J. STEVEN STAFFORD, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ALAN E. HIGHERS, P.J., W.S., and HOLLY M. KIRBY, J., joined.
This case concerns the liability for a collision involving a vehicle operated by one of the appellees and an ambulance operated by the appellant county. After a bench trial, the trial court awarded damages to appellee driver against the appellant. After a thorough review of the record, we reverse and remand.
On August 14, 2007, Appellant Hardeman County Emergency Medical Services ("Ambulance Service") employees Derrick Love and Jennifer Fortune were involved in an automobile accident while responding to an emergency call in Whiteville, Tennessee. The Ambulance Service is operated by Appellant Hardeman County, Tennessee ("Hardeman County," and together with Ambulance Service, "Appellants").
At the time of the accident, the ambulance was traveling westbound on two-lane Tate Road, through several curves, approaching the turn off to Jones Road. There is no stoplight or stop sign on Tate Road at the turn off to Jones Road. The ambulance decelerated upon seeing at least two cars stopped on Tate Road preparing to turn left onto Jones Road. After the first car, a pickup truck, turned left, the ambulance proceeded to cross the double yellow line on Tate Road and merged into the left lane, in an attempt to go around the car that remained stopped on Tate Road. As the ambulance was passing the stopped car, a Town Car, the car's driver, Appellee Judy I. McIntyre, attempted to turn left onto Jones Street, colliding with the ambulance. Both the ambulance personnel and Ms. McIntyre sustained injuries in the collision.
On June 5, 2008, Hardeman County filed a complaint against Ms. McIntyre for damages arising from the collision, including property damage and medical expenses for the ambulance personnel that were incurred by Hardeman County. On August 6, 2008, Ms. McIntyre and her husband filed a separate complaint for damages against Hardeman County, ambulance driver Derrick Love, and the Ambulance Service. The two cases were consolidated by agreement of the parties on September 29, 2011.
A bench trial was held on May 15, 2012. The parties stipulated to the medical expenses of both parties and the property damage to Hardeman County. The first witness to testify was Annette Anderson. Ms. Anderson was driving the pickup truck in front of Ms. McIntyre's car that turned left onto Jones Road prior to the collision. Ms. Anderson testified that the accident occurred during daylight and there were no adverse conditions on the road, such as rain or snow. She further testified that the ambulance had engaged both its emergency lights and siren throughout the events at issue in this case, and that she clearly heard and saw the ambulance prior to the collision. According to Ms. Anderson, she proceeded to turn onto Jones Road because the ambulance was far enough away at that time that she could safely make the turn. Ms. Anderson testified that, when she observed the ambulance, it was going "fast" and "quick" down Tate Road westbound toward the turn off at Jones Road. However, Ms. Anderson further testified that, after she turned onto Jones Road, she did not observe the ambulance again and admitted that she had no "knowledge of how fast the ambulance was going." Instead, she testified that shortly after turning on Jones Road, she heard the sound of a collision, pulled her car to the side of the road, exited the car and saw that the Town Car and the ambulance had collided.
Jennifer Fortune, an emergency medical technician with the Ambulance Service also testified as to the circumstances surrounding the collision. Prior to the collision, the ambulance was traveling down Jones Road in response to an emergency call regarding a possible drug overdose in Whiteville, Tennessee. Ms. Fortune testified that Tate Road contains several curves, but that the portion of the road immediately proceeding the turn off to Jones Road is a "straight away." According to Mr. Fortune,
Ms. McIntyre testified, in contrast, that she is usually in the habit of using her turn signal at the turn off to Jones Road and that she travels this same path every day that she goes into work. Ms. McIntyre believed that she had used her blinker on the day of the collision as was her usual habit. Ms. McIntyre testified that prior to the collision, she heard the ambulance siren, but after looking in all directions, was unable to locate the ambulance. According to Ms. McIntyre, she could also no longer hear the siren and she believed that the ambulance personnel had "turned [the siren] off." Ms. McIntyre admitted, however, that she was listening to the radio at the time and did not turn the radio down despite hearing the siren. Because she could neither hear nor see the ambulance approaching, Ms. McIntyre proceeded to execute a left-hand turn onto Jones Road, resulting in the collision. According to Ms. McIntyre, she never saw the ambulance and was, therefore, unable to speculate as to the ambulance's speed. Ms. McIntyre was taken by another ambulance to a hospital. She testified, over objection, that while she was in the emergency room, she overheard the ambulance driver admit to a police officer that he was driving approximately eighty miles per hour prior to the collision. Ms. McIntyre also alleged that the ambulance driver stated that both his lights and siren were on and that he believed that Ms. McIntyre had yielded to the ambulance prior to attempting to pass her Town Car. The police officer allegedly responded that he would falsify the police report to state that the ambulance was only traveling forty miles per hour. Ms. McIntyre admitted, however, that she never saw the alleged speakers at the hospital, that she had never met either the ambulance driver or the police officer, that she was not familiar with either speaker's voice, and that the police report at issue did not contain a speed at which the ambulance was traveling. Although the ambulance driver was named as a defendant in the complaint, it appears from the record that he was never served with process, nor did he participate in any way in the proceedings.
