UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

ALICE F. SCOTT, surviving parent
and personal representative of
deceased, and for the use of
surviving parent of Aaron J. Scott,
deceased,
Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY BOARD OF
EDUCATION; DOROTHY W.
DAUGHERTY; ROBERT GETTEMY; JOHN
H. ROBINSON; MARY LEE PHELPS;
                                                          No. 96-2455
RICHARD C. POTTINGER; MICHELLE
DAVIS; FRAZER R. SHEETS; AMY
DUTCHER; LINDA F. WAGNER;
RICHARD WEINFELD; ROBERT FUHRER;
RENEE BRIMFIELD,
Defendants-Appellees,

and

LOUIS JONES; BILLA FISHER; REGINALD
SMITH,
Defendants.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Maryland, at Greenbelt.
Alexander Williams, Jr., District Judge.
(CA-95-1083-AW)

Argued: July 9, 1997

Decided: August 12, 1997

Before WILKINS, HAMILTON, and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Kenneth Warren Smith, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appel-
lant. James Louis Parsons, Jr., Assistant County Attorney, Rockville,
Maryland, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Roger A. Hayden, II, PAS-
TERNAK & FIDIS, P.C., Bethesda, Maryland, for Appellant. Charles
W. Thompson, Jr., County Attorney, Linda B. Thall, Division Chief,
Division of Special Projects, Steven M. Gilbert, Assistant County
Attorney, Rockville, Maryland, for Appellees.

_________________________________________________________________

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Alice Scott (Ms. Scott) appeals the district court's grant of sum-
mary judgment in favor of the Board of Education of Montgomery
County, Maryland and numerous individual defendants (collectively,
the Board) on both federal and state law claims arising out of the sui-
cide of her fourteen-year-old son, Aaron Scott. Because Ms. Scott has
produced insufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could
conclude that either the Board or the individual defendants proxi-
mately caused the death of her son, we affirm.

I.

Aaron Scott attended Montgomery County Public Schools from
1983 until his death in 1994. Aaron's parents were divorced, and
Aaron lived with his mother. However, Aaron's father remained an
active part of Aaron's life, visiting him regularly.

                    2
Beginning in his seventh grade year, Aaron began to have behav-
ioral problems, getting into fights and refusing to do his school work.
In November 1992, an Educational Management Team (EMT) meet-
ing was held to address Aaron's behavioral and learning problems.
Following a subsequent psychological consultation between school
psychologist Dorothy Daugherty and Aaron, the EMT referred Aaron
for a special education admission, review, and dismissal (ARD)
screening.

The first ARD meeting concerning Aaron took place in January
1993. At the meeting, Daugherty suggested that Aaron may suffer
from attention deficit disorder (ADD) and suggested an educational
and psychological assessment, to which both of Aaron's parents
agreed. As a result of these assessments, it was determined that Aaron
had a serious emotional disturbance (SED) and that Aaron was eligi-
ble for special educational services. These assessments and the diag-
nosis were discussed with Aaron's parents on March 11, 1993 at a
follow-up ARD meeting. During this meeting, Mr. Scott mentioned
that Aaron had threatened to run in front of an eighteen-wheeler. Also
during this meeting, Daugherty recommended psychiatric and medical
evaluations for Aaron and suggested that the Scotts get Aaron help
outside of school. Although outside counseling was suggested, both
Mr. and Ms. Scott contend that when they asked what services were
available, school officials were unable to recommend any particular
source of counseling services. Ms. Scott apparently looked into
obtaining psychological counseling for Aaron but was unable to
afford the counseling that was available.

On April 1, 1993, Aaron was involved in a fight with another stu-
dent and was suspended from school beginning April 2. Between
April 2 and April 30, Aaron did not receive any educational or related
services. On April 15, 1993, another ARD meeting was conducted, at
which an individualized education program (IEP) was developed for
Aaron. Although Aaron's therapy needs and disordered thinking were
discussed, as well as the possibility that he might have ADD, there
were no provisions for psychological counseling contained in the IEP.
Neither Mr. nor Ms. Scott signed Aaron's IEP.

