PUBLISHED

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                         FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                     No. 16-4165


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                   Plaintiff − Appellee,

             v.

MARCEL KIZA, a/k/a Amuri Ntambwe Kiza,

                   Defendant − Appellant.



Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at
Richmond. Robert E. Payne, Senior District Judge. (3:15−cr−00046−REP−1)


Argued: March 23, 2017                                         Decided: May 1, 2017


Before DUNCAN, AGEE, and KEENAN, Circuit Judges.


Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Duncan wrote the opinion, in which Judge Agee
and Judge Keenan joined.


ARGUED: Melissa Jane Warner, LAW OFFICE OF MELISSA J. WARNER, Glen
Allen, Virginia, for Appellant. Heather Hart Mansfield, OFFICE OF THE UNITED
STATES ATTORNEY, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Dana J. Boente,
United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Alexandria,
Virginia, for Appellee.
DUNCAN, Circuit Judge:

       Marcel Kiza, a.k.a. Amuri Ntambwe Kiza (“Defendant”), was convicted of theft of

government property in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 641.           Defendant appeals, arguing

primarily that social security survivors’ benefits are not a thing of value within the

meaning of § 641. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.



                                              I.

       In light of the somewhat intricate facts before us, we begin with an overview of

the statutory context. We then turn to Defendant’s particular circumstances.

                                             A.

       The benefits at issue in this case are survivors’ benefits--that is, benefits paid to

eligible surviving spouses and children. Those benefits come from the Federal Old-Age

and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund (the “Trust Fund”), one of several trust funds

Congress established to manage benefits programs. See 42 U.S.C. § 401(a). 1 The Trust

Fund is funded by designated appropriations “from the general fund in the Treasury”

based on actual payroll taxes. 

to appropriations, the Trust Fund also

controls “other assets,” including “gifts and bequests.” Id.; see also 

       1
          Other trust funds include the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund, the
Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund, and the Federal Supplementary Medical
Insurance Trust Fund. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 401(b), 1395i, 1395t. These funds are funded in
different ways. For example, the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund is funded from
general appropriations based on certain percentages of reported wages. 

                                              2
      To oversee the Trust Fund, Congress created a Board of Trustees, composed of

four government officials and two members of the public nominated by the President. 

  The Board of Trustees holds the Trust Fund, reports to Congress on its

operation and “actuarial status,” recommends improvements to its administration, and

notifies Congress when the amounts in the fund are “unduly small.” 

its

operation, Congress stipulated that the Trust Fund would reimburse the Treasury’s

general fund for certain administrative costs related to benefits programs paid out of the

Treasury’s general fund. See 

                                             B.

      Defendant immigrated to the United States in 1991 and soon thereafter applied for

permanent residence using the name Ntambwe Kiza Amuri. The government granted his

application, assigning him an Alien Registration Number ending in 21. On December 9,

1991, Defendant applied for a social security number using the name Amuri Ntambwe

Kiza. The government assigned him a social security number ending in 53.

      As Amuri Ntambwe Kiza, Defendant applied for social security benefits twice,

first on November 18, 2005, and again on February 22, 2007, but the government denied

both applications. On at least one of those applications, Defendant represented that his

children were G.K. and N.K., that he was married to Afia Bubanji Kiza, and that his

social security number ended in 53.

      In 2007, Defendant applied for naturalization under the name Ntambwe Kiza

Amuri using his Alien Registration Number ending in 21 and social security number

ending in 53. Again, he listed his children as G.K. and N.K. Defendant also indicated

                                             3
that he would like to change his name at the time of naturalization to Marcel Joshua Kiza.

That name change became effective with his naturalization on April 18, 2007.

      On August 29, 2007, Defendant, as Marcel Joshua Kiza, applied for another social

security number, using as proof of his eligibility two documents: his naturalization

certificate and Alien Registration Number ending in 21. On the application, Defendant

falsely stated that he had never filed for or received a social security number card. He

received a new social security number ending in 31.

      Using the identity Marcel J. Kiza, in late 2010 Defendant applied for social

security survivors’ benefits for minors G.K. and N.K. On that application, Defendant

represented that Amuri Ntambwe Kiza, assigned social security number ending in 53, had

died on August 30, 2010, and that therefore G.K. and N.K. were entitled to benefits. The

Social Security Administration (“SSA”) approved benefits and assigned Defendant as the

representative payee for the children. Defendant completed payee reports to account for

the monies he received. From 2011 until August 2013, as the representative payee for

G.K. and N.K., Defendant received survivors’ benefits totaling $51,860.

