UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

CELLCO PARTNERSHIP, d/b/a Bell
Atlantic Mobile,
Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

EDWIN RUSSELL, Chairperson; BILL
EDWARDS, GROVER LEE BRADSHAW;
                                                                 No. 98-2123
ROBERT FORGA; JACK RICE, as and
constituting the Haywood County
Board of Commissioners; KRIS
BOYD, as County Planner; BRUCE
CRAWFORD, as Building Inspector,
HAYWOOD COUNTY,
Defendants-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of North Carolina, at Asheville.
Lacy H. Thornburg, District Judge.
(CA-98-23-1-T)

Argued: April 7, 1999

Decided: July 30, 1999

Before WIDENER, MURNAGHAN, and WILKINS, Circuit Judges.

_________________________________________________________________

Vacated and remanded by unpublished per curiam opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Stephen Mark Tuller, CELLCO PARTNERSHIP, Bed-
minster, New Jersey, for Appellant. Alison Raney Bost, WOMBLE,
CARLYLE, SANDRIDGE & RICE, P.L.L.C., Winston-Salem, North
Carolina, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Alison Brotman, J. Vann Vogel,
CELLCO PARTNERSHIP, Bedminster, New Jersey; R. Hewitt Pate,
John S. Martin, HUNTON & WILLIAMS, Richmond, Virginia;
Christopher G. Browning, Jr., HUNTON & WILLIAMS, Raleigh,
North Carolina; Ruth B. Rosenberg, NIXON, HARGRAVE,
DEVANS & DOYLE, L.L.P., Washington, D.C., for Appellant.
James R. Morgan, WOMBLE, CARLYLE, SANDRIDGE & RICE,
P.L.L.C., Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Larry T. Reida, KILLIAN,
KERSTEN & PATTON, P.A., Waynesville, North Carolina, for
Appellees.

_________________________________________________________________

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Cellco Partnership, d/b/a Bell Atlantic Mobile ("BAM"), appeals
from the district court's grant of summary judgment to Haywood
County, North Carolina and the individual members of the county's
Board of Commissioners ("County"). BAM contends that the coun-
ty's moratorium on the issuing of permits to construct wireless com-
munication towers throughout the county violated the Telecommuni-
cations Act of 1996 (TCA) because it had the effect of prohibiting
wireless communications service in the county. For its part, the
county contends that the moratorium was valid, and was reasonably
necessary to permit it to study the effect of erecting the towers on the
safety of county residents and the aesthetic aspects of county land.
Finding that BAM's claims against the moratorium are moot and its
claims against the ordinance are not ripe, we vacate and remand the
case to the district court with instructions to dismiss.

                     2
I.

Haywood County, a mountainous area in western North Carolina,
is known for its beautiful natural landscape.1 Currently, it is home to
three wireless towers like those at issue here. BAM constructed two
of those towers in 1997, and intended to apply for permission to con-
struct four more. At the time BAM constructed the towers, the county
had no zoning restrictions.

Aware that BAM desired to construct several more towers in the
county, the Haywood County Board of Commissioners enacted a
moratorium on June 16, 1997. As a result, no permits could issue to
developers seeking to construct wireless telecommunications towers.
By its terms, the moratorium was effective for the shorter of a one
year period or the time it took to enact a zoning plan.

County officials focused their attention on enacting a zoning plan
that would balance the needs of county residents with those of wire-
less telecommunications services providers. To that end, the county
held several meetings. BAM not only was allowed to participate in
those meetings, but also was asked to provide technical assistance to
county leaders throughout the summer so that the county might better
understand the issues involved.

BAM applied for building permits to build four new towers in late
January 1998. At that time, the ordinance had not yet been enacted.
Because the moratorium was still in effect, county planner Kris Boyd
and building inspector Bruce Crawford told BAM's representative,
Jane McNairy, that no permits would be issued. Instead, they stated,
the county would keep the applications and review them under the
new ordinance when it became effective.

On February 6, 1998, less than two weeks later, BAM filed suit in
district court challenging the moratorium's validity under the Tele-
communications Act of 1996, 47 U.S.C. § 332 (1996) ("TCA"). BAM
attempted to avail itself of an expedited review provision of the TCA
_________________________________________________________________
1 Indeed, the county notes that travel and tourism expenditures in the
County amounted to $54.4 million in 1988, a 133 percent increase over
1980.

                    3
permitting suits to be filed within thirty days of a denial of or failure
to act on an application that violates the TCA. See 47 U.S.C.
§ 332(c)(7)(B)(v).

On February 23, 1998, slightly more than two weeks after BAM
filed suit, the county enacted its zoning ordinance ("ordinance"). The
ordinance is a comprehensive zoning plan designed to regulate the
location and structure of wireless telecommunications towers. The
ordinance is designed not only to reflect the safety concerns of county
officials, but also to preserve to the extent possible the beauty of the
natural landscape in the county. The TCA specifically leaves to local
governments decisions regarding "placement, construction and modi-
fication" of the wireless telecommunication towers, subject to some
exceptions. 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(A).