On June 28, 1993, the Board notified Ms. Scott that the Central
Placement Unit recommended the Mark Twain School (Mark Twain)

                    3
as the appropriate educational placement for Aaron for the 1993-94
school year. After beginning school at Mark Twain in the fall of 1993,
Aaron was involved in two incidents in which he pushed or hit other
students. On November 23, 1993, an ARD meeting concerning Aaron
was held at Mark Twain. At this meeting, an updated IEP was devel-
oped for Aaron, and it was determined that Aaron had not yet met the
criteria for mainstreaming, which is the process by which a special
education student makes the transition into a general education set-
ting. Therefore, Aaron would continue at Mark Twain.

Although Aaron was involved in another serious incident at Mark
Twain in December 1993, in January 1994, school officials deter-
mined that Aaron had satisfied the criteria for mainstreaming. There-
fore, Aaron began attending two periods per day at the Mark Twain
satellite program at Ridgeview Middle School (Ridgeview). Neither
Mr. nor Ms. Scott recalls being notified that Aaron was to begin
attending two classes a day at Ridgeview, but a school official stated
in an affidavit that Ms. Scott was informed of the school's decision
and that Mr. Scott attended an intake meeting at Ridgeview before
Aaron began his classes there.

In early March 1994, Aaron began attending two classes a day at
Ridgeview, a math class taught by Frazer Sheets and a social skills
class taught by Nancy Hopkinson. These classes were conducted in
an intensive special education setting and were taught by special edu-
cation teachers with small classes. According to Ms. Scott, Aaron
began to have problems in Sheets' math class almost immediately. In
just over a month after his placement at Ridgeview, Aaron was
involved in five behavioral incidents. During one of these incidents,
on March 23, 1994, Aaron told Sheets that he did not want to do his
school work; that he would be dead before he was twenty years old
anyway; and that if he was not dead by the time he was twenty, he
would kill himself. Following the incident, Sheets referred Aaron to
school psychologist Richard Fuhrer, who spoke with Aaron for
approximately thirty minutes the next day. During Fuhrer's meeting
with Aaron, Aaron was vague about the suicide threat and stated that
he did not like math and did not want to do the assignment. According
to Fuhrer, Aaron denied any suicidal intent and seemed embarrassed
about making the statement. Fuhrer determined that Aaron had no
preoccupation with suicide and concluded that Aaron was not in

                    4
imminent danger of harming himself. Neither Fuhrer nor any other
school official informed Mr. or Ms. Scott that Aaron had made these
statements. Aaron met with Fuhrer again following another serious
incident during which Aaron threw a chair and verbally abused a
teacher. During that meeting, on April 6, 1994, Aaron indicated that
he wished to return to Ridgeview and that he felt that he could behave
appropriately in the future.

In April 1994, Ms. Scott requested a change in Aaron's math place-
ment because he continued to have difficulty in Sheets' class. School
officials discussed the requested change but decided against it
because remaining in Sheets' class was the only way for Aaron to
remain mainstreamed for two classes a day. On April 26, 1994,
another ARD meeting took place to discuss Aaron's progress. At the
meeting, which Mr. Scott attended, Mr. Scott suggested that Aaron's
math placement should be changed. School officials did not agree,
and the parties decided to continue Aaron at Ridgeview for two peri-
ods a day and to increase his mainstream time to four periods a day
in the fall of 1994, if it was decided at that time that such a change
was appropriate.

On May 27, 1994, a final serious incident occurred during Sheets'
math class. After Sheets confronted Aaron for not doing his "warm-
up exercises" and publicly warned Aaron that he would fail if he did
not complete his work, Aaron became upset, threatened to hurt
Sheets, and shoved Sheets twice before leaving the room with another
staff member. Aaron was immediately suspended for five days and
was picked up from school by his father who took Aaron to Ms.
Scott's home, where Aaron resided. Although Ms. Scott came home
for lunch and spoke with Aaron, she left Aaron alone for the after-
noon with the admonishment not to leave the house. At approximately
5:00 p.m., Ms. Scott returned home from work and found Aaron at
home watching television. According to Ms. Scott, Aaron did not
appear depressed at that time. Some time after dinner, Ms. Scott fell
asleep in her room and woke up shortly after 10:00 p.m. Noticing that
the light was still on in Aaron's room, she walked in and found Aaron
in a kneeling position with a cord around his neck and the other end
tied to a weight bench. Aaron had apparently hanged himself. Ms.
Scott called emergency personnel immediately, and Aaron was trans-
ported to the hospital where he was pronounced dead at 12:05 a.m.