Several photographs depicting the damage to Ms. McIntyre's car were also admitted into evidence without objection. The photographs show extensive damage to the driver's side and front of Ms. McIntyre's car. Ms. McIntyre further testified that she suffered various injuries, including a broken collar bone, four broken ribs, internal bruising, and an ankle injury as a result of the crash. According to Ms. McIntyre, although she healed from the majority of her injuries in approximately four months, she had lingering pain for a year after the accident.
Finally, Lela Ashworth, Ms. McIntyre's sister, testified about a conversation she had with Ms. Fortune at the hospital after the accident. According to Ms. Ashworth, she was called to the hospital due to her sister's accident. At the hospital, Ms. Ashworth spoke with Ms. Fortune, who allegedly informed Ms. Ashworth that the ambulance had been traveling at eighty miles per hour prior to the collision, but "slowed down" before the accident occurred. Ms. Ashworth testified, however, that Ms. Fortune did not state what speed the ambulance was going at the time of the collision. In her previous testimony, however, Ms. Fortune denied that she told anyone that the ambulance was traveling eighty miles per hour. In addition, Ms. Fortune testified that she never heard Mr. Love or any one else state that the ambulance was going eighty miles per hour.
At the conclusion of the evidence, the trial court made oral findings of fact and conclusions of law. In pertinent part, the trial court found:
The trial court went on to award Ms. McIntyre damages for lost wages, medical
Appellants raise a number of issues in their appellate brief; however, from our review of the record and the parties' briefs, we discern the dispositive issue in this case to be whether Ms. McIntyre proved a breach of the standard of care on the part of the Ambulance Service. Because this case was tried by the trial court, we review the trial court's findings of fact de novo with a presumption of correctness, unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. Tenn. R.App. P. 13(d). No presumption of correctness, however, attaches to the trial court's conclusions of law and our review is de novo. Blair v. Brownson, 197 S.W.3d 681, 684 (Tenn. 2006) (citing Bowden v. Ward, 27 S.W.3d 913, 916 (Tenn.2000)).
Both Ms. McIntyre's and Hardeman County's claims against each other are based on theories of negligence. The prima facie elements of negligence are as follows:
Giggers v. Memphis Hous. Auth., 277 S.W.3d 359, 364 (Tenn.2009) (quoting McCall v. Wilder, 913 S.W.2d 150, 153 (Tenn.1995)). Appellants essentially argue that Ms. McIntyre failed to prove that they breached the duty of care in operating the ambulance at the time of the collision. With respect to the breach of duty element of a claim for negligence, our Supreme Court has held:
McClung v. Delta Square Ltd. P'ship, 937 S.W.2d 891, 895 (Tenn.1996) (citations omitted). Whether the defendants breached the duty is a question of fact. Winkler v. Pinnacle Properties I, LLC, M2011-02616-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 2989135, *4 (Tenn.Ct.App. July 20, 2012). In a non-jury case such as this one, we review the
Appellants argue that nothing in the record supports the trial court's implicit finding that the Ambulance Service breached the duty to exercise reasonable care. To support this argument, Appellants cite to Tennessee Code Annotated Section 55-8-108, which exempts emergency responders from some traffic laws. Tennessee Code Annotated Section 55-8-108 provides, in pertinent part:
Ms. McIntyre argues, however, that Tennessee Code Annotated Section 55-8-108 does not operate to excuse ambulance drivers from operating with due care, citing subsection (b)(2), which states that:
Tenn.Code Ann. § 55-8-108(b)(2). Accordingly, Tennessee law provides that ambulance drivers are not required to strictly adhere to all traffic laws when responding to an emergency call, but must exercise these special privileges with "due regard for the safety of all persons." Tenn.Code Ann. § 55-8-108(b)(1)-(2).