                                            C.

      On March 18, 2015, a grand jury indicted Defendant of one count of theft of

government property, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 641. The trial began on October 5,

2015. Because Defendant chose not to testify and presented no evidence at trial, all of

the witnesses and exhibits came from the government.

      To explain to the jury the nature of social security benefits, at trial the government

called as a witness Gavi Simms, a special agent with SSA’s Office of the Inspector

                                            4
General. Agent Simms testified that SSA is an agency of the United States and asserted

that property dispersed by SSA is therefore property of the United States. He also

explained that money paid by taxpayers goes into the Trust Fund, which is a government

creation. SSA determines who is qualified to receive certain benefits. If SSA designates

benefits to go to children under the age of 18, it appoints a representative payee to receive

those benefits on behalf of the children. Agent Simms further explained that the money

paid to recipients as benefits is issued from the U.S. Treasury. Referencing Defendant’s

application for social security survivors’ benefits provided by the government, Agent

Simms testified that Defendant applied for, and received as representative payee, social

security survivors’ benefits for G.K. and N.K.

       The government also offered evidence and witnesses to show that Defendant

created two identities and used those identities to perpetrate the fraud. Special Agent

Henry Scott, also from SSA’s Office of the Inspector General, testified that he

interviewed Defendant at his home as part of SSA’s investigation into his receipt of

social security benefits. Defendant, identifying himself as Marcel Kiza, indicated that he

was married to Afia Kiza and that they shared two children, G.K. and N.K. Agent Scott

further testified that when he confronted Defendant with the identity of Amuri Kiza, “the

story changed,” and Defendant said that Amuri Kiza was the biological father of the

children and had “died in a car accident in Congo in 2008.” J.A. 53.

       In addition to Defendant’s conflicting statements at his interview, the government

also introduced evidence at trial to show that Marcel Kiza and Amuri Kiza are the same

person. A fingerprint examiner testified that the fingerprints taken from Marcel Joshua

                                             5
Kiza by the Virginia State Police and Amuri Ntambwe Kiza by U.S. Citizenship and

Immigration Services belonged to the same person and that they also matched the

fingerprints taken from Defendant at the time of his arrest. The government proffered

photographs of driver’s licenses Defendant obtained from the Virginia Department of

Motor Vehicles under the identities of Amuri Ntambwe Kiza and Marcel Joshua Kiza.

      To further confirm Defendant’s double identities, the government called Jack

Bubanji as a witness. Bubanji testified to knowing Defendant because Defendant had

lived with him and his sister, Afia, for four years and that Bubanji called Defendant his

brother-in-law. He said Defendant had two children with Afia, a daughter G. and a

son N. Bubanji knew Defendant as Marcel Kiza, but said people asked for “Amuri Kiza

Ntambwe, something like that,” when they visited.        J.A. 76.   Bubanji never knew

Defendant to have a twin brother.

      During cross-examination Bubanji testified that Afia was not present in court, that

he did not currently live with her, and that he did not know government agents had

spoken with her. Defense counsel then inquired whether Bubanji was aware that the

government had initiated deportation proceedings against Afia Kiza as part of the

defense’s strategy to impeach Bubanji as biased against Defendant. Defense counsel

argued that Afia Kiza “would not have otherwise been on immigration radar except for

th[e] investigation” into Defendant. J.A. 85. The government objected, and the district

court sustained, finding that Bubanji’s knowledge of deportation proceedings against his

sister had only “very tenuated” relevance and risked confusing the jury by raising a



                                           6
speculative “sub issue” about why the government began deportation proceedings against

Afia Kiza. J.A. 86.

       At the end of the government’s case, Defendant moved for a judgment of

acquittal. The district court denied the motion.

       On October 6, 2015, a jury found Defendant guilty of the single charge in the

indictment: theft of government property in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 641. Defendant

timely appealed.



                                            II.

       To obtain a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 641, the government must establish

beyond a reasonable doubt that: (1) the money or property described in the indictment is

money or a thing of value of the United States (2) that the defendant stole, fraudulently

received, or converted to his own use (3) with the intent to permanently or temporarily

deprive the government of that money or thing of value. United States v. Hamilton,

, 363 (4th Cir. 2012). On appeal, Defendant argues that the government

failed to prove each of these elements and the district court therefore erred in denying his

motion for a judgment of acquittal under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29.

Defendant also argues that the district court erred by limiting his cross-examination of

Bubanji, a government witness. We address each argument in turn.

                                            A.