                    5
on May 28, 1994. In a suicide note written at 10:00, 1 Aaron wrote that
sometimes he felt like killing himself; that he hoped that he would die
quickly and that it would not be painful; that he thought he would
hang himself; and that he hoped he died in peace.

On April 11, 1995, Ms. Scott filed this action, as surviving parent
and as personal representative of Aaron, in the United States District
Court for the District of Maryland. In her second amended complaint,
Ms. Scott alleges causes of action for violations of the Fifth and Four-
teenth Amendments to the United States Constitution pursuant to 42
U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1988; violations of § 504 of the Rehabilitation
Act of 1973, see 29 U.S.C. § 794; and violations of the Individuals
with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), see 28 U.S.C. §§ 1400-1485.
In addition, she alleges state common law claims for intentional or
reckless infliction of emotional distress, wrongful death, and profes-
sional negligence.

In support of her claims, Ms. Scott obtained the expert testimony
of Mary O. Hepple, an educational consultant and special education
expert. In her affidavit, Ms. Hepple notes that Aaron's ARD team cal-
led for complete psychiatric and medical evaluations as early as
March 1993, yet no evaluations were performed. As a result, accord-
ing to Ms. Hepple, the extent of Aaron's disability was never
resolved, and none of the IEPs formulated for Aaron were reasonably
calculated to confer an educational benefit on Aaron. Ms. Hepple
states further that in light of the repeatedly expressed need for therapy
and counseling, the referral to a school psychologist in response to
individual incidents would not address Aaron's emotional and behav-
ioral support needs.

Ms. Scott also submitted the expert reports of two clinical psychol-
ogists, Dr. Sue Ellen Antell and Dr. David A. Shostak. After review-
ing Aaron's school files, Dr. Antell opined that school psychologists
failed to adequately diagnose a serious psychiatric disorder and that
this undiagnosed disorder was directly implicated in Aaron's death.
Dr. Antell opined further that had psychiatric services been appropri-
ately provided, there is a high degree of probability that Aaron would
_________________________________________________________________
1 It is not clear whether this note was written at 10:00 a.m. or 10:00
p.m.

                     6
have responded postitively. Dr. Antell concluded that the school sys-
tem and its employees "materially contributed to the causes of
[Aaron's] eventual suicide." (J.A. 641). Dr. Shostak completed an
expert report on behalf of Ms. Scott and opined that Aaron's death
was highly preventable, implying that Aaron's problems in school
contributed to his decision to commit suicide.

On April 29, 1996, the Board moved for summary judgment as to
all claims asserted by Ms. Scott. In support of its motion, the Board
submitted deposition testimony from Ms. Scott and Mr. Scott, con-
cerning other problems in Aaron's family. Ms. Scott acknowledged
in her deposition that both Anthony and her oldest son, William, had
tried to commit suicide by taking an overdose of pills. According to
Ms. Scott, William took an overdose of pills on more than one occa-
sion during the late 1980s, while Anthony took an overdose of pills
one time approximately four or five years before Aaron committed
suicide. Ms. Scott also testified that her son William was addicted to
narcotics, had been abusive to family members, and had been kicked
out of her home. Ms. Scott testified that Aaron was aware of Wil-
liam's problems and would hide his money so that William would not
steal it. Mr. Scott testified about Aaron's statement that he would run
in front of an eighteen-wheeler. According to Mr. Scott, he did not
think that Aaron was serious when he made the statement and, there-
fore, he did not seek any medical help for Aaron following the state-
ment.

On June 17, 1996, Ms. Scott filed a cross-motion for partial sum-
mary judgment on the issue of liability. On August 24, 1996, the dis-
trict court conducted a hearing on the motions and ruled from the
bench in favor of the Board. Five days later, on August 29, 1996, the
district court entered judgment in favor of the Board. Ms. Scott noted
a timely appeal.

