The National League of Postmasters ("the League") is a tax-exempt labor organization under 26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(5). The Commissioner determined deficiencies in the League's federal income taxes from 1987 to 1990 on the basis that dues and service fees the League received in relation to certain members, known as "League Benefit Members" ("LBMs"), were not "substantially related" to any of the League's tax-exempt purposes. See 26 U.S.C. § 513(a). The Tax Court upheld the Commissioner. We affirm.

In August of 1987, the League formed a new class of membership called "League Benefit Members" ("LBMs"). The League maintains that the dues and service charges related to LBMs, unlike a former class of membership, "Limited Benefit Members," are tax-exempt.1

From 1987 to 1990, LBMs received several benefits, including access to the League's health insurance plan; a quarterly newsletter; certain employment-related group legal services (if the member did not otherwise have access to binding arbitration); and the right to participate in the League's travel, credit card, eyewear, and long-term care insurance programs. At the same time, the League expanded the focus of its legislative and administrative lobbying from issues related solely to postal services to include issues concerning "the overall working conditions and retirement benefits of all Members." J.A. 77-78. In addition, the League provided that the new class of LBMs, who accounted for roughly half of the League's total membership, could elect one member to the League's executive board, otherwise composed of nine active postmasters.2 The elected LBM representative was also the only LBM delegate out of five hundred total delegates to the League's annual national convention.3

Before the Tax Court, the League stipulated that its activities with respect to the LBMs constituted a "trade or business" and were "regularly carried on" during the years in question. See 26 U.S.C. § 512(a)(1). The Commissioner stipulated that income from the League's activities with respect to the other members, essentially active and retired postmasters, was tax exempt. Thus, the only issue presented in this case is whether the League conducted its activities with respect to LBMs in a manner "substantially related" to the League's tax-exempt purposes such that the income derived from those activities is tax exempt. See 26 U.S.C. § 513(a).

An otherwise tax-exempt organization must pay tax on "unrelated business taxable income." 26 U.S.C. § 511(a)(1). Unrelated business taxable income is an organization's gross income, less allowable deductions, produced from (1) any trade or business (2) regularly carried on by the organization (3) which is not substantially related (aside from generating revenue) to the organization's tax-exempt purposes. See 26 U.S.C. §§ 512(a)(1), 513(a); United States v. American Bar Endowment, 477 U.S. 105, 109-10, 106 S. Ct. 2426, 2429-30, 91 L. Ed. 2d 89 (1986); United States v. American College of Physicians, 475 U.S. 834, 838-39, 106 S. Ct. 1591, 1594-95, 89 L. Ed. 2d 841 (1986).4 This tax is designed to restrain unfair competition by otherwise tax-exempt organizations engaged in profit-making activities without unnecessarily discouraging benevolent enterprise. Id. at 837-38, 106 S.Ct. at 1593-94.

The League's tax-exempt purposes are defined in part by regulation, which provides that a tax-exempt labor organization must have as its object "the betterment of the conditions" of those engaged in labor. See 26 C.F.R. § 1.501(c)(5)-1(a)(2); Morganbesser v. United States, 984 F.2d 560, 562 (2d Cir.1993). In addition, as the District of Columbia Circuit did in American Postal Workers Union v. United States, 925 F.2d 480, 482 (D.C.Cir.1991), we also look to the League's articles of incorporation, which define the League's purposes as follows:

Section 1. Provide a vehicle through which members may assist one another in matters connected with their career employment in the United States Postal Service;

Section 2. Advance the proficiency of personnel in providing postal service promptly, reliably and efficiently to individuals and businesses in all areas of the nation;

Section 3. Consult with the management of the United States Postal Service on policies which concern the welfare, happiness and morale of employees;

Section 4. Improve the conditions under which individual members work, having concern for salaries, hours of employment, working environment, adjustment of grievances and labor disputes;

Section 5. Cooperate with other groups and levels of postal management in the achievement of common goals;

Section 6. Encourage contact among members in social, operational and professional relationships; and

Section 7. Engage in any other activity not inconsistent with the laws of the District of Columbia.

J.A. 67-68. The League contends that Section 4 of its statement of purpose--"[i]mprove the conditions under which individual members work, having concern for salaries, hours of employment, working environment, adjustment of grievances and labor disputes"--is sufficiently broad to cover non-postal federal employees. We find, however, that the League's articles, as the League's name suggests, reflect an overriding purpose to improve the working conditions of postmasters, and, to a lesser extent, other postal employees. The statement of purpose fails to provide for the betterment of conditions for all federal employees. It is patently clear that the articles as a whole focus on postmasters and other postal employees. Cf. American Postal Workers, 925 F.2d at 482. Under basic principles of construction, the general words in Section 4 apply only to those of the same class (postal workers) as set forth in the other sections. However, assuming that Section 4 can be read to encompass all federal employee members, and that it thus constitutes a valid tax-exempt purpose, we nonetheless find the League's activities in regard to LBMs not substantially related to any such purpose.5

First, we deem it highly dubious that the League's generalized provision of health insurance benefits to federal employee members, including retired federal employees, is substantially related to improving the working conditions of LBMs. The Commissioner has allowed tax-exempt treatment for the provision of health insurance to a labor organization's members. See Rev. Rul. 62-17, 1962-1 C.B. 87, 87-88. In the present case, however, the Tax Court found the provision of health insurance was not substantially related to the League's exempt purposes because the League marketed the health insurance in a commercial manner, much like competitor for-profit health plans, and the health plan was available to retired federal employees who had not been members of the League prior to retirement. In such circumstances, the Tax Court found the health benefits were not substantially related to improving the working conditions of LBMs.

