admits that he did so.

   On March 8, 2000, one week before the scheduled election, Todd
checked into a motel room in Aiken with the intention of staying until
the election was held. Upon arriving, Todd again contacted Glover


. KENTUCKY TENNESSEE CLAY COMPANY
and Renew, gave them his room number, and asked them to tell the
other employees that he was staying in Aiken. Approximately 15 to
20 employees visited Todd at his motel room during the week.

   On March 15, 2000, the Board conducted the representation elec-
tion. Of the 45 eligible ballots cast, 23 were cast for the Union, 21
were cast against the Union, and one was challenged by the Union.
The Company thereafter filed objections to the election with the
Board, asserting that the election was invalid because the Union,
through the actions of Glover and Renew, had made threatening and
coercive statements to employees during the campaign, thereby inter-
fering with their ability to exercise a free and reasoned choice in the
election. The Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ") held a hearing on the
Company’s objections on May 4, 2000, during which the Company
successfully established that Glover and Renew had indeed threatened
several eligible employees with the loss of their jobs if they did not
support the Union and the Union prevailed in the impending election.
These threats are at the heart of the Company’s claim that the election
was invalid.

                                  B.

   We begin with employee Larry Jackson, who testified that Glover
telephoned him during the campaign about becoming a member of the
Union. When Jackson told Glover he was not interested, Glover
"changed his tone of voice and told [Jackson] that if he didn’t become
a union member before the union got in, . . . he could be squeezed
out of his job." J.A. 231 (internal quotation marks omitted). Jackson
testified that he knew Glover had a long-term association with the
Union and that he believed Glover’s threat. Glover admitted contact-
ing Jackson to solicit his Union membership, but testified that when
Jackson asked him what the Union was like, Glover simply told him
it would take too long to explain and hung up. The hearing officer
found that Glover’s testimony was not credible on this matter and that
Glover did threaten Jackson with the loss of his job if he did not join
the Union.

   Employee Gregory Keith Phillips testified that he received two
threats. First, Phillips testified that Renew told him that "they’d like
for [Phillips] to be a part of [the Union] with them," that they "were
            NLRB v. KENTUCKY TENNESSEE CLAY COMPANY                   5
remembering the guys that . . . weren’t with them," and that if Phillips
"wasn’t with them it would be hard on [him]." J.A. 232 (internal quo-
tation marks omitted). Phillips testified that when Glover later asked
him why he was against the Union, Phillips responded that he was
only against the way Renew had approached him about it. According
to Phillips, Glover then replied, "Well, let me tell you something
about the Union. . . . [D]o you really thin[k] you’ll be able to work
here when the union comes in and be able to freeload off the man
who’s paying the union dues. . . . [Y]ou won’t be able to work here
when the union comes in and you can go ask [management] what they
can do to keep your job." J.A. 233 (internal quotation marks omitted).

   Phillips testified that he was "highly upset" by the threats, that
Glover seemed confident in his ability to make good on them, and
that he believed they would try to terminate Phillips’ employment if
he did not support the Union. J.A. 97. Renew admitted meeting with
Phillips to give him a Union card, but denied making any statements
concerning what would happen to Phillips if he refused to join the
Union. Glover admitted to having two conversations with Phillips
before the election about the Union, but likewise denied threatening
Phillips. However, the hearing officer also credited Phillips’ version
of the encounter with both men.

   A third employee, James Walker, testified that Glover told him and
three or four other employees "that if we didn’t support the Union or
the people that didn’t support the Union, they wouldn’t be working
there very long. They’d see to it that they were fired or run off from
the job." J.A. 236 (internal quotation marks omitted). Glover denied
having any conversation with Walker prior to the election. However,
the hearing officer credited Walker’s statement.

