Robert McDonald appeals from judgment on a jury verdict in a libel case against him which awarded both compensatory and punitive damages. 713 F. Supp. 871. Because we conclude that McDonald's statements were absolutely privileged under the common law of North Carolina, we reverse.

Robert McDonald sent two letters to the President of the United States, with copies to a few other public officials, concerning David I. Smith, an attorney who actively was seeking to be appointed United States Attorney for the Middle District of North Carolina. McDonald's letters related what he said were numerous details about Smith's character and previous conduct that McDonald felt rendered Smith unfit to be United States Attorney. After the President chose not to appoint Smith, Smith instituted a common law action for libel in a North Carolina state court, alleging that the statements in McDonald's letters were "false, slanderous, libelous, inflammatory, and derogatory." In addition, Smith alleged that McDonald composed the letters maliciously and with evil intent.

McDonald removed the action to federal court on the basis of diverse citizenship, and subsequently filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings on the ground that his communications to the President were absolutely privileged under the petition clause of the first amendment and the appointments and speech or debate clauses of the United States Constitution. The district court denied the motion.1 On appeal, both this court and the United States Supreme Court affirmed, finding that the Constitution conferred no absolute constitutional privilege on McDonald's letters, rather a qualified constitutional privilege under the petition clause of the first amendment, and the case was remanded to the district court.2 Upon a trial by jury, a verdict was returned against McDonald in the amount of $50,000 compensatory damages and $150,000 punitive damages, which specifically found that some of the statements in McDonald's letters were both false and made with reckless disregard of whether false or not, the equivalent of malice. McDonald now appeals, arguing that his letters to the President were absolutely privileged under North Carolina common law.3

The parties tacitly agree that the common law of North Carolina governs this libel action. Accordingly, the parties not arguing otherwise, the substantive law of the forum controls, and we apply North Carolina law. See National Ass'n of Sporting Goods Wholesalers v. F.T.L. Marketing Corp., 779 F.2d 1281, 1284-85 (7th Cir.1985).

Whether the occasion is privileged is a question of law to be determined by the court. Stewart v. Nation-Wide Check Corp., 279 N.C. 278, 182 S.E.2d 410, 414 (1971). Privilege is determined by the occasion and circumstances surrounding a communication, and may be either "absolute" or "qualified." Ramsey v. Cheek, 109 N.C. 270, 13 S.E. 775, 775 (1891). The Supreme Court of North Carolina in Ramsey distinguished the two types of privileged communications as follows:

Privileged communications are of two kinds: (1) Absolutely privileged,--which are restricted to cases in which it is so much to the public interest that the defendant should speak out his mind fully and freely that all actions in respect to the words used are absolutely forbidden, even though it be alleged that they were used falsely, knowingly, and with express malice. This complete immunity obtains only where the public service or the due administration of justice requires it, e.g., words used in debate in congress and the state legislatures, reports of military or other officers to their superiors in the line of their duty, everything said by a judge on the bench, by a witness in the box, and the like. In these cases the action is absolutely barred. (2) Qualified privilege. In less important matters, where the public interest does not require such absolute immunity, the plaintiff will recover in spite of the privilege if he can prove that the words were not used bona fide, but that the defendant used the privileged occasion artfully and knowingly to falsely defame the plaintiff. In this class of cases an action will lie only where the party is guilty of falsehood and express malice.

Ramsey, 13 S.E. at 775 (citations omitted). Thus, although Smith has alleged, and a jury has found, that some of McDonald's communications were both false and malicious, if those communications were absolutely privileged, Smith's action for libel must fail.

