The Civilian doctrine of compensation, codified in Louisiana as article 1893 of the Civil Code, provides, as a general rule, that when two persons owe each other reciprocal obligations payable in money (or quantities of fungible things identical in kind), and these sums (or quantities) are liquidated and presently due, both obligations are extinguished by operation of law to the extent of the lesser amount. If compensation applies in this case, then when the district court simultaneously rendered partially offsetting money judgments ---- the first in favor of Plaintiff-Appellee Worldwide Remediation, Inc. ("Worldwide") against Defendant-Appellee Petroleum Helicopters, Inc. ("PHI") for $32,200, and the second in favor of PHI on its counterclaim against Worldwide for $437,836 ---- PHI's $32,200 debt to Worldwide would be extinguished and Worldwide's $437,836 debt to PHI would be reduced by $32,200 to $405,636. We conclude that compensation is applicable under these circumstances.

Nevertheless, compensation cannot take place if its application would prejudice "rights previously acquired by third parties."1 This case turns, then, on whether, as a matter of law, any rights of the Intervenor-Plaintiff-Appellant, the law firm of Onebane, Bernard, Torian, Diaz, McNamara & Abell ("Onebane"), in the judgment rendered in favor of Worldwide, its former client, were acquired prior to the existence of that judgment, thereby precludingthat compensation. Convinced that any right of Onebane in that judgment was not previously acquired, we hold that the reciprocal judgment debts of Worldwide and PHI were extinguished by compensation to the extent of Worldwide's judgment, and affirm the ruling of the district court to that effect.

PHI entered into a contract with Worldwide, obligating Worldwide to perform waste remediation services at PHI's helicopter base site in Vermilion Parish, Louisiana. After PHI ordered Worldwide to stop performing work under the contract, Worldwide hired Onebane to file suit in district court against PHI for breach of contract. The gravamen of Worldwide's complaint was that PHI had prematurely terminated the contract and was liable for the loss suffered by Worldwide as a result of PHI's actions. PHI answered Worldwide's suit and filed a counterclaim asserting, in essence, that Worldwide had not performed the contract in a workmanlike fashion and was therefore obligated to refund all payments that PHI had made to Worldwide under the contract.

After the suit had been pending for over six months, Worldwide terminated its relationship with Onebane and engaged another law firm, Perret, Doise ("Perret"), to prosecute the suit against PHI. Onebane repeatedly asked Worldwide to pay for the legal services that it had rendered. When these demands proved to be ineffectual, the court permitted Onebane to intervene in the Worldwide-PHI lawsuit to assert a special privilege, pursuant to La. Rev. Stat. § 9:5001, on any judgment that might be rendered in favor of Worldwide.

After a bench trial, the district court ruled that (1) PHI had not remunerated Worldwide for demurrage and equipment rental, the combined value of which was $32,200, and (2) Worldwide had not performed work under the contract satisfactorily, as a result of which Worldwide was obligated to return the $437,836 that PHI had paid for Worldwide's services.

After the court issued its ruling, Onebane, PHI, and Perret filed post-trial motions regarding the propriety of setting off the $32,200 judgment that PHI owed to Worldwide against the $437,836 judgment that Worldwide owed to PHI. Both PHI and Perret urged that the reciprocal obligations of PHI and Worldwide should be set off to the extent of the lesser sum, leaving Worldwide with an obligation to pay PHI the difference of $405,636. Onebane countered that its previously acquired right to collect its fee from the judgment in Worldwide's favor would be prejudiced if the judgments were offset, thereby pretermitting compensation and requiring Worldwide and PHI to pay each other.

Relying in the alternative on the Civilian doctrines of confusion and compensation, the district court entered a clarification of judgment, explaining that the reciprocal obligations of PHI and Worldwide were extinguished by operation of law to the extent of the smaller obligation. The court rejected Onebane's contention that its rights, as the holder of a special privilege for attorneys' fees on any judgment rendered in Worldwide's favor, were previously acquired and would be prejudiced by allowing the offset, thereby preventing application of compensation. The court concluded that when it rendered the judgments simultaneously, the offset occurred ipso facto, so that there was no judgment in Worldwide's favor to which Onebane's attorneys' fee privilege could attach. Onebane timely appealed.2

Jurisdiction in the district court wasbased on diversity of citizenship.3 We have appellate jurisdiction over final judgments of the district courts pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. The relevant facts are not disputed; and this appeal presents but a single question of law which, we review de novo.4

Article 1903 of the Louisiana Civil Code states that "[w]hen the qualities of obligee and obligor are united in the same person, the obligation is extinguished by confusion."5 When, for example, a son borrows money from his father, making the son the obligor and his father the obligee, and, thereafter, while the debt remains unpaid, the father dies and the son as heir or legatee succeeds to his father's rights as obligor, the son becomes both obligor and obligee as to that debt by operation of law, extinguishing the debt by confusion. Note that, in this example, there is only one obligation, and the status of both the father (obligor) and of his son (obligee) relate to that solitary obligation.