BAM amended its complaint to challenge the new ordinance as
well. It contended that, like the moratorium, the ordinance had the
"effect of prohibiting wireless services." 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B)
(i)(II). BAM particularly noted provisions of the ordinance that tend
to make production and maintenance of the towers more costly and
difficult, and increase the possibility that the towers will need sub-
stantial alterations in the future.

In the meantime, the county began to analyze BAM's applications
under the new ordinance. Indeed, Boyd wrote BAM and requested
additional information regarding the application. BAM never com-
plied with -- or even responded to -- the county's request. Rather,
it maintained that the ordinance violated the TCA.

After hearing argument, the district court granted summary judg-
ment to the county with respect to BAM's challenge to the morato-
rium, and dismissed its challenge to the ordinance as unripe. BAM
now appeals.

II.

BAM first contends that the moratorium violated the TCA by
effectively prohibiting the provision of wireless services. It equates
the county's delay in approving the permits to a denial.2 Thus, it con-
_________________________________________________________________
2 BAM also contends that the county denied its permit applications and
that the moratorium unreasonably delayed the county's processing of its
applications. We reject those arguments for the reasons stated below.

                     4
tends that summary judgment was improperly granted to the county.
Decisions to grant motions of summary judgment are reviewed de
novo. See Henson v. Liggett Grp., Inc., 

, 274 (4th Cir.
1995).

Although the TCA leaves most zoning issues to the states and
localities, it does impose some limitations on those governments'
abilities to deny applications for the provision of wireless services.
One of the restrictions that the TCA places on a state or local govern-
ment's authority is that government action may not"prohibit or have
the effect of prohibiting the provision of personal wireless services."
47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B)(i)(II). We have understood this language to
apply to general bans on the provision of services. See AT&T Wireless
PCS v. City Council of Virginia Beach, 

, 428 (4th Cir.
1998). BAM contends that the moratorium was such a general ban.

However, we need not reach that question. Because the moratorium
is no longer in effect, BAM's challenge to it is moot. We are charged
with adjudicating cases and controversies only, and have no jurisdic-
tion to hear cases in which there no longer is a live controversy. See
Lewis v. Continental Bank Corp., 

, 477 (1990). A contro-
versy must be live not only at the time the complaint is filed, but also
throughout the litigation at both the trial and appellate levels. See id.;
Bahnmiller v. Derwinski, 

, 1088 (4th Cir. 1991). Claims
unable to meet that requirement generally are dismissed. See
Maryland Highway Contractors v. State of Maryland , 

,
1250 (4th Cir. 1991).

Two weeks after BAM filed the instant action, the county passed
the new ordinance. By its terms, the moratorium expired in favor of
that ordinance. The new ordinance now governs the application pro-
cess. Indeed, the county still awaits a response from BAM to its
requests for more information. Because the moratorium no longer
bars approval of BAM's permit applications, BAM's challenge to the
moratorium is no longer a live controversy.

Moreover, while it is a close question, BAM's claim is not one that
is "capable of repetition but evading review." See Southern Pac. Ter-
minal Co. v. ICC, 

, 514-15 (1911). A litigant establishes
that a matter is "capable of repetition but evading review," and thus

                     5
not moot, if it demonstrates that: (1) the matter is of a type that will
not last long enough to afford an opportunity for full litigation; and
(2) there is a "reasonable expectation" that it will be subject to the
same action in the future. 

.

Because BAM's ability to meet the first part of the test depends on
its likelihood of facing the moratorium again, we discuss the second
part of the test first. BAM's "reasonable expectation" that the morato-
rium will be reinstituted, and thus its ability to show that the morato-
rium is too short to afford full judicial review, rests on the assumption
that ordinance is likely to be invalidated. That is an assumption that
we are not prepared to make on this record. There is no reason to pre-
suppose that any section of the new ordinance will be declared
invalid. Congress specifically reaffirmed the authority of state and
local governments to regulate the "placement, construction and modi-
fication of personal wireless services." 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(A).

The county enacted its ordinance pursuant to the TCA's grant of
power. The ordinance, at least on its face, does not violate the TCA.
The ordinance does not limit the number of towers that can be built
in Haywood County, or even where those towers can be built. It
merely makes the construction and maintenance of the towers more
difficult than before, when there were no regulations at all. Since it
has never been applied, we do not know whether the new ordinance
will prohibit, or have the effect of prohibiting, the provision of wire-
less services. See section III, infra . Because BAM cannot establish
that it has a reasonable expectation of being subjected to another mor-
atorium, the moratorium's short duration does not make BAM's
claims ones that are "capable of repetition but evading review."3
Southern Pac. Terminal 

. As a result, BAM's
claims are moot.
_________________________________________________________________

3 The new moratorium would be effective for only six months, which
is approximately 181-184 days. Such a short period of time almost cer-
tainly is insufficient to provide full appellate review for the litigants. Cf.
Roe v. Wade, 

, 125 (1973) (stating that the "266-day human
gestation period" is not long enough to provide a litigant with full appel-
late review).

                     6
III.

BAM's challenge to the ordinance does not fare any better. BAM
challenges several provisions of the ordinance as violating the TCA.
However, that challenge fails because it is unripe.