Because "[t]he great underlying principle of the doctrine of privileged communications rests in public policy," Alexander v. Vann, 180 N.C. 187, 104 S.E. 360, 361 (1920), the settings that the Ramsey court identified in which communications are absolutely privileged were obviously by way of example rather than by way of limitation. And several subsequent cases have considered one of those settings in particular: statements made in the course of judicial proceedings. See, e.g., Jarman v. Offutt, 239 N.C. 468, 80 S.E.2d 248 (1954); Jones v. City of Greensboro, 51 N.C.App. 571, 277 S.E.2d 562 (1981); Mazzucco v. North Carolina Bd. of Medical Examiners, 31 N.C.App. 47, 228 S.E.2d 529, petition for discretionary review denied and appeal dismissed for want of substantial constitutional question, 291 N.C. 323, 230 S.E.2d 676 (1976).

In North Carolina the absolute privilege that attaches to statements made in the course of judicial proceedings is not confined to civil or criminal trials; in determining the scope of the privilege, courts have defined the term "judicial proceeding" broadly. Harris v. NCNB Nat'l Bank of North Carolina, 85 N.C.App. 669, 355 S.E.2d 838, 842 (1987). Thus, the privilege covers not only oral statements made during a trial, but has been extended to encompass communications in pleadings and other papers filed in a proceeding, Scott v. Statesville Plywood & Veneer Co., 240 N.C. 73, 81 S.E.2d 146 (1954); out-of-court affidavits or reports, if submitted to the court and relevant to the proceedings, Bailey v. McGill, 247 N.C. 286, 100 S.E.2d 860 (1957); out-of-court statements between attorneys for the parties to a pending case, if relevant to the proceeding, Burton v. NCNB Nat'l Bank of North Carolina, 85 N.C.App. 702, 355 S.E.2d 800 (1987); and attorneys' out-of-court communications preliminary to proposed or anticipated litigation, Harris v. NCNB Nat'l Bank of North Carolina, 85 N.C.App. 669, 355 S.E.2d 838 (1987). In addition, communications made in the course of an administrative proceeding are absolutely privileged if the administrative officer or agency is exercising a judicial or quasi-judicial function. Mazzucco, 228 S.E.2d at 532. Although no North Carolina court has determined whether the actions of an appointing authority, in evaluating and selecting a nominee for an important public position, constitute a quasi-judicial function, the decision of the North Carolina Court of Appeals in Angel v. Ward, 43 N.C.App. 288, 258 S.E.2d 788 (1979), is instructive.

In Angel the North Carolina Court of Appeals considered whether a private citizen's letter to a federal government employee's superior, who was collecting evidence to support a decision to terminate the employee, was sent in connection with a quasi-judicial proceeding and thus was absolutely privileged. Angel, 258 S.E.2d at 791-92. In Angel the defendant, a certified public accountant, telephoned the supervisor of the plaintiff to complain about the plaintiff's conduct and competence in her position as an Internal Revenue Service agent. Id. at 789. After the plaintiff's supervisor asked the defendant to put his complaints in writing, the defendant sent the supervisor a letter.4 Id. at 789-90. Later, the plaintiff's supervisor terminated the plaintiff's employment, and the plaintiff filed suit in libel because of the contents of the letter.

In determining whether the defendant's letter was absolutely privileged, the Angel court noted that quasi-judicial is "[a] term applied to the action, discretion, etc., of public administrative officers, who are required to investigate facts, or ascertain the existence of facts, and draw conclusions from them, as a basis for their official action, and to exercise discretion of a judicial nature." Id. at 792 (quoting Black's Law Dictionary (4th ed. rev.1968)). The court in Angel then applied the definition of the term quasi-judicial to the facts of the case:

Mr. Allen in his solicitation of defendants' letter was acting for and on behalf of the Internal Revenue Service in a governmental matter. He was in the process of evaluating plaintiff in connection with her employment. The agency had decided to terminate plaintiff's employment, and Mr. Allen was preparing an evidentiary file to support the termination decision.

Id. Thus, because the supervisor's actions were those of one who was "required to investigate facts, or ascertain the existence of facts, and draw conclusions from them, as a basis for their official action, and to exercise discretion of a judicial nature," the court concluded that "[t]he proceeding was quasi-judicial in nature, and defendant's communications were absolutely privileged." Angel, 258 S.E.2d at 792. In reaching its conclusion, the North Carolina Court of Appeals in Angel relied in part on a previous decision of this court that applied North Carolina law, Holmes v. Eddy, 341 F.2d 477 (4th Cir.1965), a case which also merits further discussion.