II.

Whether a party was entitled to summary judgment is a matter of
law which we review de novo. Higgins v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours &
Co., 

, 1167 (4th Cir. 1988). Summary judgment is
appropriate when the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogato-
ries, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show

                     7
that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the mov-
ing party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. FED. R. CIV. P.
56(c).

III.

Under each of Ms. Scott's state law claims, causation is an element
that must be shown to establish liability in Maryland. Ms. Scott's
state common law claims are for negligence, intentional infliction of
emotional distress, and wrongful death. Each of these causes of action
requires that there be a causal connection between the act complained
of and the injury sustained. See Medical Mut. Liability Soc'y of Md.
v. B. Dixon Evander & Assoc., Inc., 

, 439 (Md. 1995)
("In any tort action, the plaintiff must establish that the defendant's
tortious conduct was a cause in fact of the injury for which compensa-
tion is sought. . . . In addition, the plaintiff must establish that any
damages sought are a `natural, proximate and direct effect of the tor-
tious misconduct.'" (citation omitted)); Eisel v. Board of Educ. of
Montgomery County, 

, 454-55 (Md. 1991) (wrongful
death); Harris v. Jones, 

, 614 (Md. 1977) (intentional
infliction of emotional distress).

Under her federal law claims, to the extent that causation of injury
is not an element required to establish liability, a plaintiff seeking
compensatory damages for an injury must show that the damages
were caused by the statutory or constitutional violation in order to
obtain relief. See Price v. City of Charlotte , 

, 1245 (4th
Cir. 1996) (damages are available under § 1983 for actions found to
have caused compensable injury), cert. denied , 

(1997). In this case, all of the damages Ms. Scott seeks stem directly
from Aaron's suicide, on the grounds that the Board's alleged viola-
tions of IDEA, § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, the Fifth and Four-
teenth Amendments, and state common law duties proximately
caused Aaron to commit suicide. Therefore, causation is central to
each of Ms. Scott's claims, both state and federal.

With regard to the state law claims, under Maryland law,
"[p]roximate cause will only be established if there is a reasonable
connection between the defendant's alleged negligence and the plain-
tiff's injuries." Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth. v. Reading, 674

                    

, 52 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1996). In other words, "[p]roximate
cause exists `where there is a complete continuance and unbroken
sequence between the act complained of and the act finally resulting
in the injury, so that one may be regarded by persons of ordinary
judgment as the logical and probable cause.'" Vito v. Sargis & Jones,
Ltd., 

, 139 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1996) (quoting Lashley
v. Dawson, 

, 562 (1932)), aff'd sub nom., Cogan Kibler,
Inc. v. Vito, 

(Md. June 23, 1997); see also Medical
Mut. Liab. Soc'y v. B. Dixon Evander & Assoc., Inc. , 

,
439 (Md. 1995) (to establish tort liability, "the plaintiff must establish
that any damages sought are the `natural, proximate and direct effect
of the tortious misconduct'" (citation omitted)).

In this case, the only evidence of causation comes from the expert
reports filed by Ms. Scott. Specifically, Dr. Antell, a clinical psychol-
ogist, concludes in her report that the Board "materially contributed
to the causes of [Aaron's] eventual suicide." (J.A. 641). In support of
this conclusion, Dr. Antell states that had the psychiatric evaluations
and counseling to which Aaron was entitled been provided, "there is
a high degree of probability" that Aaron would have responded to the
counseling and the events leading up to his suicide would not have
occurred. (J.A. 640-41). Dr. Antell states further that it is also likely
that had Aaron's condition "been met with intensification of services"
by the Board, Aaron "would have experienced a reduction in stresses
which are believed to be materially related to his suicide." 

sufficiency of this evidence for purposes of creat-
ing a genuine issue of material fact as to the element of proximate
cause, we note that in formulating these opinions, Dr. Antell relied
solely on documents maintained by the Board, which she acknowl-
edges may not represent Aaron's entire file. In addition, Dr. Antell
states in her report that "the formulation of a final and complete opin-
ion" will require access to additional school records and other infor-
mation and the opportunity to interview individuals familiar with
Aaron's circumstances prior to his death, which she details. We note
further that in discussing her conclusions and the evidence on which
she bases her conclusions, Dr. Antell's report does not include any
reference to Aaron's family or problems he may have had at home.
Instead, she focuses solely on stressors in the school environment.