As stated above, we do not have the power to hear matters that are
not "cases and controversies." 

. Federal courts
must always be mindful of their obligation to avoid rendering advi-
sory opinions. See Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Haworth, 

, 240-
41 (1937). While we need not necessarily wait until a threatened
injury actually materializes, there must be a sufficiently concrete con-
troversy to justify our jurisdiction. See Arch Mineral Corp. v. Babbitt,

, 665 (4th Cir. 1997). More specifically, we have held
that where the plaintiff has not yet been injured by the governmental
act about which it complains, review is precluded by the ripeness doc-
trine. See Gasner v. Board of Super's of County of Dinwiddie, Va.,

, 361 (4th Cir. 1996).

In determining whether a claim is ripe for adjudication, we gener-
ally consider two major factors: (1) the extent to which the claim is
fit for adjudication; and (2) the hardship to the parties. See Abbot
Labs. v. Gardner, 

, 149 (1967), overruled on other
grounds, Califano v. Sanders, 

, 105 (1977); Arch Mineral

. We determine whether a claim is fit for adju-
dication by examining whether the question presented is a "purely
legal one[ ] and whether the agency rule or action giving rise to the
controversy is final and not dependent upon future uncertainties or
intervening agency rulings." Charter Fed. Sav. Bank v. Office of
Thrift Supervision, 

, 208 (4th Cir. 1992).

Here, there is some future uncertainty with respect to the county's
response to BAM's applications. Initially, we note two things. First,
as stated above, nothing in the TCA expressly bars any of the provi-
sions of the ordinance. BAM seems to admit as much, as it does not
(and cannot) argue that the county is expressly prohibited from enact-
ing the ordinance or from placing restrictions on the height or other
aspects of the towers. Rather, it argues that the provisions of the ordi-
nance tend to make the construction and maintenance of the towers

                     7
so costly and burdensome that it either prohibits or has the effect of
prohibiting the provision of wireless services in the county.

Second, the county has not denied or threatened to deny BAM's
applications. The reason that BAM's applications have not been acted
upon is that, to date, BAM has not complied with the county's request
for additional information. Its permit applications remain incomplete
and in the county's possession. The county has patiently retained the
applications and has indicated that it considers them pending, not
abandoned or denied.

Bearing those facts in mind, we conclude that further factual devel-
opment is needed to determine whether the county's measures pro-
hibit or have the effect of prohibiting the provision of wireless
services. The ordinance has not been applied to any applications.
Although BAM asserts that it does not intend to submit an application
that complies with the ordinance's requirements, we are unable to
determine how the county will respond. As stated above, variances,
while intended to be rare, may be granted under certain circum-
stances.

For example, BAM, which appears convinced that the only viable
way to service towers is to place climbing devices on them, may well
be able to convince the county of that view and obtain a variance
from the general prohibition of those devices. Alternatively, some
other wireless service provider may not find that the use of cranes sig-
nificantly interferes with its ability to service its towers. In either
event, the ordinance would not have had the "effect of prohibiting the
provision of personal wireless services." 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B)
(i)(II).

Another example is the county's discretionary authority under the
ordinance to require wireless services providers to comply with laws
enacted after they have constructed their towers. Because the ordi-
nance has never been applied to any wireless services provider, we do
not have any insight into how the county might use its discretion. It
may require compliance with minor laws but exempt older towers
from laws that would require major renovations and expense. It may
not. Without any track record to guide us, we cannot be sure whether
a particular exercise of that authority violates the TCA. The wiser

                    8
course, then, is to allow the county the opportunity to act on the appli-
cations.

Moreover, BAM would not be subject to great hardship if we
declined to hear its claim now. Its only hardship would be to respond
to the county's requests for additional information regarding the con-
struction and placement of its proposed towers. If BAM were to do
so, perhaps we could glean some insight into what the county might
do. On the other hand, the county would be harmed if we decided the
case now. A decision on the merits of the ordinance before it is
applied would prematurely deprive the county of the opportunity to
regulate the construction and placement of towers within its borders
in a manner consistent with the TCA.

The cases BAM cites do not persuade us, either. For example, in
McKenzie v. City of White Hall, 

, 315 (8th Cir. 1997),
the city essentially attempted to extort land from the plaintiffs by
refusing to grant them building permits until they capitulated to the
city's requests. See 

the city's interest in the plain-
tiffs' land and threats to frustrate the plaintiffs' plans for their land
sufficiently diminished the value in the plaintiffs' land to create a case
or controversy under Article III. See 

case BAM
cites, Santa Rosa Band of Indians v. Kings County, 

, 657
n.1 (9th Cir. 1975), limited the rule to zoning ordinances affecting
residential areas. See 

inappropriate behavior
on the county's part nor a residential zoning ordinance is at issue
here. What we are left with, then, is an "allegation of possible future
injury [that] does not satisfy the requirements of Article III of the
Constitution." 

. Therefore, the district court
properly dismissed BAM's claims against the ordinance as unripe.

Because BAM's claims as to the moratorium are moot and its
claims as to the ordinance are not ripe, we remand the claim to the
district court with the instructions to dismiss.

VACATED AND REMANDED

                     9