       We review de novo both the essential statutory elements of a crime and a district

court’s denial of a Rule 29 motion for judgment of acquittal. United States v. Wills,

                                             7


, 176 (4th Cir. 2000); United States v. Smith, 

, 216 (4th Cir.

2006). In reviewing challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence, we assess whether

“any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the charged offenses

beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 

, 319 (1979). We must

uphold the jury’s verdict if, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

government, substantial evidence supports it. United States v. Sullivan, 

,

260 (4th Cir. 2006).

                                             1.

       Defendant argues that the district court erred in denying his motion for judgment

of acquittal because social security survivors’ benefits are not government property

within the meaning of § 641. Under Defendant’s theory, individuals pay payroll taxes

into social security, which is held in a trust fund and invested only in government

securities, and only that money (and interest) is later paid out to the persons who paid

into that fund. Defendant contends that because the benefits he received on behalf of the

children were money from individual citizens, not money from the United States

government, the government cannot establish the first element of § 641. The government

counters that the benefits at issue are a thing of value under § 641 because they originated

from the United States government and are regulated and accounted for by the

government. We agree.

       “The Fourth Circuit takes a broad view of what constitutes a ‘thing of value of the

United States.’” United States v. Gill, 

, 804 (4th Cir. 1999). In Gill, we

held that social security disability checks intercepted prior to reaching their intended

                                             8
recipient are a thing of value of the United States. 

intended recipient’s

mother had a joint bank account with the intended recipient. 

The mother

intercepted the checks without the intended recipient’s knowledge and deposited the

disability checks into the account, but used the money for her own benefit. 

that the checks “originated from the government and thus were unquestionably

property belonging to the government.” 

And because the defendant there

prevented the intended recipient from receiving the money, the checks “were still the

property of the United States.” 

reasoning applies here. In this case, the funds originated from the same

government agency as in Gill, the SSA, and never reached their intended recipients. In

fact, there were no valid intended recipients: because Defendant pretended to be a

surviving guardian of his own children the government never should have disbursed the

benefits at all. Defendant nevertheless contends that the money from SSA at issue here is

not government property in the first instance because it comes from individual taxpayers

and is allegedly earmarked for them in a trust, unlike the disability benefits based on

reported wages at issue in Gill. We disagree.

       The Eighth Circuit rejected a trust-fund argument substantially similar to the one

Defendant raises here. United States v. Shirley, 

(8th Cir. 2013). In Shirley,

the defendant challenged his § 641 conviction, arguing that social security disability

payments came from a trust fund, which belonged to the individuals who funded it, and

therefore were not property of the United States. 

The court disagreed. It

found that social security trust funds--including the Federal Disability Insurance Trust

                                            9
Fund (at issue there) and the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund (at

issue here)--are “funded by appropriations from the Treasury’s general revenues.”

Thus, “the distinction between trust funds . . . and general revenues of the

United States Treasury [is] ‘unsound’ and ‘artificial.’” 

v. United

States, 

, 1308 (8th Cir. 1980)). The court reasoned that although the

Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund was a “‘bookkeeping entity’ conceptually

separate from the general revenues of the United States Treasury, it is a ‘creation of the

government’s taxing and spending power’ that is not fully independent of the general

revenues.” 

, 619 F.2d at 1307). The court therefore held that the

social security payments were a “thing of value of the United States” and thus could

support a conviction under § 641. 

       The same is true here. Like the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund at issue in

Shirley, the Trust Fund at issue here is funded by appropriations from the Treasury’s

general revenues.     Compare 42 U.S.C. § 401(a), with 

      Congress also

stipulated that the trust funds would reimburse the Treasury’s general fund account for

certain social security obligations paid out of the general fund. See 

These

provisions suggest that, while the funds may be conceptually distinct from the general

revenues, in practice they operate as an accounting mechanism that does not undermine

their federal character.

       Other general statutory provisions belie Defendant’s theory. That the Board of

Trustees for the Trust Fund must report to Congress on the “actuarial status” of the fund,

suggests that the government does not reserve individual taxpayer

                                           10
contributions for those individuals but rather makes statistical estimates for the

population of intended beneficiaries. Moreover, that the Trust Fund has “other assets”

besides appropriated funds, including “gifts and bequests,” 

suggests that the

funds do not, as Defendant asserts, include only individual taxpayers’ contributions, but

also other funds that are unquestionably government property. 2

       Because of their distinctly federal character, we hold that, as a legal matter, social

security survivors’ benefits are a thing of value of the United States that can support a

conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 641. Therefore, to satisfy this element of the offense it was

enough for the government to show that Defendant received such benefits.                 The

government provided ample evidence that he did, and Defendant does not argue

otherwise on appeal. For these reasons, the government met its burden of proof as to the

first element of the offense, and the district court did not err in denying Defendant’s

motion for acquittal on this basis.