   Sam Jason Kirkendahl, the fourth employee credited by the hearing
officer, testified that Renew spoke with him on several occasions
about the Union and that, at one point, Renew told Kirkendahl that
"if he did not support the union, he could be squeezed like a lemon,
squeezed out of a job, while making squeezing gestures with his
hands." J.A. 237-38. Kirkendahl testified that Renew also told him
that "they had ways of weeding those who did not support the Union,"
that "they could be weeded out of their jobs," that they would "just
make it hard on you so that you won’t want a job," and "that [he]


. KENTUCKY TENNESSEE CLAY COMPANY
would be left out in the wind" if he did not support the Union. J.A.
238 (internal quotation marks omitted). Kirkendahl likewise testified
that he was concerned about the threats and, in particular, that he was
concerned that "they would maybe sabotage equipment or set me up
so that I would look like I had failed to perform my duties of my job
and cause me to lose my job." J.A. 130. Renew admitted that he had
daily contact with Kirkendahl, but denied making any threats. How-
ever, the hearing officer credited Kirkendahl’s testimony.

   A fifth employee, Earl Morse, also testified that Renew told him
"that we will be squeezed like a lemon if you don’t support the union"
and that Renew told him on a separate occasion, "that once the wagon
went by and I wasn’t on the wagon, I’d be left behind, hanging in the
wind. The wagon is here, you’ve got to get on or you’re left." J.A.
238 (internal quotation marks omitted). Renew denied making either
statement. The hearing officer credited Morse’s testimony regarding
both incidents, but concluded that the statements were not threatening
or coercive.1

                                    C.

   At the conclusion of the hearing on the ballot challenges, the hear-
ing officer issued her Report and Recommendation, recommending
that the Company’s objections be overruled in their entirety. As noted
above, the hearing officer credited the testimony of the five
employee-voters over that of Renew and Glover. However, the hear-
ing officer found that Renew and Glover’s statements could not be
attributed to the Union based upon principles of apparent agency, and
that (with the exception of the statement made to Morse, which the
hearing officer concluded was not threatening or coercive) the threats
did not taint the election because the employees could not have rea-
sonably concluded that Glover or Renew had the means to carry out
the threats to terminate them. On November 2, 2000, the Board
    1
   A number of additional alleged threats made by Glover and Renew
were testified to at the hearing, which the hearing officer either did not
credit as truthful or did not feel were specific enough as to details or
time. Because it is unnecessary to our determination, we express no opin-
ion as to whether the hearing officer’s findings regarding these additional
threats were proper.
             NLRB v. KENTUCKY TENNESSEE CLAY COMPANY                       7
adopted the hearing officer’s findings and recommendations and certi-
fied the Union as the collective bargaining representative.

   The Company, however, refused to recognize and bargain with the
Union or to furnish information requested by the Union in its role as
bargaining representative, prompting the Union to file an unfair labor
practice charge with the Board. The Board’s Acting General Counsel
issued a complaint against the Company, alleging violations of
§ 8(a)(5) and § 8(a)(1) of the National Labor Relations Act, see 29
U.S.C.A. § 158(a)(1) & (a)(5) (West 1998) (the "Act").2 In response,
the Company admitted its refusal to bargain and to furnish informa-
tion, but contested the validity of the Union’s certification. The Board
thereafter granted the Acting General Counsel’s motion for summary
judgment by Decision and Order. The Company was ordered, inter
alia, to bargain on request with the Union and to furnish the Union
with the requested information. The Board thereafter filed this Appli-
cation for Enforcement of its Order.

                                     II.

                                     A.

   The Board is vested "with a wide degree of discretion in establish-
ing the procedure and safeguards necessary to insure the fair and free
choice of bargaining representatives by employees." NLRB v. A.J.
Tower Co., 

, 330 (1946); see Elizabethtown Gas Co. v.
NLRB, 

, 262 (4th Cir. 2000). "The results of a[n NLRB]-
supervised representative election are presumptively valid," Eliza-
bethtown 

(internal quotation marks omitted),
and we must uphold findings and conclusions of the Board "[s]o long
  2
     Section 8(a)(5) of the Act makes it an unfair labor practice for an
employer "to refuse to bargain collectively with the representatives of his
employees. . . ." 29 U.S.C.A. § 158(a)(5). Section 8(a)(1) of the Act
makes it an unfair labor practice for an employer "to interfere with,
restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise of [their protected] rights.
. . ." 29 U.S.A. § 158(a)(1). However, because an employer cannot obtain
direct review of a Board’s certification, a refusal to bargain is the "proper
path to judicial review of the Board’s election decision." Rosslyn Con-
crete Constr. Co. v. NLRB, 

, 63 n.1 (4th Cir. 1983).


