UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

RICHARD SMITH,
Petitioner,

v.

MAERSK CONTAINER SERVICE;
NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
                                                                        No. 96-2656
COMPANY; DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF
WORKERS' COMPENSATION PROGRAMS,
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
LABOR,
Respondents.

On Petition for Review of an Order
of the Benefits Review Board.
(94-2295)

Submitted: July 15, 1997

Decided: September 4, 1997

Before MURNAGHAN, NIEMEYER, and LUTTIG,
Circuit Judges.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

E. Paul Gibson, Allison A. Stover, RIESEN LAW FIRM, L.L.P.,
North Charleston, South Carolina, for Petitioner. Stephen E. Darling,
SINKLER & BOYD, P.A., Charleston, South Carolina, for Respon-
dents.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Petitioner Richard Smith injured his shoulder on April 19, 1988,
while working as a longshoreman for Respondent, Maersk Container
Service ("employer"). At two different points between 1988 and 1991,
employer paid temporary total disability benefit payments to Smith.
Smith has worked continuously for employer since these payments
ceased, but has been diagnosed as having a 30% impairment to his
shoulder by his orthopedic surgeon. Smith sought permanent partial
disability compensation based on this impairment, but the administra-
tive law judge ("ALJ") denied benefits, based on his finding that
Smith has suffered no loss of wage-earning capacity.* Smith con-
cedes that he has worked more hours and earned more money subse-
quent to his injury, but claims that he could have made even more
money if not for his injury. He also asserts that he is at least entitled
to a de minimis award because his injury could cause his wages to
decline below his pre-injury wages at some point in the future.

The Supreme Court has recently outlined the proper analysis for
cases where a longshore claimant, subsequent to a work-related
injury, earns appropriate market wages which are, in real terms,
greater than his pre-injury wages. The Court found that the Longshore
and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act ("Act") authorizes compen-
sation only for economic harm, and not for physical injury as such.
See Metropolitan Stevedore Co. v. Rambo, 

, at *3
(June 19, 1997). Thus, "[d]isability is a measure of earning capacity
lost as a result of work-related injury." 

liabil-
ity is determined based on the reduction in the claimant's earnings as
_________________________________________________________________
*The Benefits Review Board ("Board") issued no opinion in this case,
but affirmed the ALJ's decision by operation of law when it failed to act
on his appeal within one year. See 33 U.S.C.A. § 921 (West 1986 &
Supp. 1997).

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compared to his pre-injury wages. See 33 U.S.C.A. §§ 908(c)(21),
908(h) (West 1986 & Supp. 1997).

The scheme therefore authorizes compensation only for a loss of
earning capacity, measured against pre-injury wages. It does not, as
the ALJ correctly recognized, authorize compensation merely because
a worker's earning potential has been limited due to injury. Thus,
Smith is not entitled to compensation merely because he might earn
more money if not for his injury.

This does not, however, mean that a finding of disability is pre-
cluded where post-injury earnings exceed pre-injury wages. Under
section 8(h), the ALJ must consider all relevant factors to determine
whether the worker's actual post-injury earnings fairly represent his
wage-earning capacity, including the effect of the worker's disability
as it extends into the future. 33 U.S.C.A. § 908(h) (West 1986 &
Supp. 1997). In some cases, post-injury wages exceed pre-injury earn-
ings because of inflation or because the worker is not receiving appro-
priate market wages, as in the case of a benevolent employer. In such
cases, a worker can still claim disability, and receive an ordinary
compensation award, based on the difference between his pre- and
post-injury wages.

A worker may also be presently disabled even where he suffers no
current loss of wage-earning if there is a "significant possibility" that
his injury will cause his wage-earning capacity to drop below his pre-
injury wages at some point in the future. See Rambo, 1997 WL at *8.
In such cases however, a claimant may receive only a nominal award
of benefits, subject to modification if his earning capacity changes
later. 

cites no evidence in this case suggesting that his actual earn-
ings do not reflect his real wage-earning capacity. Moreover, the ALJ
specifically considered the possibility of a nominal award, but found
that Smith presented "no evidence" that his wages were likely to
decline in the future. We find that substantial evidence supports the
ALJ's determination. See v. Washington Met. Area Transit Auth., 

, 380 (4th Cir. 1994) (discussing standard of review). The
only evidence Smith relies on to show future loss of capacity is Dr.
Brilliant's finding of a 30% impairment, and documents he submitted

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listing days that he allegedly has not worked due to his injury. Yet it
is clear that Smith has lost no income in relation to his pre-injury
wages despite these conditions. Moreover, we agree with the ALJ's
finding that the documents offered fail to prove that Smith did not
work because of his shoulder injury. Smith has, accordingly, failed to
establish entitlement to permanent partial disability benefits.

We therefore affirm the decision of the Board. We dispense with
oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately
presented in the materials before the court and argument would not
aid the decisional process.

AFFIRMED

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