Moreover, it is now clear that the "provision of insurance benefits to persons who are not members in any other sense cannot be substantially related to a [labor organization's] tax-exempt purposes." American Postal Workers, 925 F.2d at 483. Accord National Ass'n of Postal Supervisors v. United States, 944 F.2d 859, 861 (Fed.Cir.1991). In distinguishing American Postal Workers and Postal Supervisors, the League contends the overall bundle of benefits provided to LBMs--group legal services, communications, lobbying, and voting rights--made them bona fide League members. As such, the League argues, their dues should be tax-exempt. We disagree.

Although it is possible that LBMs joined the League for reasons other than to obtain access to the League's health insurance plan, the League failed to show how many LBMs opted not to participate in the League's health plan. In light of the history of LBMs, as the offspring of the Limited Benefit Members whose sole benefit was the League's health plan, see note 1, supra, it was incumbent upon the League to show that LBMs acted as bona fide League members in some manner more substantial than as health benefit purchasers. Cf. Helvering v. Taylor, 293 U.S. 507, 515, 55 S. Ct. 287, 291, 79 L. Ed. 623 (1935) (burden of proof on petitioner to show invalidity of Commissioner's determination). Without such a showing by the League, the Commissioner could reasonably suspect that the League was evading the Commissioner's earlier decision to tax the dues and service fees of so-called "members" whose only membership benefit was health insurance. The League's failure to show the number of LBMs who did not obtain the League's health benefits belies the notion that federal employees joined the League in order to obtain the League's other benefits or out of affinity for the postmasters.

Moreover, we think the Tax Court properly found the other benefits in the League's bundle of benefits were not substantially related to the League's tax-exempt purposes of improving the working conditions of the League's members.6 First, the Tax Court found that although some LBMs obtained assistance in employment-related disputes through the group legal services contract, it was of no value to many LBMs who either were retired, and thus had no need for employment-related legal assistance, or were covered by binding arbitration agreements, and thus were ineligible for the League's group legal services. Second, the Tax Court found the League's newsletter for LBMs was used primarily as an advertisement for the health and other commercial benefits available to LBMs, rather than as a means to communicate important labor news to federal employee members. Cf. Illinois Ass'n of Professional Ins. Agents v. Commissioner, 801 F.2d 987, 995 (7th Cir.1986) (characterizing materials as taxable advertisements rather than tax-exempt educational material). Third, the Tax Court found any lobbying on issues of concern to federal employees was either incidental to its lobbying efforts on behalf of postmasters or otherwise too generalized to constitute a substantial relationship to the working conditions of LBMs. See American Postal Workers, 925 F.2d at 482-83.7 Fourth, the Tax Court found the limited voting rights provided to the LBMs were effectively diluted by other changes in voting which maintained the power of postmasters to control the League's agenda. See note 2, supra. Upon our review of the record, we find no error in the Tax Court's findings.

The League argues, however, that the Tax Court erred by examining whether its activities actually improved the working conditions of LBMs in some tangible, quantitative manner rather than whether its activities were designed to improve the working conditions of LBMs or were consistent with such a purpose. Under the regulations, a taxpayer must show that an organization's income-generating activities have a substantial "causal relationship to the achievement of exempt purposes" or "contribute importantly to the accomplishment of those purposes." 26 C.F.R. § 1.513-1(d)(2) (emphasis added). Thus, to the extent that the Tax Court looked for evidence of actual improvement in the working conditions of LBMs, we think such an inquiry was proper. As we read the Tax Court's opinion, however, the Tax Court examined whether the League's conduct of its activities in regard to LBMs evinced a primary intention on the League's part of raising revenue, making its income taxable, or of improving the working conditions of LBMs, making its income tax exempt. See American College of Physicians, 475 U.S. at 848-49, 106 S.Ct. at 1599-1600; Independent Ins. Agents v. Commissioner, 998 F.2d 898, 902 (11th Cir.1993). Because some of the benefits, such as the group legal services contract, had no potential to improve the working conditions of many LBMs, the Tax Court properly concluded the League failed to show it conducted its activities in regard to LBMs in a manner substantially related to its tax-exempt purposes.

Under these circumstances, the Tax Court properly found the dues of LBMs and related service charges not substantially related to any of the League's tax-exempt purposes, and we affirm the Tax Court's decision.

AFFIRMED.