. KENTUCKY TENNESSEE CLAY COMPANY
as the . . . decision is reasonable and based upon substantial evidence
in the record considered as a whole," 

the employees’ right to exercise a "fair and
free choice" in a representation election is the mandate, see A.J.

, elections must be conducted in "laboratory
conditions," free from behavior that improperly influences the out-
come, see NLRB v. Georgetown Dress Corp., 

, 1242
(4th Cir. 1976). "Indeed, if laboratory conditions have been destroyed,
an election can be set aside even if the alleged misconduct does not
rise to the level of an unfair labor practice under the Labor Manage-
ment Relations Act." Id.; see also NLRB v. Urban Tel. Corp., 

, 242 (7th Cir. 1974) ("‘For conduct to warrant setting aside
an election, not only must the conduct be coercive, but it must be so
related to the election as to have had a probable effect upon the
employees’ actions at the polls.’ " (quoting NLRB v. Zelrich Co., 

, 1015 (5th Cir. 1965)).

   In determining whether improper behavior has materially influ-
enced the outcome of an election, the source of the behavior is an
important consideration. Because "third parties are not subject to the
deterrent of having an election set aside, and third party statements do
not have the institutional force of statements made by the employer
or the union," NLRB v. Herbert Halperin Distr. Corp., 

,
290 (4th Cir. 1987), it is well-settled that "[l]ess weight is accorded
the comments and conduct of third parties than to those of the
employer or union," id.; see also Georgetown 

("[I]n determining whether an election is to be set aside, less weight
is to be accorded to conduct which is attributable to neither the
employer nor the union, but rather to individual employees."); Urban

(noting that a "stricter standard" of con-
duct applies to the union and to the company than to third parties).
Thus, an election will be set aside for improper conduct by a union
or union agents when threats, acts of coercion, or other improprieties
occurred and "materially affected the election results." Herbert Hal-

(internal quotation marks omitted). However,
an election will be set aside for conduct by individual employees
"only if the election was held in a general atmosphere of confusion,
violence, and threats of violence, such as might reasonably be
expected to generate anxiety and fear of reprisal, to render impossible
            NLRB v. KENTUCKY TENNESSEE CLAY COMPANY                   9
a rational uncoerced expression of choice as to bargaining representa-
tion." 

whether an agency relationship exists between the
employees and the Union under the Act, we apply the general com-
mon law of agency as developed by the Act. "The question is not so
much one of ‘agency,’ in its purest sense as it is of whether the Union
should be held accountable" for the employee’s conduct. PPG Indus.
Inc. v. NLRB, 

, 821 (4th Cir. 1982). Thus, we have
explained that "‘[i]n determining whether any person is acting as an
agent of another person so as to make such other person responsible
for his acts, the question of whether the specific acts performed were
actually authorized or subsequently ratified shall not be controlling.’"
Georgetown 

(quoting 29 U.S.C.A.
§ 152(13)). Rather, "[t]he final inquiry is always whether the amount
of association between the Union and the [employee organizers] is
significant enough to justify charging the Union with the conduct."
PPG 

n.8.; see also Methodist Home v.
NLRB, 

, 1182-83 (4th Cir. 1979).

                                  B.

   In this case, the Board concluded that the third-party standard of
conduct applied to the threats made by Glover and Renew because
"the union did not delegate authority to Glover and Renew sufficient
to establish that they were either agents of the Union or that they were
acting with the apparent authority of the Union" during the election
process. J.A. 229. More specifically, the Board found that the Union
was not chargeable with the improper conduct of Glover and Renew
because Todd maintained an active presence in the Union campaign,
Glover and Renew were not compensated for their organizing efforts,
and Todd never condoned or was aware of the improper threats made
by Glover and Renew. Thus, the Board concluded, Glover and Renew
were little more than enthusiastic supporters of the Union’s cause. We
disagree. When we apply our controlling precedents to these circum-
stances, we are satisfied that the amount of association between Todd,
Glover, and Renew requires us to charge the Union with the coercive
threats made by Glover and Renew in the workplace, and that the
Board abused its discretion in ruling otherwise.