There is no dispute in this case that Mr. Love and Ms. Fortune were responding to an emergency when the accident occurred. As such, they were entitled to exceed speed limits and disregard regulations governing the direction of movement. However, as explained by the statute, this exemption is tempered by the fact that the ambulance driver may not place life or property in danger and must exercise due regard for all drivers. The obligation to exercise due care is, thus, not excused by the fact that the ambulance driver is responding to an emergency call. As explained in American Jurisprudence:
8 Am.Jur.2d Automobiles § 812 (footnotes omitted). As further explained:
60A C.J.S. Motor Vehicles § 880 (footnotes omitted).
From our review of the record and the arguments of counsel in this case, it appears that Ms. McIntyre's theory of liability is that the ambulance driver breached his duty of care in driving down Tate Road at an excessive rate of speed. Indeed, the trial court's oral findings support our conclusion, as the trial court remarked that the photographs of the impact the ambulance had on Ms. McIntyre's car show that the ambulance was traveling "at a pretty good rate of speed." The trial court made no other findings as to any fault on the part of the ambulance driver or the Ambulance Service. Instead, the trial court even remarked that the ambulance's driver's maneuver into the opposite lane of traffic was "appropriate."
Accordingly, this Court must consider whether the evidence in the record preponderates against the trial court's finding that the Ambulance Service, through the actions of the ambulance driver, breached the duty of care by traveling at an excessive rate of speed. For the evidence to preponderate against a trial court's finding of fact, it must support another finding of fact with greater convincing effect. Watson v. Watson, 196 S.W.3d 695, 701 (Tenn.Ct.App.2005). We first turn to consider the evidence in the record that supports the trial court's finding that the ambulance driver breached the duty of care by traveling at an excessive rate of speed.
First, the trial court heard testimony from Ms. Anderson, who witnessed the events leading up to the collision. Ms. Anderson testified that at the time she observed the ambulance, it was traveling "fast" and "quick." Ms. Anderson admitted, however that she did not observe the ambulance immediately prior to the collision and was, therefore, unable to testify to the ambulance's speed at the time of the accident. Because Ms. McIntyre did not
The trial court also heard testimony from Ms. McIntyre and Ms. Ashworth regarding hearsay statements made after the collision suggesting that the ambulance was traveling approximately eighty miles per hour at the time of the crash. The trial court, however, did not credit this testimony and specifically found that the ambulance was not going eighty miles per hour. Ms. McIntyre does not challenge this ruling on appeal. Accordingly, we will likewise disregard the alleged hearsay statements suggesting that the ambulance was traveling at a speed of eighty miles per hour.
Next, Ms. McIntyre submitted into evidence photographs depicting the impact damage to Ms. McIntyre's car. According to Ms. McIntyre, these photographs allowed the trial court to make a reasonable inference that the ambulance was traveling at an excessive rate of speed under the circumstances. It appears that the trial court credited this argument when it found that the "impact" to Ms. McIntyre's car showed that the car was traveling at a "pretty good rate of speed." Ms. McIntyre argues that the trial court's finding was proper because the trial court was able to infer the ambulance's speed from the photographs and testimony. Ms. McIntyre relies on this Court's opinion in Ward v. Gilless, No. W1999-01324-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 34411148 (Tenn.Ct.App. Aug. 21, 2000).
