UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

LARRY DOSWELL,
Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.                                                                       No. 94-6780

DAVE SMITH,
Defendant-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Virginia, at Roanoke.
James C. Turk, District Judge.
(CA-94-316-R)

Argued: December 1, 1997

Decided: March 13, 1998

Before WIDENER and MURNAGHAN, Circuit Judges, and
PHILLIPS, Senior Circuit Judge.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed in part, reversed in part, vacated and remanded by unpub-
lished opinion. Senior Judge Phillips wrote the opinion, in which
Judge Murnaghan joined. Judge Widener wrote a concurring opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Patrick M. Curran, Student Counsel, Appellate Litigation
Program, GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY LAW CENTER, Wash-
ington, D.C., for Appellant. Collin Jefferson Hite, Assistant Attorney
General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Richmond,
Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Steven H. Goldblatt, Director,
Mary L. Clark, Supervising Attorney, James M. Oleske, Student
Counsel, J. Christian Word, Student Counsel, Appellate Litigation
Program, GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY LAW CENTER, Wash-
ington, D.C., for Appellant. James S. Gilmore, III, Attorney General,
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Richmond, Virginia, for
Appellee.

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Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

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OPINION

PHILLIPS, Senior Circuit Judge:

Larry Doswell, a Virginia prison inmate, appeals from the judg-
ment of the district court dismissing on the merits his claims of viola-
tions of due process and free exercise rights by Virginia prison
officials in transferring him to a prison facility which did not provide
the kosher food required by his asserted religious belief. Because we
cannot discern the legal basis for the court's dismissal of the free
exercise claim, we vacate the judgment dismissing it and remand the
claim for reconsideration. Because we believe the due process claim
to be subsumed within and dependent upon the free exercise claim,
we decline to disturb its dismissal.

I.

Doswell is an inmate of the Virginia Department of Corrections
("VDOC"). Sometime in 1991, while incarcerated at Greensville Cor-
rectional Center ("Greensville"), Doswell decided to convert to the
Jewish faith. After he had informed prison officials of his religious
conversion, Doswell was transferred to Buckingham Correctional
Center ("Buckingham"), which at the time was the only correctional
institution in Virginia to offer kosher meals.1 Doswell received kosher
_________________________________________________________________
1 At oral argument, the State indicated that as part of state-wide reorga-
nization Augusta Correctional Center now serves kosher meals to

                    2
meals at Buckingham continuously until April 6, 1994, when he was
transferred to Augusta Correctional Center ("Augusta"), a move the
Commonwealth asserts was necessary after its discovery of a plot by
Doswell to kill two correctional officers at Buckingham.

Upon arriving at Augusta, Doswell was placed in segregated con-
finement. He was not informed of the reason for his transfer nor why
he was placed in segregated confinement. When informed that he
could not receive kosher meals at Augusta, Doswell refused to eat the
regular fare offered there but instead purchased prepackaged cheese,
crackers, and noodles from the prison commissary. After nearly a
month of this practice, Doswell filed this action pro se.

In the action Doswell sought a temporary restraining order enjoin-
ing the wardens at Augusta and Buckingham from holding him in
segregated confinement at Augusta, from denying him a kosher diet,
and challenged the transfer from Buckingham to Augusta.

Following some procedural preliminaries, the district court granted
in part and denied in part the Commonwealth's motion for summary
judgment. Construing Doswell's complaint to allege under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983 both a free exercise claim respecting the kosher diet denial and
a procedural due process claim respecting the transfer, the court
granted the motion to dismiss the procedural due process claim and
denied the motion to dismiss the free exercise claim on the basis that
there were as to that claim genuine issues of material fact. In dismiss-
ing the due process claim, the court concluded that Doswell's transfer
did not implicate a protected liberty or property interest under Vir-
ginia law and therefore the State was free to transfer Doswell without
providing either pre or post-deprivation procedures. See JA 100-01.

After a bench trial, the court then denied Doswell's free-exercise
claim. Relying on the basic principle that the Free Exercise Clause
_________________________________________________________________
inmates who demonstrate a sincerely held religious motivation. The State
continues to maintain, however, that Doswell is not entitled to kosher
meals at Augusta because he does not have a sincerely held religious
belief justifying his receipt of kosher meals. The State's continued
refusal to afford Doswell kosher meals prevents these recent develop-
ments from mooting Doswell's claims.

