KEVIN GROSS, Bankruptcy Judge.
The Court is ruling on the Amended Motion of Los Angeles Dodgers LLC to Approve Marketing Procedures for Licensing of Telecast Rights (the "Amended Motion") (D.I. 783). The Amended Motion has the support of the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors (the "Committee"). The sole objector is FOX Sports Net West 2, LLC ("FOX"), whose telecast rights are the subject of the Amended Motion. The ruling follows an evidentiary hearing on December 7-8, 2011, at which the Court heard expert testimony and argument. The Court entered its Order on December 13, 2011, indicating the opinion would follow. The Court would prefer a lengthier opinion, but the parties need and are entitled to a prompt ruling. The Court must issue its ruling now to provide the Debtors with meaningful relief to which the Court finds they are entitled, and to enable FOX to proceed with the appeal it has commenced.
One of the jewels of the sports world, the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team (the "Dodgers" or the "Team"), filed for bankruptcy on June 27, 2011 (the "Petition Date") on the ground that it was unable to meet its current obligations, including the payroll of the Team.
The case began with an intense contest over debtor in possession financing. For purposes of this opinion, it is sufficient to summarize that dispute. Debtors had arranged with Highbridge Capital for financing, which the Commissioner d/b/a Major League Baseball ("MLB") opposed. Debtors, in turn, opposed the offer from MLB to provide the needed funding because of its distrust of the Commissioner who made it clear that he wanted a sale of the Dodgers with the result that Mr. McCourt would no longer be associated with baseball. Ultimately, after the Court denied the financing from Highbridge Capital, the Debtors and MLB agreed upon MLB's financing on more favorable terms.
On September 16, 2011, Debtors filed an earlier version of a telecast rights motion seeking the Court's approval of the marketing and sale procedures for the post-2013 telecast rights. FOX then joined the fray, bringing an adversary proceeding against Debtors and joining with MLB in an effort to compel the sale of the Dodgers.
As the parties became ever more entrenched in what the Court could see would become a protracted, expensive and non-productive struggle over the control of the Dodgers, the Court determined that mediation was essential for the benefit of Debtors' estate. The Court was also mindful that a negotiated business settlement could benefit MLB. The Court turned to recently retired United States District Court Judge Joseph J. Farnan, Jr. (the "Mediator") to bring his considerable skills, knowledge, experience and business savvy to a mediation. Debtors and MLB agreed to privately mediate, given the public attention to the matter. Later the Court entered an Order confirming and making public the mediation.
After the Mediator guided MLB and Debtors through months of negotiations, on November 2, 2011, MLB, Debtors and the Committee reached a settlement (the "Settlement"). The Settlement, which the Court was only recently asked to approve and which is scheduled for hearing in the near future, provides, inter alia, for the sale of the Dodgers pursuant to a plan of reorganization on or before April 30, 2012. The sale is to be managed by Blackstone Group. In addition, and the subject of the Amended Motion, was the agreement, to which MLB takes no position, that Debtors would be entitled to seek the sale of the telecast rights which FOX presently owns.
FOX Entertainment Group, Inc. ("Fox Group") purchased the Dodgers in 1998. and created a Regional Sports Network associated with the Dodgers. Thereafter, Fox entered into a Telecast Rights Agreement, dated November 1, 2001 (the "TRA") with the Dodgers to broadcast the Dodgers' baseball games on cable television within a defined territory, thereby
In connection with his purchase, Mr. McCourt and FOX entered into the Dodgers/FOX Rights Amendment—Amendment to Telecast Rights Agreement, dated February 13, 2004 (the "Rights Amendment"). The relevant terms of the Rights Amendment as applicable to the Amended Motion, including the "back end" rights (the "Back End Rights") are as follows:
1. The term of the Rights Amendment was extended to the last day of the last game of the 2013 season. Fox Exhibit ("FX") 1, paragraph 1(d).
2. Fox received an exclusive renegotiation right (the "Exclusive Negotiation Period") for an additional five year term, with such negotiations to take place from October 15 through November 30, 2012. FX 1, paragraph 2(e).