Ward involved an automobile accident that resulted in the death of driver ("the decedent"). Id. at *1. In Ward, the decedent's father ("plaintiff") filed a complaint for damages against the Shelby County Sheriff's Office and the Shelby County Division of Public Works (together, "defendants"), alleging that the defendants were negligent in failing to close the road on which the accident occurred due to flooding. Id. at *3. At the conclusion of the trial, the trial court found that the negligence of the decedent was greater than the negligence of the defendants and dismissed the case. Id. On appeal, the plaintiff argued that the evidence was insufficient to show any negligence on the part of the decedent. The Court of Appeals disagreed and affirmed the trial court. Explaining the rules of negligence with regard to the speed of an automobile, the Court stated:
Ward, 2000 WL 34411148, at *3 (emphasis added).
Applying the above rules to the facts of the case, the Court of Appeals concluded that the trial court did not err in finding the decedent at fault for his own injuries when the evidence was undisputed that it had been raining heavily, the decedent was familiar with the road, and the road had posted signs warning high water was present. In addition, the sole witness to the accident testified that the decedent was driving at approximately thirty-seven miles per hour in a forty-five mile per hour zone, despite the heavy rain and warnings, which the trial court concluded was excessive given the circumstances.
Based on the rule expressed in Ward, Ms. McIntyre argues that the trial court could infer excessive speed on the part of the ambulance based upon the photographs showing the impact to her Town Car. In contrast, Appellants argue that the photographs alone are insufficient to support a finding of excessive speed.
Templeton v. Quarles, 52 Tenn.App. 419, 374 S.W.2d 654, 658 (1964) (citing Elmore v. Thompson, 14 Tenn.App. 78 (Tenn.Ct. App.1932); Phillips-Buttorff Mfg. Co. v. McAlexander, 15 Tenn.App. 618 (Tenn.Ct. App.1932)). All inferences must be based on the evidence and "cannot be based on surmise, speculation, conjecture, or guess[.]" Benton v. Snyder, 825 S.W.2d 409 (Tenn.1992) (quoting Patton v. L.O. Brayton & Co., 184 Tenn. 592, 201 S.W.2d 981, 984 (1947)). We note, however, that the cases in which speed had been inferred by a non-expert from the circumstances surrounding the collision all involve evidence other than or in addition to photographs depicting the damage to the vehicles as a result of the collision. In fact, in most cases, the evidence relied on by the trial court concerned the skid marks on the road at the collision site. See Johnson v. Attkisson, 722 S.W.2d 390, 392 (Tenn.Ct. App.1986) (involving skid marks); Combs v. Rogers, 60 Tenn.App. 689, 450 S.W.2d 605, 608 (1969) (concluding that the evidence was insufficient to support a finding of excessive speed when the record contained no evidence of skid marks); Monday v. Millsaps, 37 Tenn.App. 371, 264 S.W.2d 6, 17 (1953) ("The law is well settled that an expert witness may give his opinion as to the speed of an automobile from the length of its skidmarks.") (citing 32 C.J.S., Evidence, § 533). For example, the Court in Templeton considered evidence of skid marks and the distance the pedestrian plaintiff was thrown by the collision as probative evidence of "impact," rather than photographic evidence of the vehicle's damages. Templeton, 374 S.W.2d at 658. In another case relying on Templeton, Nash v. Love, 59 Tenn.App. 273, 440 S.W.2d 593 (1968), this Court held that the proof was likewise insufficient to allow the fact-finder to infer excessive speed when the record contained no evidence of skid marks on the road due to the collision, the distance the vehicle "overshot the point of impact," or how far the plaintiff pedestrian was thrown by the impact. Id. at 598. Thus, the term "impact," as it is used in Templeton and its progeny, refers to something more than mere photographs of the damage to a vehicle caused by a collision. See also Ward, 2000 WL 34411148, at *3 (relying on Templeton). The requirement that evidence other than mere photographs of vehicle damage be considered in determining speed is not novel: "Accurate computation of speed from damage to vehicles alone is not possible; it is difficult to measure the force required to distort a particular automobile part." 18 Am.Jur. Trials 443.