                    3
only protects the exercise of sincerely held religious beliefs, the court
concluded "that any personal belief that [Doswell] should keep
[k]osher is based primarily on a desire to eat food which has not been
prepared or otherwise touched by other inmates." JA 309. Since Dos-
well described himself as an Orthodox Jew, the court credited the tes-
timony of an ordained rabbi who (over objection from Doswell) stated
in deposition testimony that Doswell was not an Orthodox Jew.
Because Doswell was not born Jewish and because he had not under-
gone the extensive and formalized process required for conversion,
Doswell had not satisfied the requirements of the Orthodox faith.
Doswell's deposition testimony also demonstrated, in the court's
view, a limited understanding of his self-proclaimed religious faith.
Doswell knew little if anything of Jewish holidays, customs, or prac-
tices and did not understand the difference between the various
branches of the Jewish faith. In addition, Doswell demonstrated a lim-
ited understanding of what constitutes "kosher" food, appearing erro-
neously to believe that kosher food must be prayed over. At no time
had Doswell consulted with a Jewish rabbi to better inform himself.

On the basis of this evidence, the district court found that Dos-
well's stated preference for kosher food was not religiously motivated
but was instead based on a secular desire for clean food not prepared
by other prisoners. Although the court did "not question the sincerity
of Doswell's belief that he is a Jew or his desire to follow the tenets
of that faith," the court found that Doswell's belief that "Judaism
requires him to keep [k]osher [was] mistaken." JA 309. On these find-
ings, the court concluded that Doswell had failed to prove the exis-
tence of a protected free exercise right and dismissed the claim on that
basis. This appeal followed.

II.

Doswell challenges both the district court's dismissal by summary
judgment of his due process claim and the dismissal following bench
trial of his free exercise claim.2
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2 At the time briefs in this appeal were filed, Doswell also contended
that his allegations should be interpreted as raising a claim under the
Religious Freedom Restoration Act. The Supreme Court's decision in
City of Boerne v. Flores, 

(1997), striking down that Act
makes consideration of this claim unnecessary.

                    4
A.

We take first the free exercise claim.

In evaluating it, we begin with the basic principle that "[p]rison
walls do not form a barrier separating prison inmates from the protec-
tions of the Constitution." Turner v. Safley , 

, 84 (1987).
In particular, imprisonment does not completely abrogate a prisoner's
right to a free exercise of his religion. See O'Lone v. Estate of
Shabazz, 

, 348-49 (1987). But, "[l]awful incarceration
brings about the necessary withdrawal or limitation of many privi-
leges and rights, a retraction justified by the considerations underlying
our penal system." Price v. Johnston, 

, 285 (1948). For
that reason, "when a prison regulation impinges on inmates' constitu-
tional rights, the regulation is valid if it is reasonably related to legiti-
mate penological interests." 

. Here, the district
court dismissed the claim on the basis that Doswell had failed to
prove the existence of the protected free exercise right claimed, and
so did not reach the question whether there might be penological jus-
tification for infringing upon it. The only issue before us, therefore,
is whether the court erred in concluding that no free exercise right had
been proved to exist, that is, whether the evidence failed to show that
Doswell's asserted belief that he should observe kosher dietary laws
was a belief "sincerely held and . . . in [his] own scheme of things,
religious." United States v. Seeger, 

, 185 (1965).

Certain established principles for evaluating the sincerity and reli-
gious basis for a purported belief are of particular relevance to this
claim as it comes to us. It is well-settled that"religious beliefs need
not be acceptable, logical, consistent, or comprehensible to others in
order to merit First Amendment protection." Thomas v. Review Bd.
Ind. Empl. Sec. Div., 

, 714 (1981). Adherents "may not
be put to the proof of their religious doctrines or beliefs. Religious
experiences which are as real as life to some may be incomprehensi-
ble to others." United States v. Ballard, 

, 86 (1944).

