PHYLLIS J. HAMILTON, United States District Judge.
Defendant's motion for summary judgment came on for hearing before this court on January 8, 2014. Plaintiff Jon Henry ("plaintiff") appeared through his counsel, Spencer Smith. Defendant Regents of the University of California ("defendant") appeared through its counsel, Delia Isvoranu. Having read the papers filed in conjunction with the motion and carefully considered the arguments and the relevant legal authority, and good cause appearing, the court hereby GRANTS defendant's motion for summary judgment as follows.
This is an employment discrimination case. Plaintiff has been employed as a Senior HVAC
In the complaint, plaintiff recounts specific incidents that he believes were racially motivated. First, on or about October 3, 2007, plaintiff alleges that he was "assaulted" by his supervisor's (Gary Vantassel) use of "profanities and threats of physical violence." Complaint, ¶ 16. Another supervisor, Danny Paik, was present when this incident occurred. Id., ¶ 17. Plaintiff reported the incident, but claims that he was not allowed to bring his union representative to a meeting held to discuss the incident. Id., ¶ 20. Plaintiff also claims that, during this meeting, HR employee Bob Gilmore told plaintiff that "[j]obs are on the line," which plaintiff took as an "insinuati[on] that [his] employment was in jeopardy." Id. In defendant's motion, it indicates that Vantassel was determined to have "lost his temper and had a lapse in judgment," and even though defendant found no evidence of racial animus, Vantassel's employment was terminated (though defendant does not specify when Vantassel was terminated). See Dkt. 25 at 5.
Plaintiff then alleges that, on October 10, 2007, two employees made a comment to him regarding a private personal health issue. Complaint, ¶ 21. Plaintiff reported this incident to HR. On the same day, plaintiff found that his truck had been vandalized while parked in the UCSF parking lot. Id., ¶ 22.
Plaintiff claims that, on October 12, 2007, Danny Paik unfairly admonished him for sending an email to a client. Complaint, ¶ 26. Plaintiff characterizes Paik as one of his supervisors
On October 15, 2007, plaintiff had a performance evaluation, during which he was told that he had only "basic journeyman
On October 16, 2007, plaintiff was working on a component of an air conditioning unit, and claims that an engineer asked him "You still working on that unit? I guess you can't figure it out," and then said "We'd all better leave before he [referring to plaintiff] goes out again for his high blood pressure." Complaint, ¶ 29.
On October 17, 2007, plaintiff claims that "UCSF employee Patrick Lee" asked plaintiff "Do you still want your job here? If you want to know your rights, talk to Mark." Complaint, ¶ 30. Plaintiff does not indicate who "Mark" is.
On or around October 19, 2007, plaintiff was ordered to attend a meeting with "shop steward Bob Hoffer, human resources employee Mike DeGroot," and Danny Paik. Complaint, ¶ 31. Plaintiff asked to record the meeting "because of Mr. Paik's history of harassing" him, but Paik and DeGroot refused. Id. Plaintiff then asked to reschedule the meeting, but DeGroot responded by telling plaintiff that he was suspended, and that he should "get the hell off of UC property." Id. Plaintiff claims that he requested a UCSF police escort off campus that day, because he was "fearful of the continued harassment and intimidation." Id., ¶ 32.
Plaintiff alleges that, throughout October 2007, he "continued to contact UCSF supervisors and Human Resources with his complaints," but was told by Human Resources that they were unable to discuss the details of investigations. Complaint, ¶ 34.
Plaintiff claims that, on November 6, 2007, he was "forced" to attend another meeting with DeGroot about the October 12 email incident. Complaint, ¶ 35. On the same day, Patrick Lee said to plaintiff "Oh, you're still being a troublemaker. All they are going to do is `X' you out of here." Id., ¶ 36. Lee then drew 3 Xs on plaintiff's hand, using a marker. Id.
Plaintiff then alleges that "Paik's harassment" "continued and intensified" after plaintiff's complaints. Complaint, ¶ 37.
On November 9, 2007, plaintiff claims that he was carrying a fan down a flight of stairs "when he fell, injuring his lower back and neck." Complaint, ¶ 38. Plaintiff informed Paik, who "admonish[ed] him for not requesting help" carrying the fan. Id., ¶ 39. Plaintiff claims that he was disciplined with a "letter of warning" around this time, and he alleges that the disciplinary action was "for falling on the stairs." Id., ¶ 43. In its motion, defendant claims that plaintiff was disciplined for (1) "acting contrary to an instruction from the Lead HVAC Mechanic," (2) "walking out of a meeting with management," and (3) "refusing to leave the premises after being placed on paid leave." Dkt. 25 at 4.
Plaintiff also claims that, in November 2007, he "filed complaints about the unlawful activity and the retaliation he suffered" with the State Personnel Board, the National Labor Relations Board, the Department of Health and Human Services, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and the Bureau of State Audits. Complaint, ¶ 42. Later in the complaint, plaintiff explains what "unlawful activity" formed the basis of these complaints. Essentially, plaintiff alleges that he became aware of "illegal and fraudulent misuse of federal and state funds" by UCSF's Facilities Management Department, in the form
Plaintiff returned to work on December 14, 2007, but alleges that he did not receive his workers' compensation checks because the paperwork had not been processed properly. Complaint, ¶ 45. Plaintiff's supervisor Vantassel (who was apparently still employed at UCSF in December 2007, despite the October 2007 incident with plaintiff) asked plaintiff "Did you get all of your Christmas gifts for your kids? Did you get all of your benefits stuff worked out?" Id., ¶ 46. Plaintiff "believes that these comments were motivated by racial animus against African-Americans and were in retaliation for [plaintiff's] complaints." Id.