3. Fox received a right of first refusal ("ROFR") of third party offers. FX 1, paragraph 2(f).
The precise language of the Back End Rights is as follows:
The Debtors are asking the Court's approval of a process whereby the telecast rights for Dodgers games may be sold with the sale of the Team which, Debtors argue, will maximize value to the estate. To do so, Debtors propose to accelerate, not change or change only minimally, the timing of the Back End Rights of the Rights Amendment. Debtors would advance the Exclusive Renegotiation Period from the October 15 through November 30, 2012 period, to the same 45 days but instead beginning November 30, 2011. The Exclusive Renegotiation Period would therefore remain as is, but would be taking place 10.5 months earlier. The remaining Back End Rights of the Rights Amendment would remain materially identical, except they, too, would advance since they follow the close of the Exclusive Renegotiation Period. FX 24 and 24A, DX7, Testimony of Timothy R. Coleman ("Coleman Testimony").
Debtors frame the issues as being whether the Amended Motion is appropriate as leading to maximizing the estate's value and whether in the context of this case the Court should override the "no shop" provision in the Rights Amendment. Debtors also indicate what the Amended Motion is not. It is not an attempt to bind any future owner, a request to assume or reject the Rights Amendment pursuant to Section 365, to assume and assign it pursuant to Section 365(f), seeking approval of any specific agreement pursuant to Section 363(b), or requesting approval of bidding procedures.
FOX has framed many issues for the Court to address. These include whether the marketing and sale process is necessary for a successful exit from bankruptcy payment in full to creditors, the sale of the Team; not necessary because Mr. McCourt can bring a higher price for the sale of the Team by including the parking lots and other land; whether Mr. McCourt is being unjustly enriched and the Amended Motion is primarily for his benefit; and most forcefully at the Hearing, whether the potential damages to FOX are so great that they outweigh any benefit to Debtors and place creditor recovery at risk. FOX also weighs in strongly against Debtors' argument that the "no shop" provision is unenforceable.
The proposed marketing procedures deal exclusively with the Back End Rights of the Rights Amendment. Debtors agreed on the record at the Hearing that they would adopt the language of the Back End Rights in the Rights Amendment word for word except that the Exclusive Renegotiation Period would run 45 days from November 30 to January 15, 2012 instead of October 15 to November 30, 2012 (now January 19, 2012), and the terms will be subject to the approval of the eventual buyer of the Dodgers in addition to the Commissioner.
The Hearing took place over two days with the parties calling witnesses, each of whom the Court qualified as experts. Debtors offered the testimony of Timothy R. Coleman ("Mr. Coleman"); and FOX offered the testimony of Edwin S. Desser ("Mr. Desser") and Bob Thompson ("Mr. Thompson").
Mr. Coleman. Senior Managing Director and Head of Restructuring and Reorganization
Mr. Coleman testified credibly and extensively that the Amended Motion, if granted, will maximize Debtors' value, provide Debtors with flexibility, and assist Debtors' emergence from bankruptcy. Tr.I, 123, 124. If the Rights Amendment remained unchanged and the no-shop provision were to be enforced, it remains uncertain that creditors would be paid in full. Tr.I, 164, 165. Although Mr. Coleman testified that has not previously participated in a sale of media rights, he has participated in many other sales and, based on his experience, it his opinion that the relief which Debtors seek in the Amended Motion will maximize value. Tr.I, 124, 126-28. Mr. Coleman is of the view that any damages to FOX will not offset the benefits of the amended procedures, and that the procedures in any significant manner. Tr.I, 189. Further, the procedure Debtors are suggesting, estimation, will enable them to determine in advance whether the damages are or are not substantial and terminate their marketing efforts. Tr.I, 197, 198, 199. Mr. Coleman compared the sale of the Team with a new telecast agreement with the sale of a building that was fully leased at market rates versus empty, i.e., no tenants. Tr.I, 94. The former would bring a higher sale price and, likewise, the sale of the Dodgers with a revised, long term telecast agreement at present market rates would bring a higher price for the Team. Tr.I, 94. A revised broadcast agreement will maximize value. Tr.I, 124. Further, Debtors have nothing to lose by proceeding with the effort to sell the telecast rights per the Amended Motion. If the successful bidder for the Dodgers does not want the new contract, if the damages to FOX are greater than expected, the Rights Amendment remains in place. Tr.I, 114, 115.