. KENTUCKY TENNESSEE CLAY COMPANY
                                  1.

   First, the Board’s finding that Glover and Renew should not be
considered agents of the Union because Todd maintained an active
presence in the campaign while Glover and Renew acted merely as
unpaid, vocal supporters of the campaign is not supported by substan-
tial evidence in the record. Todd was the only professional Union
organizer having any involvement in the campaign at the Langley
facility, yet he never traveled to the Langley facility or to any other
place within Langley to meet with or attempt to organize the facility
employees. Glover and Renew, on the other hand, were never for-
mally identified as Union representatives or agents nor paid by the
Union for their organizing efforts; yet they and a handful of other
employees they recruited carried out all of the organizing efforts
within the facility, often at the direct request of Todd.

   Glover and Renew were instrumental in every step of the campaign
process. The organizing drive was initiated by Glover contacting
Todd, with whom he had a previous Union relationship. Todd, in turn,
placed the lion’s share of the organizing work upon Glover and
Renew. At the outset, Todd refused to become directly involved until
these employee-organizers demonstrated sufficient overall employee
interest in the Union. And, once such interest was shown, Todd pro-
ceeded not by becoming directly involved, but by placing the burden
of obtaining the requisite authorization cards squarely and exclusively
on their shoulders. Todd merely collected the cards from Glover, filed
the petition with the Board, and negotiated the election stipulations
with management.

   Todd’s near exclusive reliance upon Glover and Renew to effectu-
ate the Union organization, however, continued even after the petition
was filed. Todd gave Glover and Renew the Union literature to dis-
tribute to the employees, which Renew admits having distributed, and
it was Glover and Renew who spoke with the eligible employees
about the Union both in the workplace and by telephone calls to their
homes. Although Todd held three Union meetings during the cam-
paign period in Aiken, he charged Glover and Renew, the Union’s
only conduits of information to the employees, with the task of notify-
ing the employees of the place and time. In contrast to these highly
visible activities undertaken by Glover and Renew, some at the spe-
            NLRB v. KENTUCKY TENNESSEE CLAY COMPANY                   11
cific direction of Todd, there was no evidence that Todd or any other
professional organizer ever obtained a single signature on an authori-
zation card, attempted to visit the facility or to speak to employees on
its outskirts, handed out a single pamphlet, or attempted to initiate
contact with a single employee beyond those present at the three orga-
nizational meetings.

                                   2.

   Second, the Board’s conclusion that Glover and Renew were not
apparent agents of the Union is inconsistent with our controlling pre-
cedents. Although the agency inquiry is always a highly fact-specific
one, see PPG 

n.8, this court has previously
set aside representation elections conducted in similar circumstances,
see PPG 

; Georgetown 

-45.

   In Georgetown Dress, several employees who had been solicited to
campaign for the Union on a volunteer basis engaged in improper acts
of coercion, including threatening employees with the loss of their
jobs if they failed to support the union, telling employees that the best
jobs would go to union supporters, and warning employees that notes
were being kept on what the employees were saying about the union.

. Despite the lack of any union authorization of
these acts of misconduct, we held that the union was properly charge-
able with the misdeeds under the principles of apparent authority.
Like here, the professional union organizers had delegated a number
of specific organizing tasks to the unpaid employee organizers,
including having the authorization cards signed by the other employ-
ees, talking with the employees about the union both in the plant and
outside the plant, distributing union literature, and helping to plan
union meetings. See 

In addition, these employees were
the union’s only in-plant contact with the other employees. See 

Thus, "in the eyes of other employees," the union supporters
"were the representatives of the union on the scene and the union
authorized them to occupy that position." 

   In PPG Industries, we likewise set aside an election after holding
the union responsible for the threatening acts of employees who, "at
1

. KENTUCKY TENNESSEE CLAY COMPANY
the request of the Union organizer, solicited support for the Union
. . ., were asked to distribute Union literature (which was provided by
the Union), to voice and demonstrate support for the Union, and to
occasionally transport membership cards to the Union’s 

. Of particular significance was the fact that the union
organizer had asked the supporters "to be the Union’s ‘eyes and ears’
in the plant and to report on events which occurred in the plant during
the election campaign." 