In his opposition brief (but not in the complaint), plaintiff alleges that "after the Vantassel incident," he "was on leave for seven to eight months, from December to March, due to his workers' comp injury." Dkt. 26 at 4. Plaintiff appears to be referring to December 2008 to March 2009, even though the phrase "Vantassel incident" appears to be referring to the October 2007 confrontation between plaintiff and Vantassel. In the opposition, plaintiff further alleges that, while he was on leave, he had a "mental breakdown and felt like he did not even want to live anymore." Id. at 4. He alleges that "his thoughts of suicide started with the harassment that was going on with Vantassel and his worker's compensation claim because he did not know how he was going to pay his mortgage and was having financial problems as a result of Vantassel signing the paperwork late." Id.
Then, in June 2009, plaintiff claims that he was "violently assaulted" by a "contracted supervisor" in plaintiff's department (Don Carpenter). Complaint, ¶ 47. Plaintiff "believes that this assault was prompted by Don Carpenter's racial animus against African-Americans." Id. Defendant discusses this incident in its motion, claiming that Carpenter "yelled" at plaintiff, but that "every witness to the incident denied that Carpenter made any physical contact with plaintiff." Dkt. 25 at 6. Defendant also notes that, when plaintiff first reported the incident, he "made no mention of Carpenter purportedly making physical contact with him." Id. However, defendant concedes that Carpenter was found to have used "inappropriate tone and language," and was told to "keep his distance" from plaintiff. In his opposition brief (but not in the complaint), plaintiff alleges that "prior to the physical assault plaintiff testified Mr. Carpenter used racial slurs in reference to African Americans and Carpenter referenced plaintiff and other African Americans as niggers and monkeys." Dkt. 26 at 4.
Plaintiff also alleges (in his opposition brief, but not his complaint) that Danny Paik, at some unspecified time, "continued to make inappropriate racial comments about African Americans with impunity," and that plaintiff "overheard Paik stating that they were not going to let a black man manage anybody." Dkt. 26 at 4. Plaintiff does not provide any time frame for these alleged racial comments.
The complaint then provides extensive details about the alleged billing manipulation, and alleges that plaintiff complained to management about the schemes
In March 2011, plaintiff "complained to the Department of Health and Human Services, the U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, and the EEOC regarding his belief that UCSF was violating laws related to the privacy of his personal health information." Complaint, ¶ 60.
Plaintiff then alleges that another UCSF employee, Cornel Nickelson, "discovered a hangman's noose hanging in a locked maintenance room on the roof of the School of Nursing" in "late 2011 or early 2012." Complaint, ¶ 61. Plaintiff does not allege that he personally saw this noose.
Plaintiff alleges that, in May 2012, he "became aware that Paik was, once again, fraudulently adding time charged to clients," and as a result, plaintiff "made several more whistleblower complaints." Complaint, ¶ 62-63.
Plaintiff then turns to July 2012, and describes the main incident discussed in the motion papers. Plaintiff alleges that, on July 10, 2012, Danny Paik "hung a noose in the workplace." Dkt. 26 at 5.
After the noose incident, an email was sent by Steven Parker (the "Superintendent for the Facilities Services in the Skilled Trades and Building Maintenance Worker Group") to plaintiff and two other African-American employees, explaining that Paik had hung the noose "not with racial malice or intent, but, what in his mind at the time, as an innocent prank." Dkt. 26 at 5-6. Plaintiff alleges that he "has witnessed Steven Parker, along with other supervisors, display racial animus against African-Americans," but provides no further details regarding the racial animus shown by Parker. Complaint, ¶ 68.
Here, the court notes some confusion as to who actually discovered the noose in July 2012. In the complaint, plaintiff alleges that he "saw the noose on July 10, 2012," but Parker's email stated that "Cornel Nickelson came into [his] office with a photograph of a noose someone had hung." Compare Complaint, ¶ 65 with Dkt. 26-6, Ex. J. The investigative report regarding the incident noted that plaintiff's "statement claims he was present with Cornel Nickelson when the noose was discovered," even though "[a]ccording to Nickelson's own written statement and other witnesses, Nickelson was alone when he discovered the noose." See Dkt. 25-5, Ex. D at 14. The complaint does not allege that Nickelson was present when plaintiff saw the July 2012 noose, and instead, mentions Nickelson only to say that he "discovered a hangman's noose" on the "roof of the School of Nursing" in "late 2011 or early 2012." Complaint, ¶ 61. Thus, it appears
In defendant's motion, it provides its own version of the facts surrounding the July 2012 noose incident. Defendant alleges that Paik was "waiting in line" at the Facilities Maintenance Inventory Warehouse to check out materials/inventory, and while he was waiting, he noticed a box of rope and decided to tie some knots, which was a hobby of his. Defendant alleges that Paik decided to tie a noose because it was the most challenging knot he could think of, and not because of any racial connotations. Defendant alleges that Paik immediately apologized after learning that people were upset. Defendant also provides details of its response to the incident, placing Paik on administrative leave and beginning a formal investigation. The investigation was to determine (1) whether Paik tied the noose found by plaintiff and Nickelson, (2) whether Paik demonstrated racial animus towards African-Americans, and (3) whether the Facilities Management department was a racially hostile environment. See Dkt. 25 at 8 (citing Dkt. 25-5, Ex. D).