Mr. Desser. Originally retained by MLB for its opposition to the marketing of the telecast rights. He is President of Desser Sports Media, Inc., consultancy firm serving the sports television industry Mr. Desser has 35 years of experience with the sports media industry, 23 of which were with the National Basketball Association where, among other responsibilities, he was the chief negotiator for all media agreements and led the drive for the NBA television channel. Mr. Desser has spent 17 years in the Los Angeles sports and media market. He has also negotiated regional media agreements for a number of professional teams in various sports and in baseball has advised the Houston Astros. Mr. Desser has negotiated with virtually all of the major sports networks and cable operators, including FOX. His curriculum vitae clearly establishes his expertise in the field of sports telecast rights agreements. Mr. Desser never previously represented or was employed by FOX in any capacity.
Mr. Desser testified that the Back End Rights which FOX negotiated in the Rights Amendment are very valuable because they provide a strong likelihood that FOX will be successful in negotiating for a new contract upon termination of the Rights Amendment. Tr.II, 16, 17, 18. The Back End Rights are carefully negotiated terms and are designed to "perpetuate the marriage" between the Dodgers and FOX. Tr.II, 30. The Exclusive Renegotiation
Bob Thompson. Worked for Fox Sports or an entity with which it merged for nearly 20 years and continues to serve FOX as an advisor. Mr. Thompson retired in 2009 and has formed his own company which represents industries in dealing with television networks, professional teams and collegiate conferences. Mr. Thompson also worked in the cable television business for approximately 15 years prior to moving to FOX. During his career, Mr. Thompson played an important role in expanding FOX's national cable sports networks. He negotiated nearly 200 television rights agreements pertaining to sports. In July 2000, Mr. Thompson became President of FOX Sports Network and Fox Sports International in 2000 and in 2007 he became President of Fox National and International Cable Sports Networks.
Mr. Thompson testified that back end rights agreements are a critical component of television rights agreements, including the Rights Amendment. Tr.II, 139, 140. Mr. Thompson did not, however, negotiate the Rights Amendment on behalf of FOX since it was part of an acquisition and the deal lawyers were the negotiators. Tr.II, 152, 153, 170, 171. Back end rights provisions maximize a network's opportunity to extend its rights after a telecast rights agreement expires. Tr.II, 185-188. Baseball
On cross examination, Debtors established that: (1) it was unclear whether FOX would profit from the two remaining years in the Rights Amendment, (Tr.II, 188-191) (2) the amounts paid for broadcast rights were increasing steadily, (Tr.II, 185-187) (3) FOX lost broadcast rights for the Lakers (professional basketball) and Galaxy (professional soccer), (Tr.II, 113-114) (4) there is no material difference between ROFR in the Rights Amendment and the proposed language, (Tr.II, 169) (5) there is no certainty as to the terms of any agreement that might result from renegotiation, (Tr.II, 170) (6) the word "binding" does not appear in the Rights Amendment, (Tr.II, 170) and (7) the renegotiation period in the Rights Amendment is not as advantageous as in the prior agreement with the FOX owned Dodgers, i.e., the TRA. (Tr.II, 165).
FOX's threshold argument is that the Debtors are not entitled to market the telecast rights at this time because the Rights Amendment prohibits it. This "no-shop" provision is not enforceable against a bankruptcy entity. In re Big Rivers Elec. Corp., 233 B.R. 739 (W.D.Ky.1998). The same is true under Delaware law which prohibits such clauses where, as here, the clause would prevent the exercise of the fiduciary duty to maximize value. The testimony of Mr. Coleman made it clear that there is no certainty that the sale of the Team alone, without marketing the telecast rights, will provide creditors with payment in full, but the sale of the Team and telecast rights will result in full creditor recovery. Tr.II, 164, 165, 172.
FOX argues that because Debtors are solvent, the no-shop provision remains enforceable. The answer to FOX's argument, as Debtors point out, is that if Debtors are solvent the remedy is money damages. Cont'l Sec. Corp. v. Shenandoah Nursing Home P'ship, 193 B.R. 769, 774 (W.D.Va.1996), aff'd, In re Shenandoah Nursing Home P'ship, 104 F.3d 359 (4th Cir.1996). Debtors are obligated to maximize the value of the estate even if solvent. In re Mushroom Transp. Co., 382 F.3d 325, 339 (3d Cir.2004).