And, we did so even though the
union officials in PPG Industries were more heavily involved and sig-
nificantly more visible to the eligible employee voters than those in
Georgetown Dress; the union officials in PPG Industries visited the
work site "at the front gate of the plant at least once a week prior to
the election and daily during the last ten days of the campaign," 

a handbill directly to employees to notify them that
union officials were available nearby to answer questions and hold
meetings. See 

   The Board’s attempt to distinguish Georgetown Dress and PPG
Industries on the basis that the improper actions were taken by pro-
union employees who had been formally designated by the Union to
be an "In-Plant Organizing Committee" or "IPOC" created by the
Union does not persuade us. Although it is true that Todd did not des-
ignate Glover and Renew as an IPOC, our decisions in Georgetown
Dress and PPG Industries did not rest on the fact that the agents were
given any formal label. Glover and Renew performed functions nearly
identical to those performed by the IPOC members in Georgetown
Dress and PPG Industries, and the Union cannot escape responsibility
for the improper actions of employees which are otherwise properly
charged to it under principles of apparent authority simply by not
bestowing a formal title upon them. See, e.g., Urban 

-244 (finding that actions of a single employee were fairly
attributable to the union under agency principles even though he was
not formally designated as an agent).3
  3
   The Board’s attempt to analogize this case to the facts underlying our
decision in Herbert Hal

-91, in which we held that
employees were not apparent agents of the Union, is also unavailing.
Herbert Halperin is readily distinguishable from Georgetown Dress and
PPG Industries, as well as from the facts in this case, because the profes-
sional union staff was heavily involved in the organizing campaign.
They, and not the employees, distributed the union’s literature, con-
ducted all of the union meetings, and distributed and collected the union
authorization cards. See Herbert 

.
            NLRB v. KENTUCKY TENNESSEE CLAY COMPANY                     13
   The absence of pay or other direct benefits to Glover and Renew,
although relevant to the question of agency, is similarly overempha-
sized. "Under the common law, it is not necessary that monetary con-
sideration flow from the principal to the agent to create a principal-
agent relationship." Georgetown 

. And, of
course, the Union cannot insulate itself from the actions of pro-Union
employees taken on its behalf simply by not paying them.

   Finally, the Board’s reliance upon the fact that Todd never con-
doned or was even aware of the improper threats made by Glover and
Renew is also misplaced. At a minimum, Todd acquiesced in and
relied upon the clear leadership role assumed by Glover and Renew,
yet took no steps to inform the other employees that Glover and
Renew were not Union agents and were not authorized to speak on
its behalf. As in Georgetown Dress, "neither th[e] misdeeds nor the[ ]
authority [of the employees] were repudiated by the union, and their
acts did not so far exceed their authority as to make obvious to the
persons who were coerced and intimidated that the union would not
ratify what was done." Id.4 "[I]n the eyes of other employees," Glover
and Renew "were the representatives of the union on the scene and
the union authorized them to occupy that position." 

Glover
and Renew were much more than mere "leading and vocal employee
union supporter[s]." J.A. 228. Todd chose to take a role of minimum
involvement while allowing, and at times directing, Glover and
Renew to carry on the actual organizing activities. By conducting the
campaign in this fashion, Todd should have known that he would
create the belief that Glover and Renew were authorized to speak and
  4
   Glover’s position only further validated this reasonable belief. Glover,
the Company’s most senior employee, was a long-time Union leader, and
known to be so by those eligible to vote. By his own admission, he had
held almost every Union office during its representation of the Langley
facility employees, including shop steward, member of the negotiating
committee, vice-president, and interim president. During this same time
period, Todd was the Union’s international representative and the person
with whom Glover frequently interacted. Although only a handful of
employees from that era remained at the time of this organizing cam-
paign, we do not ignore the fact that a handful did remain, that the work-
force is relatively small, and that there was substantial and undisputed
evidence that Glover’s relationship with the Union was widely known
among the eligible employees.
1

. KENTUCKY TENNESSEE CLAY COMPANY
act on his behalf and on the Union’s behalf. Indeed, given his near
lack of any participation whatsoever, he could hardly have intended
any other consequence.