As part of the investigation, defendant reviewed witness statements and surveillance footage, and determined that the noose that was found on July 10, 2012 was not tied by Paik. See Dkt. 25 at 11. While Paik did admit to tying a noose, he stated that he dropped it to the floor after he was done tying it, whereas the noose found by Nickelson and plaintiff had been taped to a box. Id. Defendant states that is has not yet identified the individual who tied the noose found by Nickelson and plaintiff. Id.
The investigators also asked witnesses if they had ever witnessed racially biased behavior by Paik, or whether Paik had acted with racial animus towards African-Americans. See Dkt. 25 at 11 (citing Dkt. 25-5, Ex. D). The investigators found no such evidence of racial animus, nor did they find any record of complaints against Paik for such behavior. Id.
The investigation also included a review of all complaints to UCSF's Office of Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity made by Facilities Management employees since 2007, of which there were five total, and three filed by plaintiff (regarding the 2007 Vantassel incident, the 2009 Carpenter incident, and a 2011 incident where plaintiff complained about being denied a handicapped parking space). See Dkt. 25 at 9-10 (citing Dkt. 25-5, Ex. D). The other two complaints were filed by employees in a different work group and a different location than plaintiff's. Id. After reviewing the complaints, defendant concluded that "it was more likely than not that the Facilities Management department was not a racially hostile environment." Id.
During and after the investigation, defendant held meetings with the Facilities Management staff to provide them with information regarding the investigation, and also provided sensitivity trainings and
In the complaint, plaintiff alleges that he "received two death threats via his personal cellular telephone's voicemail on or around July 19, 2012." Complaint, ¶ 72. Plaintiff does not mention this allegation in his opposition brief.
Plaintiff alleges that he was placed on "administrative leave" from July 23, 2012 until September 2012. Complaint, ¶¶ 77-78.
Plaintiff filed a complaint with the Department of Fair Housing and Employment ("DFEH") and an administrative charge with the Equal Opportunity Employment Commission ("EEOC") on July 20, 2012. See Dkt. 26-7, Exs. N, O. Plaintiff then filed a supplemental EEOC charge on July 25, 2012. See Dkt. 26-7, Ex. P. Plaintiff alleges that he received right-to-sue letters from the Equal Opportunity Employment Commissions ("EEOC") (on October 11, 2012) and the Department of Fair Housing and Employment ("DFEH") (on July 23, 2012). Complaint, ¶ 82.
Plaintiff then filed suit on November 13, 2012, asserting six causes of action: (1) harassment based on race under Title VII, (2) retaliation under Title VII, (3) harassment and hostile work environment based on race under the Fair Employment and Housing Act ("FEHA"), (4) retaliation under FEHA, (5) retaliation under Cal. Labor Code § 98.6, and (6) intentional infliction of emotional distress. The intentional infliction of emotional distress claim has been voluntarily dismissed, leaving five causes of action remaining. Defendant moves for summary judgment as to all five
A party may move for summary judgment on a "claim or defense" or "part of . . . a claim or defense." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.
A party seeking summary judgment bears the initial burden of informing the court of the basis for its motion, and of identifying those portions of the pleadings and discovery responses that demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). Material facts are those that might affect the outcome of the case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A dispute as to a material fact is "genuine" if there is sufficient evidence for
Where the moving party will have the burden of proof at trial, it must affirmatively demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could find other than for the moving party. Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir.2007). On an issue where the nonmoving party will bear the burden of proof at trial, the moving party may carry its initial burden of production by submitting admissible "evidence negating an essential element of the nonmoving party's case," or by showing, "after suitable discovery," that the "nonmoving party does not have enough evidence of an essential element of its claim or defense to carry its ultimate burden of persuasion at trial." Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co., Ltd. v. Fritz Cos., Inc., 210 F.3d 1099, 1105-06 (9th Cir.2000); see also Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324-25, 106 S.Ct. 2548 (moving party can prevail merely by pointing out to the district court that there is an absence of evidence to support the non-moving party's case).
When the moving party has carried its burden, the nonmoving party must respond with specific facts, supported by admissible evidence, showing a genuine issue for trial. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c), (e). But allegedly disputed facts must be material—the existence of only "some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
When deciding a summary judgment motion, a court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and draw all justifiable inferences in its favor. Id. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505; Hunt v. City of Los Angeles, 638 F.3d 703, 709 (9th Cir.2011).
Plaintiff's five asserted causes of action coalesce into two groups of claims: the retaliation claims (consisting of the second, fourth, and fifth causes of action) and the harassment/hostile work environment claims (consisting of the first and third causes of action). The court will address each category of claims separately.
As mentioned above, plaintiff asserts three different retaliation claims: retaliation under Title VII (second cause of action), retaliation under FEHA (fourth cause of action), and retaliation under Cal. Labor Code § 98.6 (fifth cause of action).
The relevant standard for a retaliation claim under Title VII is the same as under FEHA; both require a plaintiff to show that (1) he engaged in a protected activity, (2) that his employer subjected him to an adverse employment action, and (3) that a causal link exists between the protected activity and the adverse action. Freitag v. Ayers, 468 F.3d 528, 541 (9th Cir.2006) (Title VII); Steiner v. Showboat Operating Co., 25 F.3d 1459, 1465 (9th Cir.1994) (FEHA).