In this case, however, there is no evidence in the record regarding skid marks on the road from the accident. Further, there is nothing in the record to indicate the weight of either vehicle, the tire air pressure, or type and condition of the road surface at the time of the accident. All these factors have been held "necessary to estimate the speed of the vehicle." Johnson, 722 S.W.2d at 392. Thus, while the record does contain photographs depicting a substantial impact to Ms. McIntyre's car, the record is devoid of other evidence necessary to allow the finder of fact to infer excessive speed from the circumstances.
Finally, the record contains testimony from Ms. Fortune that the ambulance was
A finding that the ambulance was traveling above the posted speed limit does not, ipso facto, lead to the conclusion that the ambulance driver breached his duty to drive with due care to all persons. Indeed, the Tennessee Supreme Court has held that "[u]nusual circumstances may make it reasonable to adopt a course of conduct which causes a high risk of harm to the public." Haynes v. Hamilton County, 883 S.W.2d 606, (Tenn.1994). "However, such conduct is not justified unless the end itself is of sufficient social value. The general public has a significant interest in not being subjected to unreasonable risks of injury as the police carry out their duties." Id. (footnote omitted). The question, then, is whether traveling at a rate of speed fifteen miles per hour above the posted speed limit was reasonable given the circumstances. Thus, we turn to consider the circumstances surrounding the collision and whether those circumstances justify the ambulance driver's action in exceeding the posted speed limit.
First, it is undisputed that the ambulance was responding to an emergency drug overdose call at the time of the collision. In addition, both Ms. Anderson and Ms. Fortune testified that the ambulance had engaged both its emergency lights and siren throughout the events at issue in this case. Ms. McIntyre, however, testified that she believed that the ambulance driver at some point "turned [the siren] off." While the trial court did not make a specific finding that the ambulance driver had engaged his emergency lights and siren, the trial court did find Ms. McIntyre at fault for failing to search for the ambulance after hearing its siren. Accordingly, the trial court, at least inferentially, found that the ambulance had engaged its siren prior to the accident. Where the trial court does not make specific findings offact, there is no presumption of correctness and we "must conduct our own independent review of the record to determine where the preponderance of the evidence lies." Brooks v. Brooks, 992 S.W.2d 403, 405 (Tenn.1999). Based on the testimony of both Ms. Anderson and Ms. Fortune, we conclude that the weight of the evidence supports a finding that the ambulance driver engaged the ambulance's lights and sirens throughout the events at issue. Because the ambulance driver was responding to an emergency and had engaged the ambulance's emergency signals, the ambulance driver was entitled to exceed posted speed limits, so long as life or property was not endangered and he did so with due caution given the circumstances. See Tenn.Code Ann. § 55-8-108. Additionally, the only direct evidence of speed suggests that the ambulance was traveling less than fifteen miles per hour over the posted speed limit, which is within the Ambulance Service's internal policy for speed in an emergency situation. Finally, uncontradicted evidence from Ms. Fortune also shows that the ambulance decelerated when approaching the turn off to Jones Road, proceeded around Ms. McIntyre's car "with caution," and only accelerated in an attempt to avoid the collision. These facts tend to support a finding that the
The road conditions on the day of the accident also tend to show that the ambulance's speed was not excessive given the circumstances. See Haynes v. Hamilton County, 883 S.W.2d 606, 611 (Tenn.1994) (noting that in a case involving a police chase, the "weather and road conditions" are factors relevant to the determination of whether the emergency vehicle was operated in a negligent manner). First, the collision occurred in broad daylight on a clear day. No witness or party testified that there were adverse road conditions the day of the accident, such as rain or snow. In addition, Ms. Anderson testified that even though at least one car was behind her on Tate Road, she could clearly hear and see the ambulance approaching. Indeed, Ms. Anderson saw the ambulance when it was far enough away that she was safely able to turn onto Jones Road. Finally, the turn off to Jones Road occurs at a part of Tate Road that is a straight path and is not concealed from other drivers by curves.