                     9
Although Dr. Antell certainly suggests that the Board's failure to
obtain psychological services for Aaron likely contributed to his
eventual suicide, this evidence is not sufficient evidence from which
a reasonable jury could conclude that there was"a complete and
unbroken sequence" between the failure to provide psychological
counseling and Aaron's suicide, see 

, or that
Aaron's suicide was "the natural, proximate and direct effect" of the
Board's alleged failures, see Medical Mut. Liab. 

. For example, Dr. Antell opines that it is likely that had Aaron
received appropriate psychiatric services, many of the confrontations
that exacerbated his illness would have been minimized, and he
would have experienced a reduction in stresses. However, to reach the
conclusion that the lack of psychological counseling was a proximate
and legal cause of Aaron's suicide, the jury would have to assume,
first, that the stressors and confrontations to which Dr. Antell refers
directly caused Aaron's suicide and, second, that a mere reduction in
these stressors would have prevented Aaron's suicide. Dr. Antell does
not describe a natural, direct causal relationship between the Board's
alleged failures and Aaron's suicide sufficient to constitute proximate
cause, as defined in Maryland. Stated differently, from the record,
which contains evidence of numerous stressors in Aaron's life, it is
impossible to discern why Aaron tragically took his own life, and to
conclude that the Board's alleged failures were causally related to
Aaron's suicide is conjecture. Because Dr. Antell's report is the only
evidence of causation presented by Ms. Scott, she has not produced
sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that the
Board's actions or inactions proximately caused Aaron Scott's suicide.2
_________________________________________________________________
2 We note that even if Ms. Scott had produced sufficient evidence of
a causal connection between the lack of psychological counseling offered
to Aaron and his eventual suicide, each of her state law claims fails on
other grounds. For example, Ms. Scott's claim for intentional or reckless
infliction of emotional distress fails because there is no evidence that the
Board's conduct was "extreme and outrageous" or "intentional and reck-
less." See Harris v. Jones, 

, 614 (Md. 1977). As for Ms.
Scott's claim of negligence, Maryland has expressly declined to recog-
nize a cause of action for negligence against education officials accused
of failing to properly educate a student, or "educational malpractice." See
Hunter v. Board of Educ. of Montgomery County, 

, 584-85
(Md. 1982). Finally, with regard to her claim for wrongful death,

                  10
The same reasoning precludes awarding Ms. Scott the relief she
requests for the alleged federal constitutional and statutory violations.
Ms. Scott simply has not shown that the Board's alleged failures
caused her son to commit suicide and, therefore, any federal viola-
tions committed by the Board in failing to adequately provide for
Aaron's education will not support an award of damages stemming
from Aaron's death. Because causation is a central element to all of
Ms. Scott's claims and because Ms. Scott has not produced sufficient
evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that the
alleged violations were a legal cause of Aaron's suicide, the district
court's grant of summary judgment in favor of the Board must be
affirmed.

IV.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court in
favor of the Board is affirmed.

AFFIRMED
_________________________________________________________________
although Maryland has recognized a duty on the part of school officials
to notify a student's parents when they learn of a suicide threat by the
student, see Eisel v. Board of Educ. of Montgomery County, 

, 456 (Md. 1991), there is no evidence in this case that the Board's
failure to inform Ms. Scott of Aaron's declaration that if he was not dead
by twenty he would kill himself was causally related to Aaron's suicide,
as required under Eisel, see 

both Mr. and Ms. Scott
were aware of an earlier threat by Aaron to run in front of an eighteen-
wheeler, and it does not appear that the Scotts took any steps to obtain
psychological counseling for Aaron at that time. In addition, unlike the
threat in Eisel, where the threat of suicide involved imminent action, see

Hammond v. Board of Educ. of Carroll County, 

, 227 (Md. 1994) (distinguishing Eisel, in part, on the basis that the
threat in Eisel was of impending intentional harm), Aaron's threat was
not of imminent action.

                     11