In its motion for summary judgment, defendant primarily takes issue with element (2), arguing that plaintiff was not subjected to any adverse employment action, and further noting that "no specific act of retaliation was alleged in plaintiff's administrative charge." In his opposition brief, plaintiff (who continues to work for defendant) did not identify any actual adverse employment action, but instead argued that the "creation of a hostile work environment constitutes an adverse employment action in a retaliation case," and pointed to the fact that the noose incident occurred "a few months" after plaintiff complained of harassment related to other employees padding time. Plaintiff's position
In addition, even if the court were to assume that the noose incident constituted an adverse action, plaintiff has failed to establish element (3) of a prima facie retaliation case, that a causal link exists between the protected activity of lodging various complaints, and the adverse action. Plaintiff presents no evidence that the noose incident was motivated by his protected activity, and instead, in the context of his harassment claims, he argues that it was motivated by racial animus.
In order to show the required causal nexus, plaintiff relies on the timing of the noose incident, which occurred "a few months" after plaintiff "complained of race harassment related to Paik padding time on to plaintiff's work assignments." However, plaintiff alleges that he first complained about Paik's padding of time in November 2007, over four years before the July 2012 noose incident. See Complaint, ¶ 42 (alleging that, "[i]n November 2007, Mr. Henry filed complaints about the unlawful activity and the retaliation he suffered with the State Personnel Board, the National Labor Relations Board, the Department of Health and Human Services, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and the Bureau of State Audits"); ¶ 54 ("Mr. Henry approached Paik about a job Mr. Henry had completed the day before, November 7, 2007, and which he knew Paik had not worked on despite having billed for labor on it."). Plaintiff further alleges that "[t]hroughout 2009 and 2011," he "complained to UCSF Facilities Management personnel about the manipulation schemes." Id., ¶ 59. Even though plaintiff alleges that he made additional complaints "[b]etween May and July 2012," his complaint is clear in alleging that the protected activity began in November 2007 (over four years before the noose incident), and continued "throughout" 2009 and 2011.
While "causation can be inferred from timing alone," such an inference can only be made if the adverse action occurred "on the heels" of protected activity. Villiarimo v. Aloha Island Air, Inc., 281 F.3d 1054, 1065 (9th Cir.2002). In finding that an eighteen-month gap between protected activity and adverse action was too long to support a retaliation claim, the court discussed and cited cases finding gaps of four and five months were too long, while gaps of "forty-two" days, "fifty-nine days," and "less than three months" could support an inference of causation. Id. (citing cases). Thus, even if plaintiff were able to establish element (2) of a prima facie retaliation case, he would still be unable to establish element (3).
For all of the foregoing reasons, the court GRANTS defendant's motion for summary judgment as to plaintiff's second (Title VII retaliation) and fourth causes of action (FEHA retaliaiton).
The relevant legal standard for retaliation under Cal. Labor Code § 98.6 is less clear, as neither party has addressed it with any detail, but the language of the statute does require the plaintiff to be "discharged, threatened with discharge, demoted, suspended, or in any other manner
Plaintiff asserts claims of harassment under both Title VII and FEHA, which require proof of the same elements. Manatt v. Bank of America, 339 F.3d 792, 798 (9th Cir.2003) (Title VII); Lyle v. Warner Bros. Television Prods., 38 Cal.4th 264, 283, 42 Cal.Rptr.3d 2, 132 P.3d 211 (2006) (FEHA). The creation of a hostile work environment through harassment is a form of proscribed discrimination under Title VII. Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 78, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998); Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 64-65, 106 S.Ct. 2399, 91 L.Ed.2d 49 (1986). Hostile work environment claims based on racial harassment are reviewed under the same standard as those based on sexual harassment. Faragher v. Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 786-87 & n. 1, 118 S.Ct. 2275, 141 L.Ed.2d 662 (1998).
Under Title VII, to prove that a hostile environment based on race existed, the plaintiff must show (1) that he was subjected to verbal or physical conduct because of his race; (2) that the conduct was unwelcome; and (3) that the conduct was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of his employment and create an abusive work environment. Vasquez v. County of Los Angeles, 349 F.3d 634, 642 (9th Cir.2003); see also Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993); Fuller v. City of Oakland, Cal., 47 F.3d 1522, 1527 (9th Cir.1995).
Under both Title VII and FEHA, an employee is required to exhaust his or her administrative remedies by filing a charge with the DFEH (for FEHA claims) and/or the EEOC (for Title VII claims). The scope of the charge limits the scope of the subsequent civil action. See, e.g., EEOC v. Farmer Bros. Co., 31 F.3d 891, 899 (9th Cir.1994); Martin v. Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., 29 Cal.App.4th 1718, 1724, 35 Cal.Rptr.2d 181 (1994). Allegations in a complaint not included in a plaintiff's administrative charge "may not be considered by a federal court unless the new claims are `like or reasonably related to the allegations contained in the EEOC charge.'" B.K.B. v. Maui Police Department, 276 F.3d 1091, 1100 (9th Cir.2002); see also Soldinger v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 51 Cal.App.4th 345, 381, 58 Cal.Rptr.2d 747 (1996) ("Incidents not described in a DFEH charge can be included in the subsequently filed lawsuit . . . if the allegations in the civil complaint were "like or related" to those specified in the DFEH charge.").