The situation in this case is analogous to the situation presented in Kowalski v. Eldridge, 765 S.W.2d 746 (Tenn.Ct.App. 1988). In Kowalski, a fire truck was traveling down a road when the driver ahead of the fire truck swerved to the right, then immediately turned left into the fire truck, resulting in a collision in which the car driver died. Id. at 747. The driver's wife brought a wrongful death action against the operators of the fire truck. It was undisputed that the fire truck had engaged all its emergency signals, that the car driver did not engage his turn signal indicating his intent to turn left, and that the fire truck was traveling approximately ten-to-twenty miles per hour faster than the car. The trial court found that the fire truck driver was negligent "in approaching from the rear the [other] vehicle and attempting to pass on the left without first ascertaining in his own mind that he could do so with reasonable safety." The trial court further concluded that the car driver's negligence was excused by the sudden emergency doctrine, based on expert testimony that the car driver most likely perceived the approach of the fire truck as an emergency. Id. at 748.
The Court of Appeals, however, reversed, concluding that the sudden emergency doctrine did not apply because the driver, in suddenly turning left, created the emergency at issue. Id. at 747-48. In addition, the Court of Appeals concluded that the fire truck driver acted reasonably under the circumstances in passing to the left of the car, see Tenn.Code Ann. § 55-8-117 (detailing the procedure for passing on the left), despite the evidence that the fire truck was traveling at a much greater rate of speed than the car driver. Kowalski, 765 S.W.2d at 749.
Similarly, in this case, the ambulance driver was traveling at a greater rate of speed than the posted speed limit when he attempted to overtake Ms. McIntyre's car on the left side. Ms. McIntyre, like the driver in Kowalski, turned left onto Jones Road causing the collision with the ambulance. As previously discussed, we have concluded that the weight of the evidence shows that the ambulance driver had engaged his emergency lights and siren throughout the events at issue. Unlike in Kowalski, however, the facts are disputed as to whether Ms. McIntyre had engaged her turn signal indicating her intent to turn left. The trial court also did not make a specific finding of fact as to whether Ms. McIntyre engaged her turn signal. Regardless of whether the turn signal was engaged, the evidence shows that the ambulance approached the turn
In addition, the circumstances of this case fail to rise to the level of other cases in which an ambulance driver or service has been found to be negligent for traveling at an excessive rate of speed. See e.g., Shearn v. Orlando Funeral Home, Inc., 82 So.2d 866 (Fla.1955) (affirming finding of negligence when ambulance driver was traveling up to ninety miles per hour despite ordinance that only allowed emergency vehicles to travel thirty-five miles per hour); Carter v. Acadian Ambulance Service, Inc., 342 So.2d 1145 (La.Ct.App.1977) (finding of negligence affirmed when the evidence showed that the driver pulled into right lane of traffic without warning, accelerated at high rate of speed, did not activate emergency lights or siren until just before collision and took no action to avoid striking other vehicle); Grammier-Dismukes Co. v. Payton, 22 S.W.2d 544 (Tex. Civ.App.1929) (affirming a judgment for the plaintiff when the driver was traveling twenty to twenty-five miles over the speed limit on a foggy day without any audible signal to warn other drivers of its approach). Under the particular circumstances at issue in this case, we conclude that the greater convincing weight of the evidence in the record is that the ambulance driver acted reasonably in traveling down Tate Road at a speed of approximately fifty miles per hour and decelerating when approaching the turn off. See Watson, 196 S.W.3d at 701. Accordingly, the evidence preponderates against the trial court's finding that the ambulance was traveling at an excessive rate of speed under the circumstances.
Nothing in the trial court's oral ruling or written order suggests that the trial court attributed any other fault to the ambulance driver other than the use of excessive speed. From our review of the record, we likewise conclude that no other fault is attributable to the ambulance driver or Ambulance Service. Accordingly, the evidence likewise preponderates against the trial court's finding that the ambulance driver breached his duty of care in this case. As previously discussed, a breach of the duty of care is an essential element to any negligence claim. Giggers, 277 S.W.3d at 364. Without a breach on the part of the Appellants or their employees, there can be no liability. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment against Appellants.
The judgment of the Hardeman County Circuit Court is reversed and the case is remanded for entry of judgment in favor of Appellant Hardeman County in the amount of $24,255.16. Costs of this appeal are taxed to Appellee, Judy McIntyre, for which execution may issue if necessary.