                                             2.

       Defendant also argues that the district court otherwise erred in denying his Rule 29

motion because the government failed to prove the second and third elements of the

offense--that he “stole and knowingly converted the money and that he acted knowingly




       2
         We also agree with the government’s argument that its supervision and control
even after disbursing social security benefits, as demonstrated by Defendant’s filing
forms accounting for the benefits he received, further supports our conclusion that these
benefits are a thing of value of the United States. Cf. United States v. Littriello, 

, 717 (4th Cir. 1989); United States v. McIntosh, 

, 84 (5th Cir. 1981).

                                             11
and willfully with intent to deprive the government of the use and benefit of the

property.” Appellant’s Br. at 22. This argument lacks merit.

       The government presented ample evidence that Defendant faked his own death

and created a new identity, his alleged twin brother, to receive social security survivors’

benefits for his two children. The government established that Amuri Kiza and Marcel

Kiza were the same person, rather than two brothers, based on (1) fingerprint evidence

showing that the fingerprints of Amuri Kiza and Marcel Kiza are from the same

individual, Defendant, (2) Defendant’s immigration records, (3) Defendant’s interview

statement that the children were his and his later statement that they were his brother’s,

and (4) testimony from Defendant’s brother-in-law, Jack Bubanji, that Defendant does

not have a twin brother. 3 The evidence also established that before perpetrating the

instant fraud Defendant twice applied for supplemental social security benefits but was

denied both times. The jury could reasonably infer from two denied benefits applications

that Defendant had a motive to file under a different benefits program to again attempt to

obtain benefits to which he was not entitled. Viewed in the light most favorable to the

government, substantial evidence supports Defendant’s conviction for theft of

government property beyond a reasonable doubt. See 

.




       3
         The record also includes nearly identical photographs purportedly of the two
brothers obtained from the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles. Compare J.A. 212,
with J.A. 215. Given Defendant’s claim that he has an identical twin brother, this
evidence, standing alone, is not dispositive; but in the context of the other evidence, these
images bolster the conclusion that Defendant is both Marcel Kiza and Amuri Kiza.

                                             12
                                             B.

       Finally, Defendant argues that the district court’s decision to circumscribe his

cross-examination of Bubanji was arbitrary, enhanced Bubanji’s credibility, and was not

harmless error. The government responds that Defendant’s line of inquiry was not

directly relevant to exploring bias and the district court was well within its discretion in

excluding the line of inquiry to avoid confusing the jury and wasting time.

       “We review for abuse of discretion a trial court’s limitation on a defendant’s

cross-examination of a prosecution witness.” United States v. Smith, 

, 220

(4th Cir. 2006).      Exploring bias is a proper topic for cross-examination, see

United States v. Abel, 

, 50–51 (1984), but it is not without limits. A trial

judge has “wide latitude” to impose reasonable limits on cross-examination to address

concerns    of     prejudice,   confusing    the    jury,   relevance,     and    repetition.

Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 

, 679 (1986); 

. And while

the threshold for determining whether evidence is relevant is comparatively low, we

rarely reverse such decisions because they “are fundamentally a matter of trial

management.”       United States v. Zayyad, 

, 459 (4th Cir. 2014) (quoting

United States v. Benkahla, 

, 309 (4th Cir. 2008)).

       Here, the district court weighed the relevant factors and acted within its discretion.

Bubanji’s awareness of deportation proceedings against his sister was not relevant to his

testimony about his familiarity with Defendant’s identity and his relationship with Afia

Kiza, the children, and Defendant. The potential bias defense counsel sought to explore

was speculative. Bubanji had already testified that he did not know government agents

                                             13
had talked to Afia Kiza and that he does not live with her. And there is no evidence that

Defendant took any action to provide the government with information concerning Afia

Kiza’s immigration status. Finally, delving into deportation proceedings of Afia Kiza,

who was not present to testify, had the potential to confuse the jury and waste time, as the

district court noted. Under these circumstances, the district court’s trial management on

this issue was reasonable and far from an abuse of discretion. See 

–61.



                                            III.

       We hold that social security survivors’ benefits are a thing of value of the United

States under 18 U.S.C. § 641. Defendant’s other arguments are unavailing. Accordingly,

the judgment of the district court is

                                                                              AFFIRMED.




                                            14