In this case, plaintiff appears to have filed two sets of administrative charges. First, on February 22, 2008, plaintiff filed a charge with both the DFEH and EEOC. See Dkt. 25-2, Ex. A. The February 2008 charge alleged race discrimination, retaliation, and a breach of plaintiff's medical confidentiality. Id. In this charge, plaintiff alleged that the earliest discrimination took place on October 3, 2007, and that the latest discrimination took place on February 7, 2008. Id. In the charge, plaintiff noted that he was hired in or around June 2006, and that he filed grievances alleging race discrimination on or about October 3, 2007, October 10, 2007, October 25, 2007, and November 9, 2007. Id. Plaintiff further alleged that, since filing the grievances,
On February 25, 2008, just three days after the charge was received by the EEOC, the EEOC responded. Specifically, the EEOC sent a letter to plaintiff, in care of "Lisa Charbonneau, Esq." with the firm of "Minami Tamaki LLP," which appears to have been plaintiff's counsel. Dkt. 25-2, Ex. A. The letter states that the EEOC had reviewed the information submitted by both parties, and concludes that "there is not sufficient evidence to show that illegal discrimination occurred." Id. The letter notes that UCSF provided "evidence showing that it had attempted to resolve Mr. Henry's complaints through mediations and investigations, but Mr. Henry appeared to have refused these offers or refused to cooperate, and also taken actions that were not conducive to resolving his issues." Id. The letter further informed plaintiff that he was still free to obtain a notice of right to sue, which would allow him to file suit against UCSF within 90 days.
Plaintiff then received a letter from DFEH on April 25, 2008, advising him that DFEH would "not be conducting an investigation into the matter," and that "EEOC should be contacted directly for any discussion of the charge." Dkt. 25-2, Ex. A. The letter further told plaintiff that "[s]ince DFEH will not be issuing an accusation, this letter is also your right-to-sue notice." Id. However, it appears that plaintiff did not file suit based on this letter, and it is unclear whether plaintiff further pursued his claims with the EEOC. Thus, plaintiff's right to file suit based on the February 2008 charge has lapsed. See 42 U.S.C. 2000e-5(f)(1); Cal. Gov't Code § 12960.
Plaintiff's second set of administrative charges were filed in July 2012. See Dkt. 26-7, Exs. O, P. Specifically, plaintiff appears to have filed one charge on July 20, 2012, and a (largely similar) supplemental charge on July 25, 2012. See id. In both charges, plaintiff checked the boxes for discrimination based on race, retaliation, and failure to prevent harassment. In the July 20, 2012 charge, plaintiff alleged that the earliest discrimination took place in 2008, and continued to the present (i.e., the date of filing), and plaintiff described the "particulars" of the unlawful conduct as follows:
Dkt. 26-7, Ex. O.
In the July 25, 2012 charge, plaintiff alleged that the earliest discrimination
Dkt. 26-7, Ex. P. Thus, the key difference between the two July 2012 charges is that the later-filed charge specifically alleges that Danny Paik (as opposed to an unnamed "UCSF supervisor") hung the noose that was found on July 10, 2012. Also, in the July 25, 2012 charge, plaintiff listed "Danny Paik, Supervisor at UCSF Facilities Management" as the "employer . . . that I believe discriminated against me or others." Id.
Plaintiff also completed a DFEH "complaint of discrimination" on July 20, 2012, which alleged that "[f]rom 2007 to the present, UCSF has failed to prevent me from being harassed and discriminated against due to my race. UCSF retaliated against me for complaining to management about the harassment and discrimination." Dkt. 26-7, Ex. N. Plaintiff also included an attachment to the DFEH complaint, alleging that "[o]n July 10, 2012, I found a noose hung by a UCSF supervisor which made me fearful for my safety." Id. Notably, the only UCSF employee mentioned by name in the July 2012 DFEH complaint is Danny Paik. Id.
Attached to the July 2012 DFEH complaint was an "information sheet" which asked whether plaintiff had "an attorney who has agreed to represent you on your employment discrimination claims in court," to which plaintiff responded "yes," and included the name of his current counsel, Smith Patten. Dkt. 26-7, Ex. N. The information sheet also asked how plaintiff "heard about DFEH," to which plaintiff responded by checking the box for "attorney." Id.
In addition to the two (similar) EEOC charges and the DFEH complaint, plaintiff also completed an EEOC intake questionnaire in July 2012. Dkt. 26-7, Ex. P. The questionnaire was sent to the EEOC by Smith Patten (plaintiff's counsel) on July 25, 2012, and included a cover letter with the subject line "Re: Jon Henry v. Danny Palk." Id. The letter states that Smith Patten "represents the plaintiff in the above-referenced matter," and that enclosed were the "EEOC intake questionnaire and EEOC charge of discrimination to file Jon Henry's complaint against Danny Paik." Id. The intake questionnaire itself asked plaintiff to provide the name of the organization that discriminated against him, to which plaintiff responded "Danny Paik, Supervisor at UCSF Facilities Management." Id. In the questionnaire, plaintiff alleged race discrimination, retaliation, and failure to prevent harassment, and alleged that the conduct occurred from 2006 to the present (i.e., the filing of the questionnaire). Id. Plaintiff described the specific conduct as follows: "UCSF has allowed Supervisor Danny Paik to harass and discriminate against me because of my race. On July 10, 2012, I found a noose hung by Mr. Paik in an inventory warehouse, which made me fearful for my safety." Id. Plaintiff further alleged that "[t]hese actions were discriminatory because UCSF has allowed me to be harassed
Notably, in each of these four documents (the July 20, 2012 EEOC charge, the July 20, 2012 DFEH complaint, the July 25, 2012 EEOC questionnaire, and the July 25, 2012 supplemental EEOC charge), the only individual mentioned is Danny Paik, and the only conduct mentioned is the July 2012 noose incident. And while plaintiff makes general references to being "harassed and discriminated against" since either 2006, 2007, or 2008 (the documents are inconsistent as to when the alleged harassment/discrimination started), plaintiff does not mention any other specific conduct other than the noose incident. While plaintiff's complaint alleges "pervasive" use of the word "nigger," and plaintiff's opposition brief alleges that he "overheard Paik stating that they were not going to let a black man manage anybody" (see Complaint, ¶ 14; Dkt. 26 at 4), neither of these allegations appear in any of the four DFEH/EEOC documents filed in July 2012.