                                   C.

   Having determined that Glover and Renew were apparent agents of
the Union, we must next determine whether their coercive and threat-
ening conduct during the election "destroyed the ‘laboratory condi-
tions’ under which the election should have been conducted . . . and
stifled the free exchange of ideas on unionization among the employ-
ees," Georgetown 

, so as to "materially
affect[ ] the election results," Herbert Hal

(internal quotation marks omitted). We are satisfied that it did.5

   First, the Board abused its discretion in finding that the threats
known to have been made by Glover and Renew were not coercive
because the employees could not have reasonably believed that
Glover and Renew had the means to carry out the threats. This finding
was no doubt based upon the same erroneous view of the evidence
which led the Board to conclude that Glover and Renew were not act-
ing as agents of the Union in the first place and, therefore, that the
standard applicable to third party conduct governed. See Herbert Hal-

(providing that an election need only be set
aside if the conduct of third parties was such that "the election was
held in a general atmosphere of confusion, violence, and threats of
  5
    After briefing, the Board moved to strike a footnote from the Compa-
ny’s reply brief in which the Company pointed out, as additional support
on the issue of apparent authority, that Todd designated Renew to act as
the Union’s election observer on the day of the election. The Board
argued that the Company had improperly raised this issue for the first
time in a reply brief. See Cavallo v. Star Enter., 

, 1152 n.2
(4th Cir. 1996) ("[A]n issue first argued in a reply brief is not properly
before a court of appeals."). Because Renew’s alleged status as the
Union’s election observer was referenced in the Company’s opening
brief, we deny the Board’s motion to strike. We note, however, that an
employee’s status as an election observer is only a fact to be considered;
it does not automatically make him or her an agent of the Union. In this
case, it only bolsters our conclusion that Renew was cloaked with the
apparent authority of the Union.
            NLRB v. KENTUCKY TENNESSEE CLAY COMPANY                     15
violence, such as might reasonably be expected to generate anxiety
and fear of reprisal, to render impossible a rational uncoerced expres-
sion of choice as to bargaining representation" (internal quotation
marks omitted)).6 However, for the same reasons we concluded that
Glover and Renew were acting with the apparent authority of the
Union, and therefore that their conduct was subject to a stricter stan-
dard, we conclude that the employees reasonably believed that Glover
and Renew would be able to effectuate their removal from the work-
place if the Union prevailed, either by "setting them up" to be termi-
nated by management or by making their working conditions so
miserable as to force them to leave.

   Second, we are satisfied that the threats had a probable and mate-
rial effect upon the election results. Of the 45 eligible ballots cast dur-
ing the election, 23 were cast for the Union, 21 were cast against the
Union, and one was challenged by the Union. A closer election
among this small workforce was not possible; coercion of a single
employee sufficient to have changed his vote to one for the Union
would have changed the outcome. Based solely upon those employees
who came forward in the face of a Union win, the Board found that
Glover and Renew had together threatened at least four eligible
employees. In at least one circumstance, Glover and Renew both
threatened the same employee. In another circumstance, multiple
threats were made against a single employee. And, in yet another inci-
dent, the threat was made in the presence of additional employees
who did not testify. There is undisputed evidence that there were eli-
gible voters who believed the threats and believed that the pro-Union
employees, even if not vested with the direct power to terminate one’s
employment, had the ability to effectuate the same result through
indirect means.

                                   III.

   Having concluded that the actions of Glover and Renew were coer-
cive and attributable to the Union, and that their coercive actions had
  6
   In view of our holding, we need not decide whether the Board reason-
ably found that the statements of Glover and Renew, as third-parties, did
not create such a general atmosphere of fear and coercion as to render
a free election impossible. See Herbert Hal

.
1

. KENTUCKY TENNESSEE CLAY COMPANY
a probable and material effect upon the votes of the eligible employ-
ees in the election, we hold that the Board abused its discretion in
overruling the Company’s objections and certifying the Union.
Accordingly, we set aside the Board’s Decision and Order and deny
enforcement of it.

                                         ENFORCEMENT DENIED