Not so in the instant case. When the district court rendered judgment, Worldwide and PHI were both obligor and obligee of each other, but neither party was both obligor and obligee with respect to any one obligation. Rather, for both parties, the status of obligor related to one obligation and that of obligee to another. As Civilian scholars have explained, in such a situation the doctrine of compensation might apply, but confusion cannot because "in the case of confusion there is only one credit to extinguish."6 This conclusion squares with the language of article 1903, which makes reference to a singular obligation. We hold, therefore, that the doctrine confusion is inapplicable.

In what has been referred to as more of a description than a definition,7 the Louisiana Civil Code sets forth the general rule of compensation as follows:

Art. 1893. Compensation extinguishes obligations

Compensation takes place by operation of law when two persons owe to each other sums of money or quantities of fungible things identical in kind, and these sums or quantities are liquidated and presently due.

In such a case, compensation extinguishes both obligations to the extent of the lesser amount. . . .

In this case, Worldwide and PHI each owed the other a sum certain which became liquidated and presently due, at the very latest, when the court rendered the partially offsetting judgments. If Article 1893 applies, then by operation of law the reciprocal judgments would be extinguished to the extent of the smaller one, i.e., Worldwide's $32,200 judgment against PHI, at the moment they were rendered.

Onebane nevertheless insists that compensation cannot occur here. Its argument rests on article 1899 of the Civil Code, which provides that compensation cannot take place when its application would prejudice "rights previously acquired by third parties."8 Onebane reasonsthat when it intervened and asserted its right to be paid the liquidated amount of its attorneys' fees, it acquired a vested right in any judgment its former client might eventually obtain in that lawsuit. Given both the general rule of compensation in article 1893 and the exception to that rule in article 1899, we arrive at the decisive issue in this appeal: whether Onebane holds a previously acquired right in one of the offsetting obligations, precluding compensation.

Onebane advances that its right ---- more accurately, its "special privilege" ---- to have its attorneys' fees paid from the $32,200 judgment rendered in Worldwide's favor is a right conferred by statute. Specifically, Onebane cites to § 5001 of the Civil Code Ancillaries, La. Rev. Stat. § 9:5001:

§ 5001. Privilege for fees

A. A special privilege is hereby granted to attorneys at law for the amount of their professional fees on all judgments obtained by them, and on the property recovered thereby, either as plaintiff or defendant, to take rank as a first privilege thereon.

Onebane maintains that its privilege was "a legally perfected" interest prior to the time that the judgment was rendered in the principal litigation and that it had "vested rights" in any judgment thereafter rendered in favor of its former client. A critical examination of the relevant statute and jurisprudence reveals, however, that Onebane's "right" in the judgment was at best inchoate; there was nothing to which its privilege could attach until a judgment was rendered in Worldwide's favor. Prior to that time, Onebane's only interest was a mere expectancy, which would not vest at all unless Worldwide obtained a judgment; it could not ripen into a "legally perfected" right unless a judgment were actually rendered in favor of Worldwide, and then only when that judgment was rendered. Before that, Worldwide had only a cause of action, and alone that will not support the statutory privilege. Only when, as a novation, the claim is transformed into a judgment is there anything to which the privilege can attach. Onebane has cited us no authority for the special privilege to relate back, nunc pro tunc, to any occurrence prior to the judgment, and we have found none on our own.

The plain language of § 9:5001 compels this conclusion, granting a privilege in "judgments" only. The jurisprudence construing § 9:5001 and its predecessors uniformly holds that no statutory privilege arises on a judgment not yet in existence,10 and that "extend[ing] the scope and effect of the statute in order to recognize a lien not embraced in its terms" would be inappropriate.11

At the earliest, Onebane's special privilege attached to the judgment in Worldwide's favor at the moment it was rendered by the district court. No later thanat that very instant liquidated and presently due reciprocal money obligations existed between Worldwide and PHI.12 Consequently, Onebane's "right" was not one that had been previously acquired ---- at best, Onebane's right came into existence simultaneously with the offsetting judgments which themselves were susceptible of extinction by compensation.13

We hold that Onebane acquired no right in its former client's judgment prior to the rendering of the judgments in favor of Worldwide and PHI, and that the judgment in favor of that former client, Worldwide, was extinguished by compensation at a time when Onebane did not have a previously acquired privilege in and to that judgment.

For the forgoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is