Plaintiff received a right-to-sue letter from the EEOC
As discussed above, the charges are not specific in describing the conduct that gives rise to plaintiff's harassment claims, other than the July 2012 noose incident, and defendant argues that this court's analysis of plaintiff's harassment claims must be limited to that incident. However, the court does recognize that conduct that is not mentioned in an administrative charge may be included as part of this suit if the conduct is "like or reasonably related" to the conduct described in the charge. In applying this "like or reasonably related" test, the court looks at whether the newly-alleged conduct "fell within the scope of the EEOC's actual investigation or an EEOC investigation which can reasonably be expected to grow out of the charge of discrimination." See Farmer Bros., 31 F.3d at 899. The Ninth Circuit has also found it appropriate to consider "such factors as the alleged basis of the discrimination, dates of discriminatory acts specified within the charge, perpetrators of discrimination named in the charge, and any locations at which discrimination is alleged to have occurred." B.K.B., 276 F.3d at 1100.
Also, while the Ninth Circuit has held that administrative charges are to be construed with "utmost liberality," that holding was based on the assumption that such charges are "made by those unschooled in the technicalities of formal pleading." Freeman v. Oakland Unified School District, 291 F.3d 632, 636 (9th Cir.2002). In this case, plaintiff was represented by counsel at the time that he filed his charges, and indeed, plaintiff's July 25, 2012 EEOC charge and EEOC intake questionnaire were submitted directly by plaintiff's counsel, on their letterhead. See Dkt. 26-7, Ex. P.
The Freeman court also acknowledged that "there is a limit to such judicial tolerance when principles of notice and fair play are involved." 291 F.3d at 636. Thus, while the court will liberally construe plaintiff's charges, the fact that plaintiff was represented by counsel when he filed his charges does factor into the court's consideration of the scope of the charges.
As an initial matter, the complaint contains a number of allegations that are unrelated to race. For instance, the complaint alleges that two (unnamed) employees made comments regarding plaintiff's "personal health issue," and on the same day, plaintiff found that his truck had been vandalized. Complaint, ¶¶ 21-22. The complaint also alleges that another (unnamed) employee asked him "You still working on that unit? I guess you can't figure it out," and then said "We'd all better leave before he [referring to plaintiff] goes out again for his high blood pressure." Complaint, ¶ 29. The complaint also mentions two incidents when plaintiff was referred to as a "troublemaker." Because plaintiff's administrative charges (and related DFEH/ EEOC filings) were limited to allegations of discrimination/harassment based on race, and because these allegations are unrelated to race, the court finds that these allegations are not "like or reasonably related" to the July 2012 charges, even under a liberal reading of plaintiff's filings.
As mentioned above, in all of the documents filed with the DFEH or EEOC in July 2012, the only specific conduct mentioned is the July 2012 noose incident, and the only specific individual mentioned is Danny Paik. Dkt. 26-7, Exs. N-P. Indeed, as described above, the charges appear to be directed specifically at Danny Paik. As a result, the court finds that only allegations regarding Paik would "reasonably be expected to grow out of the charge" of harassment, and thus, only allegations regarding Paik would be "like or reasonably related" to the allegations mentioned in the July 2012 charges.
Because plaintiff did not file suit after within 90 days after receiving a right to sue letter based on his February 2008 EEOC charge, his claims based on that charge have lapsed, and he may not resurrect those prior claims now. However, even if the court were to consider the substance of the February 2008 EEOC charge, only three individuals are mentioned in that charge (Danny Paik, Jim Simpson, and John Modelza), and Simpson/Modelza are mentioned only in the context of disability-related allegations which are not part of this suit. Dkt. 25-2, Ex. A.
As to Paik, the February 2008 charge alleges only that Paik gave plaintiff "inconsistent direction," and does not allege any racially discriminatory or harassing conduct by Paik. Id. So even if the court were to consider the February 2008 charge along with the July 2012 DFEH/ EEOC filings, the fact remains that Danny Paik is the only individual accused of any race-related misconduct. Thus, while the complaint contains many race-related allegations that were not mentioned in the administrative charges (including the allegations against Vantassel and Carpenter), the vast majority of those new allegations do not relate to Paik, and thus cannot be included within the scope of this suit.