Here, the district court did "not question the sincerity of Doswell's
belief that he is a Jew or his desire to follow the tenets of that faith,"
JA 309, but, on our reading of the court's opinion, concluded that any
belief that this required him to observe a kosher diet was secular as

                      5
opposed to religious in nature. Several statements in the district
court's opinion lead us to this conclusion. The court observed that
"individual practices not based in sincere, religious beliefs are not
protected . . . ." 

in original). And, that "the court
cannot find that Doswell's belief that he must practice a [k]osher diet
is based on a religious belief." 

one's beliefs and practices are religiously motivated is of
course a difficult question for courts of law to decide. In deciding it,
they must take care to "avoid any predisposition toward conventional
religions so that unfamiliar faiths are not branded mere secular
beliefs." Africa v. Com. of Pa., 

, 1031 (3d Cir. 1981).
But the inquiry, however difficult, is necessary, for while "the very
concept of ordered liberty precludes allowing every person to make
his own standards on matters of conduct in which society as a whole
has important interests," Wisconsin v. Yoder , 

, 215-16
(1972), the Free Exercise Clause protects those beliefs that are "reli-
gious" and sincerely held.

The inquiry is of course particularly difficult when the asserted
belief is a new or exotic one outside the mainstream of traditional,
clearly established, religious beliefs held and practiced in the society.
See, e.g. 

(assessing whether a locally
practiced belief system called MOVE was religious in nature);
Gallahan v. Hollyfield, 

(4th Cir. 1982) (concluding
that Native-American's belief that his hair was a"sense organ" was
a protected religious belief under the First Amendment).

The belief asserted here, that as one professing the Jewish faith,
Doswell was under obligation to observe kosher dietary laws, is not
of such an exotic character. It involves a practice indisputably integral
to that religious faith as traditionally practiced for millennia. That the
practitioner's understanding of the origins, exact contours, or reasons
for that particular practice may be mistaken, or incomplete, or at seri-
ous odds with the understanding of others holding the belief, includ-
ing even those most expert by education or experience in interpreting
its true nature, is beside the point. See 

(observing that "the guarantee of free exercise is not limited to beliefs
which are shared by all of the members of a religious sect"); Dettmer
v. Landon, 

, 932 (4th Cir. 1986) ("The Supreme Court

                     6
has recognized that differing beliefs and practices are not uncommon
among followers of a particular creed.") (citation omitted).

To the extent therefore that the district court rested its decision
solely on the basis that Doswell's belief "that Judaism require[d] him
to keep [k]osher, [was] mistaken," the district court strayed from the
proper judicial path in assessing whether a professed belief is or is not
religious in nature. For though the sincerity of a professed religious
belief may surely be questioned, its "validity" as a religious belief
may not be questioned on the basis that the holder does not under-
stand its true nature. See 

. If this was the legal
basis for the court's decision, the decision would therefore be legally
flawed and could not stand.

But, that this was the legal basis is not sufficiently clear from the
total context of the court's opinion to provide a confident basis for
declaring it error requiring reversal. Two other possible views that
can as plausibly be deduced as the basis for the court's decision
require attention. They relate to the "sincerity" prong of the free exer-
cise inquiry, specifically to the court's observation that while the
court did "not question [hence found?] the sincerity of Doswell's
belief that he is a Jew or his desire to follow the tenets of that faith",
it nevertheless concluded that his belief that "Judaism requires him to
keep [k]osher is mistaken." JA 309. This might indicate two quite dif-
ferent views of how the sincerity of belief requirement applied here.

One would be that the assumed (or found) sincerity of Doswell's
religious belief extended only to a general acceptance of Judaism and
its tenets but not specifically to the practice of kosher as one of its
tenets--again because of Doswell's mistaken understanding of that
particular tenet. That is to say, that a belief indisputably "religious"
in nature could not be one sincerely held by one who was mistaken
in his understanding of its exact nature. That is no more acceptable
than is the closely-related view above discussed that one ignorant of
the true meaning of a particular religious tenet could not therefore
hold it as a "religious" belief. To the extent this was the basis of the
court's ultimate determination, it also would be legal error. But,
again, we cannot be confident enough that it was the basis for the
court's decision to reverse the judgment on that ground.

                     7
There remains one other equally plausible basis for the court's
decision that must be taken into account. This would be the view that
though Doswell's belief that he must keep kosher was sincerely held,
the reason for the sincerely held belief was the purely secular one of
personal hygiene and sanitation and not because it was "rooted in
[his] religion." 