The testimony at the Hearing supports the Court's finding that the Debtors' have met their burden of showing that the marketing of the telecast rights at this time is in the best interest of Debtors' estate and that Debtors properly exercised their business judgment.
FOX counters with its testimony and argument that the damages FOX will suffer and which Debtors will be required to pay negate any benefit from the proposed marketing and, indeed, place creditor recovery at risk. The Court does not agree based upon the following findings
1. The only changes to the Rights Amendment are the acceleration of the
2. FOX's telecast rights for 2012 and 2013 remain in place; it will telecast Dodgers games in accordance with the Rights Amendment. It is only the Back End Rights which are affected and then only a few terms which are non-material. Any damages flowing from these changes are highly speculative and therefore unsubstantiated. Moreover, under the Rights Amendment (Section 2(c)(ii)), the Dodgers have no obligation whatsoever to FOX should the Dodgers decide to form its own regional sports network. Tr.II, 75, 76.
3. Mr. Thompson testified that he does not even know if the Rights Amendment is profitable for FOX. Tr.II, 188-191.
4. FOX's experts, Mr. Desser and Mr. Thompson, agree that the cost to telecast Dodgers games will be steadily increasing in the coming years. Therefore, it may well be to FOX's advantage to advance negotiations. Tr.II, 185-187.
5. FOX has no guarantee that it will own the telecast rights for Dodgers games after the 2013 baseball season.
6. Absent from the TRA, and the Rights Amendment, is a "time of the essence" clause. The absence of such a clause indicates that the time for performance is not material. See, e.g., Yield Dynamics, Inc. v. TEA Sys. Corp., 154 Cal.App.4th 547, 66 Cal.Rptr.3d 1, 24-26 (Ct. App.2007); Miller v. Cox, 96 Cal. 339, 31 P. 161, 163 (1892) (an old case which is still hornbook law, holding that for time to be of the essence, it must so clearly state). Compare In re Empire Equities Capital Corp., 405 B.R. 687, 691 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y. 2009), (failure to exercise an option within the specified time period did work against the debtor because the breach was material and incurable). Therefore, with time not of the essence, advancing the dates is not a material change.
7. The Rights Amendment contains several provisions which weaken FOX's rights when compared with the TRA and thereby weaken the damages arguments of FOX.
a. The TRA provided FOX the right to match any offer by a third party regardless of the terms and conditions of the offer. The Rights Amendment does not.
b. The Rights Amendment allows Debtors to form a regional sports network without FOX.
c. Any matching offers by FOX are not "binding".
FOX raised a number of additional concerns, most of them addressing issues relating to Mr. McCourt
Debtors have asked the Court to waive the stay of its ruling pursuant to Bankruptcy Rule 6004(h). The Court will waive the stay because, as is clear from this opinion, Debtors are operating within a small time frame. They must complete the marketing and sale of their telecast rights by April 30, 2012, by which date Debtors must also consummate the sale of the Team. It is therefore critical that the Exclusive Negotiating Period continue to run during the period of time that a stay would be in place. The Court would normally grant a stay of a few days as a courtesy to the District Court, removing any need of the unsuccessful party, here FOX, to think it has to rush to the District Court to seek a stay pending appeal.
FOX does not face such an emergency. It has nearly 40 days to seek a ruling. Negotiations between Debtors and FOX were ongoing before the Hearing and are continuing with the assistance of the Mediator. Debtors will negotiate exclusively with FOX until January 19, 2011, and it is within FOX's control during the Exclusive Negotiating Period whether it will negotiate in good faith and take advantage of its opportunity. A stay would only delay and thereby prejudice Debtors' marketing opportunity.
The prelude to the bankruptcy filing and to the present dispute had FOX negotiating with and arriving at a new telecast rights agreement. It is therefore disingenuous for FOX now to fight Debtors' marketing procedures which move exclusive, confidential and good faith negotiations to an earlier date. FOX's concern is that Debtors may thereafter be able to market telecast rights to third parties. However, what FOX seeks, the delay of negotiations, would prevent what Debtors must do now, namely, maximize value. The Court's ruling will enable Debtors to seek at present what they will be unable to obtain later, better telecast terms—first exclusively negotiated with FOX—in conjunction with the sale of the Team, thereby maximizing the value of both.
Accordingly, the Court has entered an Order approving the Amended Motion (D.I. 978).