For instance, plaintiff's complaint alleges that "[s]upervisors and other employees use the word `nigger' in the workplace," and that "[s]uch conduct is pervasive and accepted." Complaint, ¶ 14. However, plaintiff does not make this allegation in the DFEH/EEOC documents at all, nor does the complaint allege that Paik participated in this behavior or that he was
Regarding Paik, the complaint alleges that Paik was present during Vantassel's alleged assault of plaintiff, and further alleges that plaintiff "believes that this verbal assault was prompted by racial animus against African-Americans," but plaintiff does not allege that Paik was in any way involved in the alleged assault, nor does he allege that Paik engaged in similar behavior based on a similar motive. See Complaint, ¶¶ 16-17. Despite that, plaintiff includes the conclusory allegation that "[f]ollowing Gary Vantassel's assault, Paik continued to harass Mr. Henry based on his race." Complaint, ¶ 24. However, in the following paragraphs, plaintiff alleges conduct by Paik that is unrelated to race. For instance, the complaint alleges that, "[o]n or around October 12, 2007, Paik admonished Henry for sending an email to a client, alleging that Mr. Henry had failed to follow Paik's directions," even though, in plaintiff's view, "Mr. Paik had in fact instructed Mr. Henry the day before to notify all parties of facts relating to that client's work order." Complaint, ¶ 26. While Paik may indeed have been wrong in admonishing plaintiff, there is no indication that Paik's admonishment was based on racial animus, nor does plaintiff specifically suggest such a link. The complaint further alleges that, after plaintiff injured himself while carrying a condenser fan in November 2007, Paik "responded to Mr. Henry's report of injury by admonishing him for not requesting help carrying the condenser fan." Complaint, ¶ 39. Again, regardless of whether Paik was correct in admonishing plaintiff, there is no indication that Paik's admonishment was based on racial animus, nor does plaintiff specifically suggest such a link. The complaint also describes an exchange where Paik "became angry" with plaintiff in November 2007, after plaintiff questioned Paik's time records, but again, there is no indication that Paik's anger was based on racial animus, nor does plaintiff specifically suggest such a link. Complaint, ¶ 54. If anything, plaintiff suggests that Paik was angry because plaintiff had confronted him about his alleged billing fraud.
With regard to all three of these incidents involving Paik (the October 2007 admonishment regarding email, the November
Plaintiff attempts to add new allegations against Paik in his opposition brief, but does not provide any explanation why these allegations could not have been made earlier, either in the July 2012 administrative charges or in the complaint. Specifically, plaintiff alleges that he "overheard Paik stating that they were not going to let a black man manage anybody." Dkt. 26 at 4. Notably, the only source cited for this allegation is plaintiff's own deposition, and the deposition excerpts provided by plaintiff do not reflect when this statement was allegedly made. Plaintiff further alleges that Paik was present during the alleged assault of plaintiff by John Carpenter, and further alleges that Carpenter used racial slurs, but plaintiff does not allege that Paik was present during any such use of racial slurs, nor does plaintiff allege that Paik was even aware of Carpenter's use of racial slurs. The opposition brief also mentions the use of racial slurs by another individual (John Simpson), but plaintiff does not allege that Paik was in any way involved with these racial slurs, or that Paik himself ever used a racial slur. Thus, even if the court were to consider all of the conduct that is newly-alleged in the opposition brief, the only conduct that is arguably "like or reasonably related" to the conduct mentioned in the July 2012 charges is Paik's comment (alleged to have been overheard by plaintiff) that the department was "not going to let a black man manage anybody." Even though this alleged statement was not mentioned in any of plaintiff's administrative filings, and even though plaintiff still fails to provide a time frame during which the statement was heard, the court will liberally construe plaintiff's charges and will consider the allegation properly exhausted. Accordingly, when considering whether plaintiff's harassment claims suffice to withstand summary judgment, the relevant conduct is limited to (1) Paik's comment (made at some unspecified time) that the department was "not going to let
As mentioned above, there remains much confusion around the July 2012 noose incident. Plaintiff claims to have seen a noose, and claims that the noose was hung by Paik, but defendant claims that plaintiff saw a noose hung by someone other than Paik (even as defendant admits that Paik did indeed tie a noose and leave it in a warehouse accessible by plaintiff and others). Based on these conflicting accounts, it appears that two different nooses may have been hung in July 2012 (in addition to the earlier noose alleged to have been found by Nickelson in late 2011 or early 2012). However, plaintiff alleges to have seen only a single noose, which he alleges was hung by Paik. While defendant claims that someone else hung the noose that was seen by plaintiff, it has not provided any evidence showing who hung the noose seen by plaintiff, or what became of the noose tied by Paik. Thus, because the court is to view evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and draw all justifiable inferences in his favor, it will assume for purposes of this motion that Paik did indeed hang the noose that plaintiff saw. Thus, when determining whether plaintiff has created a triable issue of fact as to whether Paik's conduct constituted harassment, the court will consider (1) Paik's comment that the department was "not going to let a black man manage anybody," and (2) the hanging of a noose, by Paik, in July 2012.
In general, the Ninth Circuit has found that such "isolated" incidents, occurring sporadically over a long period of time, are not severe or pervasive enough to alter the conditions of employment. See, e.g., Manatt v. Bank of America, NA, 339 F.3d 792, 795-99 (9th Cir.2003) (co-workers' use of the term "China-man," ridicule of the plaintiff's mispronunciation of English words, statement that "I've had the worst kind of trouble with your countrymen," using gestures mocking the appearance of Asians—held to be insufficient to create a hostile work environment); Vasquez v. County of Los Angeles, 349 F.3d at 642-44 (comments by supervisor of plaintiff deputy probation officer that he had "a typical Hispanic macho attitude" and was a "juvenile delinquent," and that he should work in the field because "Hispanics do good in the field," plus negative remarks and complaints made about the plaintiff and yelling at him—held insufficient to create a hostile work environment); Kortan v. California Youth Authority, 217 F.3d 1104, 1110-11 (9th Cir.2000) (comments by supervisor calling female employees "castrating bitches," "Madonnas," or "Regina" on several occasions in plaintiff's presence, and calling the plaintiff "Medea"—held insufficient to create a hostile work environment).