. That is suggested by the
court's express finding that the belief was "based primarily on a
desire to eat food which has not been prepared or touched by other
inmates," JA 309, and the complementary statement that "the court
cannot find that [the belief] is based on a religious belief." 

properly reflect a recognition that the
same belief may be sincerely held by some as a religious belief and
as sincerely held by others as a simple matter of secular preference;
that the proper free exercise inquiry is therefore whether a belief is
sincerely held as a religious belief; and that this will sometimes
require distinguishing between the two as possible grounds for a par-
ticular sincerely held belief. If so, the view reflected comports with
settled free exercise doctrine and could properly have informed the
district court's factual assessment. See, e.g., Frazee v. Illinois
Employment Security Dept., 

, 833 (1989) (recognizing,
in determining whether work-free Sabbath belief,"however sincere,"
was protected, "the difficulty of distinguishing between religious and
secular convictions and in determining whether a professed belief is
sincerely held"). But, again, it is not clear from all that was said that
this was the view actually applied.

In sum, we see in the district court's opinion three possible alterna-
tive understandings of the applicable free exercise principles that may
have provided the legal framework for the court's final decision.
Whichever was the view actually held, it necessarily informed the
court's ultimate factual finding that Doswell's asserted belief was not
a sincerely held religious one. Either of two, if the basis for decision,
would have involved legal misapprehensions fatally tainting the ulti-
mate decision: (1) that Doswell's particular belief was not a "reli-
gious" one because it was at odds with a proper understanding of its
true nature, or (2) that it was not a "sincerely held" one because "mis-
taken" as to its true nature. The third, that the belief, though sincerely
held was sincerely held not as a religious belief but for purely secular

                     8
reasons, comports with free exercise doctrine and would have pro-
vided a proper legal framework for the court's factual assessment.

In this circumstance, we conclude that we must vacate the judg-
ment dismissing this claim and remand it for reconsideration in light
of this opinion. Vacatur and remand is required because we cannot
know what the district court's dispositive factual findings would be
if made under the proper legal framework, or whether, when so made,
those findings would be supported by the evidence.

Within that framework, the proper inquiry is narrowly whether
Doswell's asserted belief that he should observe a kosher diet is sin-
cerely held as a religious belief or only for purely secular reasons.
That he may be ignorant or mistaken as to the true nature of this belief
as it is understood by others is irrelevant to whether his particular
belief is "religious" or to whether he holds it "sincerely." Such igno-
rance or mistake as might be found would be relevant only to the
issue whether for him it was sincerely held as a religious belief. And,
on that issue, an adverse determination could only be based on a
mediate finding that in asserting the belief Doswell was deliberately
misrepresenting its true basis in his belief system. 3

B.

Challenging the district court's dismissal of the procedural due pro-
cess claim by summary judgment, Doswell contends that although
under Meachum v. Fano, 

(1976), procedural due pro-
cess protections were not triggered merely by his transfer within the
prison system, they were triggered by the impact had upon the liberty
interests implicated in the Free Exercise Clause. See Williams v. Lane,

, 880 (7th Cir. 1988).
_________________________________________________________________

3 Resolution of that issue in Doswell's favor would not of course end
the matter. The claim might yet be defeated by the Commonwealth's
defense of penological justification for the transfer that allegedly
impinged on the free exercise right. See Turner , 482 U.S. at 89. That
potential issue has not been addressed by the district court and we
express no opinion upon it.

                    9
We have concluded that we should consider this claim to be essen-
tially subsumed within the remanded free exercise claim, and decline
therefore to disturb the district court's disposition. So far as we can
see, assuming without deciding the viability of Doswell's legal the-
ory, success on this claim directly depends upon success on the free
exercise claim. If the latter claim fails, so must the due process claim
under Doswell's theory. If the free exercise claim were to succeed, we
can think of no further remedy for violation of the related due process
claim than would be provided on the free exercise claim.

III.

Accordingly, we vacate the judgment dismissing the free exercise
claim and remand it for further proceedings consistent with this opin-
ion. We affirm dismissal of the procedural due process claim.

SO ORDERED

WIDENER, Circuit Judge, concurring:

If the district court on remand finds it to be clear that the belief of
Doswell which has prompted his objection to a diet other than kosher
occupies the same place in his life as the belief in a kosher diet holds
in the lives of Orthodox Jews, and the same is sincerely held, then he
is entitled to the kosher diet, unless there is some other reason the
Commonwealth need not supply it. See Seeger, 

at 176
and 187.

On that basis, I concur in the majority opinion.

                    10