In Holmes a stockbroker, Jay Eddy, received a letter in the mail from Hydramotive Corporation, a company that was seeking to market stock. Holmes, 341 F.2d at 478. On his own initiative, Eddy mailed the letter he had received from Hydramotive to the Securities and Exchange Commission, which at the time was investigating Hydramotive and others with respect to stock sales. Before mailing the letter, Eddy had written on the letter the following: "This company looks like an attempt to bilk the public via the securities market--it has a smell similar to all such." The SEC requested that Eddy execute an affidavit as evidence that the letter was sent to him through the mails in connection with the sale of stock, which Eddy did. The SEC then brought suit against Hydramotive and other related parties and eventually obtained an injunction against the sale of the stock.

At some point after the initiation of the SEC action, Hydramotive and others who were parties defendant to the securities action instituted actions for defamation against the SEC and numerous individuals, including Eddy, alleging that the defendants conspired to and did circulate publicly untruths about the plaintiffs. This court affirmed the district court's entry of summary judgment for all defendants. Our holding in that case with respect to the claim against Eddy, if not on precisely the same facts as here, is persuasive, even if not binding precedent.

We found that, although Eddy sent the letter with his notations on it on his own initiative, no claim being made that he acted other than as a private citizen, his actions in sending the letter and in executing the affidavit at the request of the SEC were absolutely privileged. Thus, even though the SEC was not a judicial body, and despite the fact that the SEC had not filed its suit when Eddy mailed the letter, we determined that Eddy's voluntary communication to the SEC was absolutely privileged, obviously because the communication was made in connection with a judicial or quasi-judicial proceeding. We equated the privilege accorded Eddy to that given a private person who furnishes information to a prosecutor for the purpose of initiating a prosecution.

We believe the circumstances of the instant case meet the definition of quasi-judicial, and therefore call for the application of absolute privilege, even more convincingly than did the facts in Angel and Holmes.

Pursuant to federal statute, the President must appoint, subject to the advice and consent of the Senate, a United States Attorney for each judicial district. 28 U.S.C. Sec. 541(a). At the time McDonald sent his letters, the President and his staff were in the early stages of evaluating potential nominees for those positions. Nominees for United States Attorney are subjected to a comprehensive background investigation and are expected to appear before the Senate Judiciary Committee to answer any and all questions regarding their fitness for the position. It goes without saying that both the character and professional qualifications of a United States Attorney are of the greatest public relevance.

An application of Angel § definition of quasi-judicial reveals that, in conducting the appointment process, the President was "required to investigate facts, or ascertain the existence of facts, and draw conclusions from them, as a basis for ... official action, and to exercise discretion of a judicial nature." Angel, 258 S.E.2d at 792. Moreover, the doctrine of privileged communications rests in public policy. Alexander v. Vann, 180 N.C. 187, 104 S.E. 360, 361 (1920). If public policy accords an absolute privilege to a letter sent to an IRS supervisor concerning the termination of a subordinate, and to a letter sent to the SEC concerning a securities offering, surely the President's selection of the chief law enforcement officer for a judicial district is a process in which the public interest demands the unbridled flow of information that absolute privilege can provide. In this context, the compelling need for truthful information concerning those who voluntarily seek important positions of public trust outweighs the possibility that, as may be the case here, the less than scrupulous will use such an occasion to disseminate malicious falsehoods in furtherance of a personal vendetta.

Therefore, because the President was performing a quasi-judicial function in which it was "so much to the public interest that all actions in respect to the words used are absolutely forbidden," Ramsey v. Cheek, 109 N.C. 270, 13 S.E. 775, 775 (1891), McDonald's letters were absolutely privileged and cannot support an action for libel.

The judgment of the district court is accordingly

REVERSED.