District courts have similarly held that isolated instances of offensive conduct are insufficient to create a triable issue of fact on a hostile work environment claim. See Alvarado v. FedEx Corp., 2006 WL 644875 at *15-16 (N.D.Cal. Mar. 13, 2006) (supervisor's use of single racial slur held insufficient to create a hostile work environment, even when considered in context of supervisor's constant negative criticisms, and statements that plaintiff was too slow and fat to work for the employer); Hercules v. Dep't of Homeland Security, 2008 WL 1925193 at *20-21 (N.D.Cal. Apr. 29, 2008) (supervisor's use of "bitch" and "nigger" on two separate occasions, possibly directed at plaintiff, and making of occasional derogatory comments in the presence of plaintiff's co-workers, to the effect that plaintiff was "not going nowhere" and was "not going to do anything," and would never be promoted, held insufficient to establish a continuous, pervasive pattern of racial slurs); Stevens v. County of San Mateo, 2006 WL 581092 at *5-6 (N.D.Cal.
Also, while the court does consider both (1) Paik's comment that the department was "not going to let a black man manage anybody," and (2) the hanging of a noose, by Paik, in July 2012, it does appear that the gravamen of plaintiff's harassment claims is the July 2012 noose incident; given that it is the only incident discussed in any of plaintiff's DFEH/EEOC filings, and given that it is described extensively in the complaint, whereas the comment about not letting "a black man manage anybody" is not in the complaint and appears for the first time in plaintiff's opposition brief. The Ninth Circuit has held that "[i]f a single incident can ever suffice to support a hostile work environment claim, the incident must be extremely severe," and a California court of appeals has similarly held, in a FEHA harassment case, that an incident "must be severe in the extreme and generally must include either physical violence or the threat thereof." Brooks v. City of San Mateo, 229 F.3d 917, 926 (9th Cir.2000); Herberg v. California Institute of the Arts, 101 Cal.App.4th 142, 151, 124 Cal.Rptr.2d 1 (2002). As applied to this case, if plaintiff had provided evidence that the noose was directed at him personally (either by being placed in his personal work area such as his locker, or containing a note or a picture indicating that he was the target of the display), then the court would agree that the noose could serve as a threat of violence. Instead, plaintiff offers no evidence (other than his own self-serving deposition testimony) supporting his argument that the noose served as a threat of violence to him specifically.
However, courts outside of this district have found a single display of a noose sufficient to defeat summary judgment. See, e.g., Wilson v. NYC Dept. of Transportation, 2005 WL 2385866, at *22 (S.D.N.Y.2005); Smith v. Town of Hempstead, 798 F.Supp.2d 443, 453 (E.D.N.Y. 2011). But in both Wilson and Smith, the court found that the noose (or nooses) was directed specifically at the plaintiff, or at African-American employees as a group. Specifically, in Wilson, a noose was hung outside of the plaintiff's locker (and plaintiff was also sent an "overtly threatening letter containing a picture of a noose"). 2005 WL 2385866, at *22. In Smith, the court found that the noose was hung in a "central garage" where "all African American employees would pass." 798 F.Supp.2d at 453. In contrast, plaintiff in this case has provided no facts supporting a finding that the noose (or nooses) was directed specifically at him, or at any other African-American employees. As a result, the court finds that this case is closer to McCoy v. City of New York than it is to Wilson or Smith. See McCoy v. City of New York, 131 F.Supp.2d 363, 374 (E.D.N.Y.2001). In McCoy, the court found that four sets of race-related incidents, including the display of a noose, were insufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of employment. Similarly, in Bolden v. PRC Inc., the Tenth Circuit affirmed a grant of summary judgment on the plaintiff's hostile work environment claim where the plaintiff had shown only "a few isolated incidents of racial enmity" instead of "a steady barrage of opprobrious racial comments." 43 F.3d 545, 551 (10th Cir.1994). While the Bolden court agreed that the treatment of plaintiff (which included being called a "nigger" and told that he "better be careful because we know people in [the] Ku Klux Klan") was "blatant racial harassment," it emphasized
Here, when considering (1) Paik's comment that the department was "not going to let a black man manage anybody," and (2) the display of a noose by Paik in July 2012, and considering the evidence in a light most favorable to plaintiff, the court agrees that plaintiff was arguably subjected to physical and verbal conduct because of his race, and that the conduct was unwelcome. For even if the noose was not directed specifically at plaintiff, because of the legacy of slavery and its aftermath, a reasonable African-American would have been offended by being confronted with such an emotionally-charged symbol in the workplace. However, a prima facie case of harassment also requires that the conduct be sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the plaintiff's employment and create an abusive work environment. On this final element, plaintiff's harassment claims fail. While Paik's conduct was certainly objectionable, it is not actionable, because the two incidents were not sufficiently severe or pervasive so as to alter the conditions of plaintiff's employment and create an abusive work environment when compared with the incidents described in all of the cases set forth above. Accordingly, defendant's motion for summary judgment is GRANTED as to plaintiff's harassment claims under both Title VII (first cause of action) and FEHA (third cause of action).
As to all five of plaintiff's asserted causes of action (three retaliation claims, and two harassment/hostile work environment claims), defendant's motion for summary judgment is GRANTED.
